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1.
Fluoride (F?) is essential for normal bone growth, but higher concentration in the drinking water causes health problems which are reported in many states of India. Andhra Pradesh is one of the states which suffer from excess fluoride in groundwater particularly in the hard rock terrain. In this context, a study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh based on chemical analysis of water samples from hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) and exploratory bore wells. The concentration of fluoride in groundwaters ranges from traces to 9.75 mg/l. The occurrence of fluoride is mostly sporadic, uneven and varies with depth. The highly affected districts include Nalgonda and Warangal in Telangana region, Prakasam in coastal region, Anantapur and Kurnool in Rayalaseema region. In certain areas of Nalgonda district, 85% of wells have fluoride more than permissible limit (> 1.5 mg/l) for drinking water. High F? is present in all the geological formations, predominantly in granitic aquifers, compared to the other formations. The average value of fluoride is high in the deeper zone (1.10 mg/L), compared to the shallow zone (0.69 mg/L). The fluoride-rich minerals present are the main sources for fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Residence time, evapotranspiration and weathering processes are some of the other supplementary factors for high fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Long-term data of hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) reveal that fluoride concentrations do not show any marked change of trend with respect to time. The concentration of fluoride is found to increase with increase of Na+and HCO 3 ? , and decrease with increase of Ca2+. Sodium bicarbonate waters are more effective in releasing fluoride from minerals into groundwater. High fluoride waters are of Na+ type. The paper presents a brief account of the study and its results.  相似文献   

2.
In order to assess the impact of fluoride-rich groundwater of Shasilair Vagu watershed on groundwater regime, more than hundred groundwater samples for pre- and post-monsoon seasons were collected from bore wells/dug wells and analyzed for major ions. Water quality analysis of major ion chemistry shows elevated concentration of fluoride in groundwater samples. The fluoride concentration ranges from 1.4 to 5.9 mg/l and 1.5 to 5.8 mg/l in pre- and post-monsoons, respectively. The result clearly shows that the seasonal variation of fluoride in groundwater is due to recharge of rain water during monsoon. The water quality data was analyzed by hydrochemical facies (Piper diagram), Gibbs plot, and various plots. Plots of Na versus Cl, Ca versus SO4, and (Na+Cl)-(SO4+HCO3) versus (Na+K-Cl) shows positive and negative values, indicating that their source of high concentration are aquifer, evapotranpiration, and other anthropogenic sources. Saturation index of halite and gypsum shows that all groundwater samples were undersaturated and suggests that carbonate minerals influence the concentration. Using multivariate statistical techniques, viz., principal component (factor analysis and cluster analysis), the analysis brought out impact of intensity of excess use of fertilizers and excess withdrawal of groundwater regime. Multivariate statistical techniques are potential tools and provide greater precision for identifying contaminant parameter linkages.  相似文献   

3.
通过运城地区水井的开凿,表明无棕结构的滤水管具有拦砂、滤水、增大出水量、提高成井率和延长水井寿命等优点。无棕滤水管的设计应当考虑多种影响因素:如滤料的选择、滤水管的孔隙率、滤水管的井径和缠丝间距等。对无棕滤水管工艺施工的水井的观测,井龄已满20年、井深140米的水井,其单位涌水量仍达6.14吨/小时·米,比采用有棕滤水管工艺施工的水井水量增大了93%,而且水质符合要求。  相似文献   

4.
The occurrence of fluoride in ground water is the focus of the public and has attracted the attention of many scientists all over the world due to its importance in public health. Deficiency or increase of fluoride uptake is considered a public health problem due to the narrow permissible limit which should not exceed 1.5 mg/l according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The range of fluoride tolerance and toxicity is narrow. Deviation from the optimal levels therefore results in dental health effects such as caries and fluorosis. Many studies have found fluorosis to be invariably associated with high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. Fluorosis is a considerable health problem in many areas of the world including Brazil, China, East Africa, Ghana, India, Kenya, Korea, Malawi, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, southeastern Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, and Turkey. Fluoride in groundwater of Quaternary aquifer of the Nile Valley, Egypt, does not gain the attention of the authors in the Nile Valley which makes the public health status of fluoride is not certain. The present work aims at investigating the fluoride concentration of Quaternary groundwater aquifer at Luxor as a representative area of the Nile Valley to be a base line for subsequent studies and criteria for public health. Ground water samples were collected from Quaternary groundwater aquifer at Luxor area, Egypt and analyzed for the purpose of investigating fluoride content. The results showed that fluoride concentration in the study area ranges between 0.113 and 0.452 with an average of 0.242 mg/l. Sources of fluoride in the study area can result from the natural dissolution from fluoride-rich minerals, fertilizers and from groundwater recharge. It is worth mentioning that low fluoride content in the study area is considered a public health threat specially limited growth, fertility, and dental caries. Corrective measures should be taken to avoid the public health impacts of fluoride deficiency at Luxor area as well as similar areas in the Nile Valley. A public health program should be initiated to account for the deficiency of fluoride in groundwater and deal with the other supplementary fluoride sources in food or fluoridation of drinking water supplies.  相似文献   

5.
Chemical characterization has been made of groundwater bodies at 294 locations in four village districts in north-central and northwestern Sri Lanka, with special focus on fluorine contamination. High fluoride contents in groundwater are becoming a major problem in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, and dental fluorosis and renal failures are widespread. Field measurements of temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were made during sampling. Chemical analyses of the water samples were later made using atomic absorption spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and titration. Fluoride concentrations in the study area vary from 0.01 to 4.34 mg/l, and depend on pH and the concentrations of Na, Ca, and HCO3 −. Basement rocks including hornblende biotite gneiss, biotite gneiss, and granitic gneiss seem to have contributed to the anomalous concentrations of fluoride in the groundwater. Longer residence time in aquifers within fractured crystalline bedrocks may enhance fluoride levels in the groundwater in these areas. In addition, elevated fluoride concentrations in shallow groundwater in intensive agricultural areas appear to be related to the leaching of fluoride from soils due to successive irrigation.  相似文献   

6.
In this article, we present an interesting behaviour of conductance in a basaltic terrain. We use vertical electrical sounding data carried out in Wenner configuration at dug well sites for data analysis. Geophysical phenomena observed in the sharply rising trends followed by negligibly rising trends of the conductance curves are discussed. The unique behaviour of conductance curve is used to estimate depth to the static water level in dug wells. The geophysically estimated depths to the static water levels are compared with the observed static water levels in the existing dug wells located at all sites of investigation. Water-level fluctuations observed in dug wells between two different periods coinciding with pre- and post-monsoon regimes are geophysically estimated by using the trends on the conductance curves. Depth to the static water levels is geophysically estimated at seven experimental sites located adjacent to dug wells and four virgin sites where there are no dug wells. Validation of the geophysically estimated static water levels and static water-level fluctuations shows encouraging results.  相似文献   

7.
The WR-2 watershed is located in the Deccan trap basaltic terrain of Maharashtra State, India. The watershed area incorporates a rich orange orchard belt that requires a huge quantity of water for irrigation. This requirement is mostly met through groundwater, extracted from the shallow aquifers of the WR-2 watershed. However, over the years, excess withdrawal of groundwater from these aquifers has resulted in depletion of groundwater level. The declining trends of groundwater level, both long term and short term, have had a negative impact on the groundwater quality of the study area. This effect can be gauged through the rising electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater in the shallow aquifers (dug wells) of the WR-2 watershed. It is observed that the long term declining trend of groundwater level, during 1977–2010, varied from 0.03 to 0.04 m per year, whereas the corresponding trend of rising EC varied from 1.90 to 2.94 μS/cm per year. During 2007–2010, about 56% dug wells showed a positive correlation between depleting groundwater level and rising EC values. The groundwater level depletion during this period ranged from 0.03 to 0.67 m per year, whereas the corresponding trend of rising EC ranged from 0.52 to 46.91 μS/cm per year. Moreover, the water quality studies reveal that groundwater from more than 50% of the dug wells of the WR-2 watershed is not suitable for drinking purpose. The groundwater, though mostly suitable for irrigation purpose, is corrosive and saturated with respect to mineral equilibrium and shows a tendency towards chemical scale formation.  相似文献   

8.
The tectonic history of Sri Lanka - India can be traced from the Precambrian to the present. On the basis of the geological record, plate tectonic processes have operated for example, the Highland Group of Sri Lanka may have represented a Precambrian plate tectonic suture. Tectonic models of these Precambrian events may be presented by spreading, collision, subduction, shearing or in situ jostling. The recent tectonic history of Sri Lanka and India relates to the evolution of the Indian Ocean since at least the Cretaceous. Although Sri Lanka is considered to be a part of the larger Indo - Australian plate, it may have had a local independent history as a block within the larger crustal unit of India. There is evidence that the separation of Sri Lanka from India was in part controlled by Precambrian structures and a history of translational, rotational and vertical adjustments to the Indian Ocean developmental plate tectonic stresses still operating.  相似文献   

9.
Distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Maku area, northwest of Iran   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
High fluoride groundwater occurs in Maku area, in the north of West Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the area residents. Groundwater samples were collected from 72 selected points including 40 basaltic and 32 nonbasaltic springs and wells, in two stages, during June and August 2006. The areas with high fluoride concentrations have been identified, and the possible causes for its variation have been investigated. Regional hydrogeochemical investigation indicates that water-rock interaction is probably the main reason for the high concentration of ions in groundwater. The concentration of F− in groundwater is positively correlated with that of HCO3 − and Na+, indicating that groundwater with high HCO3 − and Na+ concentrations help to dissolve some fluoride-rich minerals. All of the water samples, collected from the basaltic areas do not meet the water quality standards for fluoride concentration and some other parameters. Hence, it is not suitable for consumption without any prior treatment. Inhabitants of the area that obtain their drinking water supplies from basaltic springs and wells are suffering from dental fluorosis. The population of the study area is at a high risk due to excessive fluoride intake especially when they are unaware of the amount of fluoride being ingested due to lack of awareness.  相似文献   

10.
针对中深部（1 500~4 000 m）地热资源深井同轴“保水取热”科学评价问题,以COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场耦合数值计算软件为模拟平台,构建垂直单井岩-水耦合传热模型,以西安地区地层与地温特征为模拟背景,计算分析2种地温梯度（0.027、0.030℃/m）与4种注水口流速（0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00 m/s）工况下深层（3 500 m）地热单井套管换热能力。同时,建立5种井间距下的群井数值模型,分析不同井间距下群井中心井的出口温度变化规律。模拟结果显示:地温梯度越大,进出口温差越大,单位时间换热量与单位延米换热量越大;入口注水流速越大,进出口温差越小,但单位时间换热量与单位延米换热量越大,即地温梯度、流速越大,深层垂直钻孔套管换热的效率越高;西安地区3 500 m井深工况下,相邻地热井的间距为30 m时能够保证其地层温度不会相互干扰。研究结论可为深层地热开发利用提供科学参考。移动阅读   相似文献   

11.
A major problem of the islanders is the availability of fresh water for drinking purpose. Groundwater is the only source of fresh water for the islanders. The demand for groundwater is increasing very year due to growing population and urbanization. A proper understanding of the groundwater condition is important in order to meet this increasing demand and to formulate future development and management strategies. It is in this context, principal hydrogeologic units; water table fluctuation pattern, general groundwater potential, existing groundwater withdrawal structures and draft, water quality, etc. have been studied in an elliptical shape Andrott Island of Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India, through field investigation and secondary data collection. Groundwater occurs under phreatic condition and seawater is in hydraulic continuity with the groundwater as evidenced by the tidal influence in almost all the wells. Groundwater level fluctuation due to seasonal variation varies from 0 to 0.542 m depending on the distance of the well from the coast. Depth to groundwater level varies from less than 1.234 to 3.520 m depending on the topography. Groundwater level fluctuation is due to the combination of factors like rainfall, tidal activities, sub-surface runoff, and draft. Large diameter dug wells are the main groundwater extraction structures in this island. There are 2,143 dug wells with almost each family having its own well and the density of the dug wells is about 437/km2. The stage of groundwater development is estimated as 37% and hence “Safe” for further groundwater development in this island. However, considering the very limited fresh-water resources and also the growing demand for groundwater, various management strategies such as rainwater harvesting, artificial recharge of groundwater, public participation in water conservation and wise use of groundwater, etc., have been suggested.  相似文献   

12.
高渗压小水力梯度岩石渗透性测试   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
徐德敏  黄润秋  虞修竟 《岩土力学》2010,31(4):1103-1107
对低渗透岩石的渗透性测试一般采用瞬时压力脉冲法,但该方法不能真实模拟野外高孔隙水压力、小水力梯度的现场实际条件,而且试验存在较大误差。为此开发研制了一套新型高压渗透仪,在渗透出水端安装了管路过滤器、调速阀两种器械元件,可手动任意调控流量大小,而流量大小采用精确测量渗出水体积变化量表示。试验只要保证进水端水压不变,当调控的水流量与试样的渗流量达到平衡时,则会在出水端形成一个稳定的水压值。该套试验设备不但可对圆柱体试样进行渗透性、力学特性测试,而且还可以对方柱体试样进行渗透性测试,实现了对岩石实际所处应力、高孔隙水压力环境的真实模拟。实测检验理论技术可行,达到了满意的试验效果。  相似文献   

13.
季节冻土区埋地管道水温的变化规律及其影响因素分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
陈继  李昆  盛煜  冯子亮 《冰川冻土》2014,36(4):836-844
埋地管道是减少寒冷地区冬季冻害的常用铺设方式,深入认识埋地管道的水温变化规律可以为减小管道埋设深度、降低管道冻害提供理论依据,对当前季节冻土区农牧民集中式供水工程的推进具有指导意义. 采用仿三维数值方法建立了管道水温的计算模型,讨论了含水量、地表温度、管道埋深等6个主要因素对埋地管道最不利水温的影响. 分析结果表明,无论上述因素如何变化,管道最不利水温均随输送距离的增加而下降. 首先,随着含水量的增加、地表温度的升高以及管道埋深的加深,管道的降温速率不断减小并具有先快后慢的特点;其次,随着管径的减小、流速的降低,管道降温速率增大,且降温速率和流速之间具有近似的倒数关系. 另外,随着入口温度的升高,管道降温速率将呈指数形式不断增加.  相似文献   

14.
坡体地下水位上升是诱发滑坡的重要因素,实时排出地下水是防治边坡地质灾害的有效手段。虹吸排水具有免动力和流动过程由液位变化自动控制的物理特性,可满足实时排出坡体地下水的需要,但虹吸管中空气积累会导致虹吸过程中断,制约了边坡虹吸排水技术的推广应用。溶解于水的空气因虹吸管内压力降低而释出是形成气泡的物理基础。实验结果表明,虹吸进水口水面以上垂直高度3.5 m以上就会出现大量气泡,经过虹吸顶点后,气泡发生强烈的兼并形成大气泡。当虹吸管的进出水口的水头差较大时,气泡间的水弹容易推动气泡从出水口排出。当虹吸管直径大于5 mm时,缓慢的虹吸流动,会发生管内气泡的积累,最终破坏虹吸过程;虹吸管的直径小于4 mm时,可以形成基本稳定的弹状流。因此,为保持边坡虹吸过程长期有效,经常性降雨并且坡体地下水丰富的地区可选用直径为5 mm的虹吸管,非经常性降雨的地区应选择小于等于4 mm的虹吸管。  相似文献   

15.
Geochemical study of groundwater from 58 selected fluoride-rich areas in different parts of India that includes eight states indicates that: 1. These groundwaters are alkaline in pH (7.4-8.8) and their electrical conductivity varies from 530-2,680 µS/cm and fluoride concentration from 1.7-6.1 mg/l. Presence of fluoride-bearing minerals in the host rocks and their interaction with water is considered to be the main cause for fluoride in groundwater. 2. The decomposition, dissociation and dissolution are the main chemical processes for the occurrence of fluoride in groundwater. During rock-water interaction, concentration of fluoride in rock, aqueous ionic species and residence time of interaction, etc. are also important parameters. 3. This study indicates that 85% groundwater samples have EC: 1,000-2,000 µS/cm, pH: 7.5-8.5, and HCO3/Ca (epm ratio): 0.8-2.3. 4. The Ca and HCO3 contents of groundwater samples have shown good correlation with fluoride.  相似文献   

16.
During the rainy season deterioration in the quality of water, supplied through dug wells and tube wells, near an abandoned limestone quarry was reported. The abandoned quarry is now being used as an urban waste disposal site. The problem was further complicated by hospitalization of several inhabitants who were using this water for domestic purposes. Looking into the consequences, chemical analysis of water from the quarry, dug wells and tube wells was carried out. The water was found to be contaminated. The transportation of pollutants from the quarry to the groundwater system was facilitated by karst features. Furthermore, four major sources—domestic waste disposal, water conservation structures, landfills, and water wells—contributing to pollution were identified. This case study is an attempt to provide an understanding of how the karst features facilitate groundwater contamination. It will help us answer a few questions such as why karst hydrogeology deserves special attention in urban expansion and what protective measures should be planned in view of rapid urbanization.  相似文献   

17.
One hundred thirty boreholes of volcanic aquifers in rural Yemen Highland Groundwaters (YHGs) were chemically investigated to assess the suitability of water for drinking. Focus is to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that occur in groundwaters of this area. Results showed that a number of boreholes contain, apart from fluoride, levels of nitrate, some heavy metals, total dissolved solids, and sulfates that could pose a health risk for consumers. The lateral variations of major ions with depth varied within the same aquifer based on the dynamic equilibrium of groundwater and hydrogeological conditions. The main inorganic groundwater contaminant in volcanic YHG is fluoride which is attributed to groundwater lithology and water type. Fluoride appears high in Ca-poor groundwater and where cation exchanges of Ca for Na are dominant. High F concentration in YHG is an extension of East African fluoride-rich groundwater. Majority of tube wells show that Fe concentration exceeds WHO guideline many folds. Much of the iron and manganese in groundwaters are naturally occurring, since the source rocks are enriched in ferromagnesian minerals. NO 3 ? and Cl? concentrations that have been detected in some wells may indicate sewage and/or agricultural runoff. Elevated concentration of chemical constituents in groundwater is a sign of groundwater degradation.  相似文献   

18.
不同土壤类型与含水率对水平埋管换热性能影响数值分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为揭示地源热泵系统水平埋管换热器在不同土壤类型中的换热性能,基于土壤毛管水理论知识,结合数值模拟的研究手段,探讨了蓄能不同类型土体内(砂土、壤土、黏土)三相组成的差异对水平埋管换热器换热特性的影响规律。结果表明,在通入308.15 K制冷工况下,水平管在壤土中的出水温度降低至303.3 K,进出口水温差为4.9 K,埋管单位延米换热量37.1 W/m,水平管在壤土中的制冷换热效益显著;不同土壤(砂土、壤土、黏土)在经历相同制冷周期下,水平管的换热过程对壤土的温度场分布影响最小,管体在壤土中运行时热堆积风险系数最低。研究表明,水平管与土壤的换热性能同时受土壤比热容与土壤导热系数的影响,提高土壤导热系数比提高土壤比热容获得的效益更加显著。可以通过压实回填、减少土壤孔隙率、提高固相回填材料导热系数、加大布管深度以提高回填材料含水率等方法来强化埋管的换热性能。   相似文献   

19.
Water samples collected from dug wells and tube wells from the Kurunegala District of Sri Lanka have been studied for their major hydrogeochemical parameters to understand the chemical quality of water in the terrain. The region is composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks where groundwater is only available in the regolith and along weak structural discontinuities. The study of the major chemical constituents of groundwater revealed several relationships with the aquifer lithology. Groundwater from mafic rocks have high dissolved solids, while quartzose metaclastic rocks yield water with low dissolved solids. The study area displays very low SO4 2− contents of the groundwater. The chloride content is higher in the dry regions and in terrains underlain by pink granite and marble/calc gneiss while areas with marble, as expected, show high concentrations of Ca and Mg ions. The waters in the region can be classified into non-dominant cations to Na + K dominant and Cl− and HCO3 − dominant types. Water from charnockite-bearing areas tends to have non-dominant cations and more CO3 2− + HCO3 − types. Effects such as soluble salts in the regolith, fracture intensity and climatic variations play a significant role in the behavior of the hydrogeochemistry in the area.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this paper was to explore new factors that might be reasons for the occurrence of fluoride-rich groundwater in the area around a construction site. During the construction of two deep shafts of the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) in Mizunami city, central Japan, a large quantity of groundwater with high fluoride concentration was charged into the shafts. Chemical investigation carried out during the excavation revealed that fluoride concentrations in the area around the MIU site greatly exceeded those prescribed by Japanese standards. Therefore, the origin of fluoride ion was experimentally investigated. Samples were collected from the core of a deep borehole drilled in the study area. The weathering - and alteration levels of the collected granites varied greatly. Granitic powders were used to measure fluoride content in the granitic rock mass. The fluoride content ranged between 200 and 1300 mg/kg. The powders were reacted with purified water for 80 days. The results of water–rock interaction showed granitic rock to be one of the main sources of fluoride-rich groundwater in Mizunami area. Fluoride concentrations in these solutions that were shaken for 80 days varied between 2 and 7 mg/l. This change may have occurred as a result of the spatial distribution of fluoride ions in the granite mass as evidenced by mineralogical analysis of fluoride content in several specimens. X-ray powder diffraction analysis of the rock before- and after the water–rock interaction tests manifested that the presence of fluorite mineral was relatively small compared to other minerals. The degree of weathering and alteration might be an additional factor causing dissolution of fluoride-rich minerals. However, it was difficult to interpret the change in fluorite composition by X-ray diffraction analysis.  相似文献   

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