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Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The development of infiltration techniques has facilitated the estimation of soils hydraulic properties. Among these, the simplified Beerkan infiltration... 相似文献
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K.U. Rempel A.E. Williams-Jones A.A. Migdisov 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(13):3074-3083
The solubility and speciation of the assemblage MoO2-MoO3 in water vapour were investigated in experiments conducted at 350 °C, Ptotal from 59 to 160 bar and fHCl from 0 to 3.4 bar (0-2.0 mol%). Measured solubility at these conditions ranges from 22 to 2500 ppm (∑fMo from 4.4 × 10−4 to 6.5 × 10−2 bar). The concentration of Mo in the vapour at fHCl below 0.1 bar is similar to that in pure water vapour, but increases by two orders of magnitude at fHCl above 0.1 bar. The fugacity of gaseous Mo species is independent of chloride concentration at fHCl below 0.1 bar, but increases with increasing fHCl above this pressure. The dominant Mo species at fHCl below 0.1 bar is interpreted to be the same as it is in pure water vapour, and to form as a result of the reaction
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安塞油田塞160井区长6油层组沉积微相研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了确定安塞油田塞160井区长6油层组沉积微相展布特征,通过岩心观察、描述和实验分析,对研究区长6油层的沉积微相类型进行细化,对各小层沉积微相的平面展布进行研究.塞160井区长6为湖泊河控三角洲前缘亚相沉积,主要沉积微相为三角洲前缘水下分流河道、分流河口坝、水下分流间湾和前缘席状砂.研究区长6三角洲沉积体系代表了较完整的自旋回过程,长63沉积期,研究区的主体被向湖区方向推进的三角洲前缘水下分流河道占据;长62期,研究区主体仍为水下分流河道沉积,但延伸较长63近;长621期维持与长62沉积模式;长611期三角洲前缘亚相发育完整,分流相带相互叠置. 相似文献
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Chemical disequilibrium exists between all phases of the Alpe Arami garnet-peridotite body (Ticino, Switzerland) which hampers the evaluation of P–T conditions of origin, yet disequilibrium offers the inherent possibility to derive a P–T–t path for this mantle slice. We tried to tackle this problem by carrying out new mineral analyses and taking diffusion rates and bulk-rock compositional effects into consideration. Peak metamorphic conditions from mineral core compositions were estimated as 1120±50 °C/5±0.2 GPa. These values are significantly higher than previously published results and were determined from a combination of the O'Neill & Wood (1979) Fe/Mg garnet–olivine exchange thermometer and the Al-in-orthopyroxene barometer (Brey & Köhler, 1990), and are supported by the Ca/Cr ratios in garnet, which are in accord with these conditions. Details of the exhumation path were derived from (1) rim compositions of minerals that yield a first retrograde stage of 720±50 °C/2±0.25 GPa (2) a spinel lherzolite assemblage in narrow shear zones (tectonic phase F0', after Möckel, 1969) which documents a second retrograde stage at 500–600 °C/0.8–1.5 GPa. The Ca content in olivine (Köhler & Brey, 1989) can be used to evaluate further P–T conditions along the retrograde path. We measured very low values (30–40 ppm Ca) in the cores of olivine and a remarkable increase towards the rim (120 ppm). The low core values may reflect an equilibrium stage during the main Alpine metamorphism. The increasing values towards the olivine rims probably represent a late-stage heating event. The initial cooling rates for the peridotite body are between 2700 and 5100 °C Ma−1 , depending on which diffusion data are used. 相似文献
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东秦岭160~140 Ma Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床磷灰石成分特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
东秦岭地区分布有160~140 Ma斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)两种不同矿化类型矿床,对两种矿化的成矿岩体中磷灰石进行成分分析,结果显示本次研究的Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的磷灰石均为岩浆磷灰石,但在主要成分和挥发份上两者具有一定的差异性。相对于Cu(Mo)矿床,Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的磷灰石具有相对较高的F/Cl比值(分别为81~262和0.8~25)和MnO含量(分别为:0.05%~0.91%,平均为0.25%和0.02%~0.18%,平均为0.07%),说明Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的岩浆源区具有较为强烈的沉积物源区特征。随着大地构造位置变化,从华北板块南缘到北秦岭,再到南秦岭,成矿岩体中磷灰石的F/Cl比值和MnO含量逐渐降低,说明岩浆源区中幔源物质成分逐渐增多。与此同时矿化类型也逐渐由Mo(W)矿化转变为Cu(Mo)矿化,这也说明成矿岩体岩浆源区特征对矿化类型具有一定的约束性。此外,Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体中磷灰石具有不同的挥发份含量,而且挥发份类型对不同矿化元素具有选择性。相对于Cu(Mo)矿床,Mo(W)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石含有相对较高的F含量(2.83%~5.81%,平均为3.97%),较高的F含量能够提高熔体中羟基含量,增强Mo的配分系数,有利于Mo矿化。Cu(Mo)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石含有相对较高的Cl含量(0.13%~1.14%,平均为0.45%),主要与Cu在流体相中主要以氯合物形式存在,且Cu在熔体相和流体相间的分配系数与Cl含量呈正相关关系有关。Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体中磷灰石均含有相似的SO3含量(均为0.17%),与斑岩型矿床中含矿岩体磷灰石的SO3范围相一致。但是,相对于典型大型、超大型斑岩型铜矿,东秦岭地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世Cu(Mo)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石SO3含量略低,相应的成矿岩浆也具有相对较低的氧逸度和S含量,而这可能是造成区域内Cu(Mo)矿化规模较小的原因之一。 相似文献
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Jeffrey R. Thompson 《Geological Journal》2016,51(6):968-968
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We present results from low-temperature heat capacity measurements of spinels along the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4. The data also include new low-temperature heat capacity measurements for MgAl2O4 spinel. Heat capacities were measured between 1.5 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results.
No heat capacity anomaly was observed for MgAl2O4 spinel; however, we observe a low-temperature heat capacity anomaly for Cr-bearing spinels at temperatures below 15 K. From
our data we calculate standard entropies (298.15 K) for Mg(Cr,Al)2O4 spinels. We suggest a standard entropy for MgAl2O4 of 80.9 ± 0.6 J mol−1 K−1. For the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4, we observe a linear increase of the standard entropies from 80.9 J mol−1 K−1 for MgAl2O4 to 118.3 J mol−1 K−1 for MgCr2O4. 相似文献
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Cation tracer diffusion coefficients, DMe *, for Me=Fe, Mn, Co and Ti, were measured using radioactive isotopes in the spinel solid solution (Ti x Fe 1−x )3−δO4 as a function of the oxygen activity. Experiments were performed at different cationic compositions (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The oxygen activity dependence of all data for DMe * at constant temperature and cationic composition can be described by equations of the type DMe *=D∘ Me[V]. CV·a O2 2/3+DMe[I] ∘·a O2 −2/3·DMe[V] ∘ and DMe[I] ∘ are constants and CV is a factor of the order of unity which decreases with increasing δ. All log DMe * vs. loga O2 curves obtained for different values of x and for different temperatures go through a minimum due to a change in the type of point defects dominating the cation diffusion with oxygen activity. Cation vacancies prevail for the cation diffusion at high oxygen activities while cation interstitials become dominant at low oxygen activities. At constant values of x, DMe[V] ∘ decreases with increasing temperature while DMe[I] ∘ increases. 相似文献
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M. Zhang G. J. Redhammer E. K. H. Salje M. Mookherjee 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(9):609-616
Synthetic aegirine LiFeSi2O6 and NaFeSi2O6 were characterized using infrared spectroscopy in the frequency range 50–2000 cm−1, and at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. For the C2/c phase of LiFeSi2O6, 25 of the 27 predicted infrared bands and 26 of 30 predicted Raman bands are recorded at room temperature. NaFeSi2O6 (with symmetry C2/c) shows 25 infrared and 26 Raman bands. On cooling, the C2/c–P21/c structural phase transition of LiFeSi2O6 is characterized by the appearance of 13 additional recorded peaks. This observation indicates the enlargement of the unit
cell at the transition point. The appearance of an extra band near 688 cm−1 in the monoclinic P21/c phase, which is due to the Si–O–Si vibration in the Si2O6 chains, indicates that there are two non-equivalent Si sites with different Si–O bond lengths. Most significant spectral
changes appear in the far-infrared region, where Li–O and Fe–O vibrations are mainly located. Infrared bands between 300 and
330 cm−1 show unusually dramatic changes at temperatures far below the transition. Compared with the infrared data of NaFeSi2O6 measured at low temperatures, the change in LiFeSi2O6 is interpreted as the consequence of mode crossing in the frequency region. A generalized Landau theory was used to analyze
the order parameter of the C2/c–P21/c phase transition, and the results suggest that the transition is close to tricritical.
Received: 21 January 2002 / Accepted: 22 July 2002 相似文献
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V. L. Vinograd O. G. Safonov D. J. Wilson L. L. Perchuk L. Bindi J. D. Gale B. Winkler 《Petrology》2010,18(4):447-459
Atomistic model was proposed to describe the thermodynamics of mixing in the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution (CaMgSi2O6-KAlSi2O6). The simulations were based on minimization of the lattice energies of 800 structures within a 2 × 2 × 4 supercell of C2/c diopside with the compositions between CaMgSi2O6 and KAlSi2O6 and with variable degrees of order/disorder in the arrangement of Ca/K cations in M2 site and Mg/Al in Ml site. The energy
minimization was performed with the help of a force-field model. The results of the calculations were used to define a generalized
Ising model, which included 37 pair interaction parameters. Isotherms of the enthalpy of mixing within the range of 273–2023
K were calculated with a Monte Carlo algorithm, while the Gibbs free energies of mixing were obtained by thermodynamic integration
of the enthalpies of mixing. The calculated T-X diagram for the system CaMgSi2O6-KAlSi2O6 at temperatures below 1000 K shows several miscibility gaps, which are separated by intervals of stability of intermediate
ordered compounds. At temperatures above 1000 K a homogeneous solid solution is formed. The standard thermodynamic properties
of K-jadeite (KAlSi2O6) evaluated from quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine location of several mineral reactions with the participation
of the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution. The results of the simulations suggest that the low content of KalSi2O6 in natural clinopyroxenes is not related to crystal chemical factors preventing isomorphism, but is determined by relatively
high standard enthalpy of this end member. 相似文献
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L. A. Olsen K. Friese E. Makovicky T. Balić-Žunić W. Morgenroth A. Grzechnik 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(1):1-10
The crystal structure of Pb6Bi2S9 is investigated at pressures between 0 and 5.6 GPa with X-ray diffraction on single-crystals. The pressure is applied using diamond anvil cells. Heyrovskyite (Bbmm, a = 13.719(4) Å, b = 31.393(9) Å, c = 4.1319(10) Å, Z = 4) is the stable phase of Pb6Bi2S9 at ambient conditions and is built from distorted moduli of PbS-archetype structure with a low stereochemical activity of the Pb2+ and Bi3+ lone electron pairs. Heyrovskyite is stable until at least 3.9 GPa and a first-order phase transition occurs between 3.9 and 4.8 GPa. A single-crystal is retained after the reversible phase transition despite an anisotropic contraction of the unit cell and a volume decrease of 4.2%. The crystal structure of the high pressure phase, β-Pb6Bi2S9, is solved in Pna2 1 (a = 25.302(7) Å, b = 30.819(9) Å, c = 4.0640(13) Å, Z = 8) from synchrotron data at 5.06 GPa. This structure consists of two types of moduli with SnS/TlI-archetype structure in which the Pb and Bi lone pairs are strongly expressed. The mechanism of the phase transition is described in detail and the results are compared to the closely related phase transition in Pb3Bi2S6 (lillianite). 相似文献
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Raman spectra of a single-crystal fragment of hydrous γ-Mg2SiO4, synthesized in a multianvil press, have been measured in a diamond-anvil cell with helium as pressure-transmitting medium
to 56.5 GPa at room temperature. All five characteristic spinel Raman modes shift continuously up to the highest pressure,
showing no evidence for a major change in the crystal structure despite compression well beyond the stability field of ringwoodite
in terms of pressure. At pressures above ∼30 GPa a new mode on the low-frequency site of the two silicate-stretching modes
is clearly identifiable, indicating a modification in the spinel structure which is reversible on pressure release. The frequency
of the new mode (802 cm−1 extrapolated to 1 bar) suggests the presence of Si–O–Si linkages and/or a partial increase in the coordination of Si. Direct
determination of the subtle structural change causing the new Raman mode would require high-pressure, single-crystal synchrotron
X-ray diffraction experiments. The Raman modes of hydrous and anhydrous Mg-end-member ringwoodite are nearly identical up
to 20 GPa, suggesting that protonation has only minor effect on the lattice dynamics over the entire pressure stability range
for ringwoodite in the mantle.
Received: 7 December 2001 / Accepted: 16 April 2002 相似文献