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主要介绍如何用EXCEL解决雷击风险评估复杂的数据计算，用WORD实现雷击风险评估计算输出的方法。首先说明了EXCEL部分函数的功能，然后介绍了利用EXCEL的强大功能实现雷击风险评估计算的方法，并结合WORD的编辑功能完成雷击风险评估计算部分的输出，提高工作效率，从而提高读者的EXCEL和WORD应用能力。 相似文献
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1 Word2 0 0 0简介 WORD是微软公司推出的功能强大的文字处理软件。 WORD2 0 0 0是其最新的版本 ,它与OFFICE 2 0 0 0集成在一起 ,提供了比以往更大的灵活性 ,它不但使用户可以采用以文档为中心而不是以应用程序为中心的方法来创建和使用文档 ,而且WORD2 0 0 0能够智能化感知到用户的操作目的 ,并试图给出用户所希望的结果。它所具有的最大特点是使用简单、直观、易学、易用 ,是目前使用最广泛的文字处理软件之一。2 应用技巧 (1 )在文章加入固定且常用的内容的快捷方法 : 在编辑文件时 ,许多公文的格式都是固定且必需… 相似文献
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气象事业是科技型、基础性社会公益事业,气象服务是气象事业的出发点和归宿点。首先介绍了气象服务的概念,明确了气象服务在整个气象业务体系中的定位,并探讨了气象服务的经济属性。从多个学科的理论与方法的角度出发,系统的介绍了气象服务效益的主要评估方法和技术,同时介绍了我国目前气象服务效益评估的基本情况。最后,文章针对目前我国气象服务的现状,提出了一些建议。 相似文献
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公共气象、安全气象、资源气象理念与传统意义上的气象概念的内涵和外延都有了深化和拓展 ,传统意义的气象是围绕预报的 ,而现代意义的气象应围绕需求展开。三个气象理念的提出为气象事业的发展提供了理论基础 ,指明了方向。更为重要的在于提出了气象利益关系的重大变化 ,拓展了气象部门的行政管理职能 ,建设气象公共行政管理体系势在必行。首要任务是要确立气象公共行政管理建制 ,一方面是公共行政的社会管理建制 ,另一方面是气象公共行政的内部管理建制 相似文献
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中国的气象服务及其效益评估 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
气象事业是科技型、基础性社会公益事业,气象服务是气象事业的出发点和归宿点。首先分析了气象服务的概念,确立了气象服务的内涵与外延以及分类情况,明确了气象服务在整个气象业务体系中的定位,并探讨了气象服务的经济属性。从气象情报信息服务和气象预报信息服务的角度介绍了中国气象信息服务的情况。从人工影响天气技术、农业气象工程服务技术、雷电灾害防御技术介绍了中国气象工程服务及其技术的情况。从多个学科的理论与方法的角度出发,系统的介绍了气象服务效益的主要评估方法和技术,同时介绍了中国目前气象服务效益评估的基本情况。最后,文章针对目前中国气象服务的现状,提出了一些建议。 相似文献
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从气象对其服务对象系统的气象可控性、两者的制约关系及相关的气象因子的可测性等方面系统论述了气象服务的科学技术基础。由系统论、控制论的基本原理 ,介绍了气象控制系统和气象控制论系统的基本内容 ,提出用气象控制经济目标函数研究系统控制的经济效益 ,由此总结出气象服务的基本原理 ,并分析了气象服务业的若干基本问题 ,对气象服务学基本原理的进一步推广和若干具体应用提出了建议 相似文献
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从气象对其服务对象系统的气象可控性、两者的制约关系及相关的气象因子的可测性等方面系统论述了气象服务的科学技术基础。由系统论、控制论的基本原理 ,介绍了气象控制系统和气象控制论系统的基本内容 ,提出用气象控制经济目标函数研究系统控制的经济效益 ,由此总结出气象服务的基本原理 ,并分析了气象服务业的若干基本问题 ,对气象服务学基本原理的进一步推广和若干具体应用提出了建议。 相似文献
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讨论气象灾害和气象灾害风险的重点研究对象。尝试性地将人类认识气象灾害的过程归纳为4个阶段：气象灾害的启蒙认识阶段、气象灾害的监测与预报阶段、气象灾害的减灾工程阶段和气象灾害的风险管理阶段。同时,引出了气象灾害和气象灾害风险的不同理念。以现在时刻为划分点,将过去已发生的灾害定义为气象灾害,将未来可能发生的灾害定义为气象灾害风险。最后建立了基于SWOT的远期气象灾害风险管理的分析方法,并提出了将人工影响天气作为气象灾害风险管理的气象工程手段的观点。 相似文献
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气象行政执法体系主要应由法制管理机构、法制队伍、执法依据、法制工作机制以及法律约束监督制度等构成,研究分析当前我国气象部门行政执法体系建设的现状,明确气象行政执法体系建设的目标任务,提出相应的解决措施办法,对于贯彻落实“依法治国”方略,履行好《中华人民共和国气象法》赋予各级气象主管机构的行政执法职责非常必要。 相似文献
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Jonas Ebbesson 《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(3):414-422
This article discusses the impact of the rule of law on the resilience of societies for governing complex socio-ecological changes. It concludes that the notions of the rule of law and legal certainty have changed, and that they can be compatible with the use of framework laws of a rather open-textured character, provided certain legal safeguards, such as the right to a legal review, are at hand. While legal certainty is an important virtue of law, it does not as such necessarily prevent adequate flexibility in administrative decision-making concerning health, the environment or the use of natural resources. The article also considers to what extent certain established administrative means of control in the field of environment protection and the use of natural resources match the findings and proposals, e.g. on flexibility and adaptability, provided by resilience research. Finally the article discusses the impact of state sovereignty on governance of large-scale socio-ecological changes, with reach across state borders. It concludes that, despite some attempts of softening the impact of state borders in transboundary environmental decision-making and management, state sovereignty still hampers multilevel governance and management of resources in such contexts. 相似文献
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气候资源的法律概念及其属性探讨 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
运用价值分析、比较分析、历史分析等方法,探讨了气候资源法律概念的内涵与外延及其属性问题,旨在为我国气候资源保护立法研究提供基础法律理论支撑。结果表明:气候资源是气候要素中可以被人类利用的那一部分自然物质和能量,是一种典型的自然资源,可以成为法律关系客体;它具备自身鲜明的特性,有必要对之提出专门的立法保护。气候资源保护法律规范属于环境保护与自然资源法律规范的范畴。 相似文献
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国外应对气候变化立法进程与国际社会对气候变化问题的关注度呈正相关性。目前,欧盟、英国、德国、法国、芬兰、丹麦、瑞士、韩国、日本、菲律宾、新西兰、墨西哥和南非均正式颁布或完成起草了应对气候变化或低碳发展相关法律。文中通过系统研究发现,国外已开展应对气候变化立法的国家和地区均通过立法明确了其应对气候变化管理机构的法律地位和职责,将温室气体减排目标和配套制度纳入法律,确定了应对气候变化的宗旨和原则,成为其高水平履行国际气候条约的重要保障。中国启动国家应对气候变化立法工作已有10年,可借鉴国外立法在减排目标、管理体制、减排措施、应对气候变化的法律原则等方面的立法经验,尽快推进国内立法进程。 相似文献
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The EU accession countries have a high potential for low cost greenhouse gas emission reduction. As they cannot join the “bubble” agreement for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, project-based Joint Implementation (JI) could be a powerful strategy to integrate them into the EU climate policy strategy. An important question is whether the acquis communautaire will be used to define the baseline for the calculation of emission reductions from JI projects. A problem is that the grace periods for several environmental sectors differ considerably among countries. The EU should help accession countries to establish a predictable legal framework for JI preventing in this way the current legal uncertainty regarding JI procedures. 相似文献
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温室气体排放信息披露是确保实现温室气体排放总量控制目标和顺利开展碳交易、推动企业碳减排的重要前提和根本保障。研究表明,通过明确法律制度保障、完善信息披露路径、加强监管等措施,可以有效建立温室气体排放信息披露制度。建议在综合考虑国内碳市场信息披露、省级重点企业温室气体排放信息披露、环境信息披露等工作基础上,推动我国温室气体排放信息披露在法律基础、制度框架、重点要素等方面的顶层设计,并加强监管。 相似文献
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Abstract The aim of this article is to discuss the international legal implications of a sector-based approach to long-term climate policy. Sector-based approaches have emerged as a possible way of engaging all the major emitters of greenhouse gases into the system. The article divides sectoral approaches into two main categories based on their legal relevance. Substantive sectoral models focus on ways of defining emission levels for global industry sectors. From the point of view of international law, substantive sectoral models could be integrated into the existing climate change regime if the Parties so agree. Procedural sectoral models focus on actors. Some procedural sectoral models envisage treaty regimes involving non-State actors, such as organizations representing global industry sectors undertaking to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The main focus of the article is on these models. 相似文献
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The road to deforestation: An assessment of forest loss and its causes in Basho Valley, Northern Pakistan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jawad Ali Tor A. Benjaminsen Ahmed A. Hammad
ystein B. Dick 《Global Environmental Change》2005,15(4):209-380
Deforestation in the Himalayas is generally seen as caused primarily by population growth. Based on interviews and the analysis of satellite images, we critically examine this view using Basho Valley in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan as a case study. Our findings indicate that the forest of Basho has been reduced by at least 50% after the valley was opened up through the construction of a link road in 1968. Large-scale legal and illegal commercial harvesting was carried out after the construction of the road. While legal commercial harvesting was stopped in 1987, illegal harvesting has since continued with the involvement of the Forest Department. The findings of this study do not support theories in which deforestation is attributed to rapid population growth. Instead, mismanagement and illegal commercial harvesting endorsed by the Forest Department have been the main causes of deforestation in Basho Valley. 相似文献
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Luke Kemp 《Climate Policy》2016,16(8):1011-1028
The issue of US ratification of international environmental treaties is a recurring obstacle for environmental multilateralism, including the climate regime. Despite the perceived importance of the role of the US to the success of any future international climate agreement, there has been little direct coverage in terms of how an effective agreement can specifically address US legal participation. This article explores potential ways of allowing for US legal participation in an effective climate treaty. Possible routes forward include the use of domestic legislation such as section 115 (S115) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the use of sole–executive agreements, instead of Senate ratification. Legal participation from the US through sole–executive agreements is possible if the international architecture is designed to allow for their use. Architectural elements such as varying legality and participation across an agreement (variable geometry) could allow for the use of sole–executive agreements. Two broader models for a 2015 agreement with legal participation through sole–executive agreements are constructed based upon these options: a modified pledge and review system and a form of variable geometry composed of number of opt-out, voting-based protocols on specific issues accompanied by bilateral agreements on mitigation commitments with other major emitters through the use of S115 and sole–executive agreements under the Montreal Protocol and Chicago Convention (‘Critical Mass Governance'). While there is no single solution, Critical Mass Governance appears to provide the optimum combination of tools to effectively allow for US legal participation whilst ensuring an effective treaty.
Policy relevance
This article provides some recommendations on how to create an effective, legally binding treaty that allow for US legal participation without Senate approval. Given the recent election of a Republican majority in the US Senate and Congress, increasing willingness of the President to utilize his executive powers, as well as a strong shift in negotiations to appease US interests, the insights of this research are timely and relevant to delegations and other United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) actors. It will also be of use to domestic US actors involved with climate policy by illustrating how to allow for effective and sustainable US multilateral engagement that bypasses domestic political gridlock. 相似文献