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1.
The total concentration of I is commonly higher in surface terrigenous sediments relative to more deeply buried material. Diagenetic release, loss of dissolved I during burial, and back-reaction of I with the solid phase under oxidizing conditions contribute to I enrichment near the sediment/water interface. In order to differentiate between scavenging of dissolved I by organic matter or metal oxides, the diagenetic behavior of I was examined in the Fe-poor carbonate sediments of Florida Bay, Florida. In this environment I is released by organic decomposition at I/C ratios similar to terrigenous environments (~0.5 mmole/mole), transported to the oxygenated sediment/water interface, and lost to the overlying water. The dissolved I flux from these deposits is roughly equivalent to the production rate within the deposit (~10 μmole/m2/day at 28°C). No significant enrichment is observed in the solid phase.Dissolved iodine transport within the sediment column may also be controlled by non-steady-state lateral diffusion into burrows. These observations, together with laboratory experiments which demonstrate IO?3 scavenging by Fe-oxyhydroxides at pH ≤ 8, imply that enrichment of I in terrigenous surface sediments results predominantly from the initial oxidation of I? to IO?3 by microorganisms, followed by sorption on Fe oxides. Upon burial and reduction during anaerobic decomposition, this metal-associated I is released to solution, in a manner similar to phosphate.  相似文献   

2.
Much of the sedimentary geochemistry of iodine has been surmised from analyses of solid phase distributions without direct documentation of reactions or reaction rates. It is shown here that the anoxic production rate of dissolved I in nearshore terrigenous sediments decreases rapidly below the sediment-water interface and is strongly temperature controlled. An apparent activation energy of ~19.3 Kcal/mole comparable to that found for other microbially mediated reactions, describes the temperature dependence of release. Production of dissolved iodide is zeroth order with respect to natural ranges of pore water concentrations and apparently first-order with respect to a reactive I component in the solid phase. First order reaction coefficients in sediments from Mud Bay, South Carolina and Long Island Sound, Connecticut, U.S.A., are strongly depth dependent, varying from ~6.9/yr in the top few centimeters to an average of ~0.011/yr over the upper 70 cm. About 90% of the dissolved I flux comes from the top 10 cm with estimated values of ~ 15 and 29 μmoles/m2/day at 22–23°C in Mud Bay and Long Island Sound, respectively. The I/C net release ratio of decomposing material changes rapidly below the sediment surface. When temperature corrections are made, I remineralization rates from nearshore sediments below the bioturbated zone appear to be similar to those observed in deep water sediments underlying oxygenated waters.  相似文献   

3.
The sediments of the Port Camargue marina (South of France) are highly polluted by Cu and As (Briant et al., 2013). The dynamics of these pollutants in pore waters was investigated using redox tracers (sulfides, Fe, Mn, U, Mo) to better constrain the redox conditions.In summer, pore water profiles showed a steep redox gradient in the top 24 cm with the reduction of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides at the sediment water interface (SWI) and of sulfate immediately below. Below a depth of 24 cm, the Fe, Mn, Mo and U profiles in pore waters reflected Fe and Mn reducing conditions and, unlike in the overlying levels, sulfidic conditions were not observed. This unusual redox zonation was attributed to the occurrence of two distinct sediment layers: an upper layer comprising muddy organic-rich sediments underlain by a layer of relatively sandy and organic-poor sediments. The sandy sediments were in place before the building of the marina, whereas the muddy layer was deposited later. In the muddy layer, large quantities of Fe and Mo were removed in summer linked to the formation of insoluble sulfide phases. Mn, which can adsorb on Fe-sulfides or precipitate with carbonates, was also removed from pore waters. Uranium was removed probably through reduction and adsorption onto particles. In winter, in the absence of detectable pore water sulfides, removal of Mo was moderate compared to summer.Cu was released into solution at the sediment water interface but was efficiently trapped by the muddy layer, probably by precipitation with sulfides. Due to efficient trapping, today the Cu sediment profile reflects the increase in its use as a biocide in antifouling paints over the last 40 years.In the sandy layer, Fe, Mn, Mo and As were released into solution and diffused toward the top of the profile. They precipitated at the boundary between the muddy and sandy layers. This precipitation accounts for the high (75 μg g−1) As concentrations measured in the sediments at a depth of 24 cm.  相似文献   

4.
Iodine is characteristically enriched at the surface of hemipelagic and nearshore sediments deposited under oxygenated conditions. In such sediments, bulk I/Corg ratios usually decrease with depth to values which are characteristic of anoxic sediments, reflecting a preferential release of I during early diagenesis. There is some debate as to whether sedimentary I is associated with the iron oxyhydroxide phase or with the organic fraction, and whether the decrease in I/Corg with depth is due to the dissolution of the iron oxyhydroxides or the decomposition of labile organic matter.It is shown that in a surficial hemipelagic sediment sample and in a nearshore sediment core I is mainly associated with the organic fraction and, moreover, that humic substances are involved in the surficial iodine enrichment. Laboratory experiments on the uptake and release of I by and from sedimentary humic substances also suggest a mechanism whereby humic materials reduce iodate at the sediment/water interface to an electrophilic I species which further reacts with the organic matter to produce iodinated organic molecules. During burial, this excess I could be displaced from the organic matrix by nucleophiles such as sulphide ions or thiosulphate, thus providing a possible explanation for the decrease in I/Corg ratio with depth observed in many nearshore and hemipelagic sediments.  相似文献   

5.
Iodometric titration of deep sea sediment from cores at MANOP sites M and H indicate a particulate Mn oxidation state between 3.3 and 3.9 in the top 5 cm. Results from site H show a minimum in the Mn oxidation state at 1.5 cm depth indicating Mn reduction is occurring above the zone of pore water Mn oxidation. Using a simple box model, the rate of reduction is calculated to be 19 mg/cm2 kyr ? 77 mg/cm2 kyr, at least 5 times the flux of Mn to nodules in this region. Although no Mn oxidation state minimum is observed in site M sediments, oxic reduction is inferred from a particulate mass balance, indicating that a large fraction of the Mn rain to this site is not preserved in the sediments and must be remobilized. We suggest that the process of reduction in oxic or suboxic environments near the sediment-water interface may be an important mechanism controlling the concentration of Mn in sediments and provides a mechanism for supplying diagenetic Mn to the nodules at site H.  相似文献   

6.
This research tests the hypothesis that trace metals respond to the extent of reducing conditions in a predictable way. We describe pore water and sediment measurements of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), uranium (U), rhenium (Re), and molybdenum (Mo) along a transect off Washington State (USA). Sediments become less reducing away from the continent, and the stations have a range of oxygen penetration depths (depth to unmeasurable O2 concentration) varying from a few millimeters to five centimeters. When oxygen penetrates ∼1 cm or less, Fe is reduced in the pore waters but reoxidized near the sediment-water interface, preventing a flux of Fe2+ to overlying waters, whereas Mn oxides are reduced and Mn2+ diffuses to overlying waters. Both Re and U authigenically accumulate in sediments. Only at the most reducing location, where the oxygen penetrates 0.3 cm below the sediment-water interface, does the surface 30 cm of sediments become reducing enough to authigenically accumulate Mo.Stations in close proximity to the Juan de Fuca Ridge crest are enriched in Mn and Fe from hydrothermal plume processes. Both V and Mo clearly associate with Mn cycling, whereas U may be associating with either Mn oxides and/or Fe oxyhydroxides. Rhenium is uncomplicated by adsorption to Mn oxides and/or Fe oxyhydroxides, and Re accumulation in sediments appears to be due solely to the extent of reducing conditions. Therefore, authigenic sediment Re enrichment appears to be the best indicator for intermediate reducing conditions, where oxygen penetrates less than ∼1 cm below the sediment-water interface, when coupled with negligible authigenic Mo enrichment.  相似文献   

7.
Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to determine the behavior of sterols at the sediment–water interface in oxic and anoxic sediments. Both plankton and 4- -cholesterol were used as tracers. Cholesterol was rapidly degraded at the sediment–water interface: 55% of -cholesterol was lost from sediments under anoxic conditions and 78% under oxic conditions over three and one-half months. About 3% of initially-added free radiolabel was incorporated into a bound pool that was released only by saponification of solvent-extracted sediment. Less than 1% of initially-added radiolabel remained in pore waters after three and one-half months. Rate constants for degradation of cholesterol in oxic and anoxic surficial sediments were estimated by tracking variations in radioactivity and sterol concentration as a function of time. We discuss our results in terms of factors affecting sterol degradation in coastal marine sediments, including molecular structure, sediment matrix effect, and redox conditions.  相似文献   

8.
Lake Constance is one of Europe’s largest oligotrophic lakes and provides a water source for more than 4.5 million people in Germany and Switzerland. We present here a 12 month study on iodine concentrations, speciation and fluxes to and from the lake to gain a quantitative understanding of the limnic iodine cycle. Monthly water samples were obtained from all major tributaries (14) and the outflow to construct a mass-balance model. Sediment traps were also deployed in the lake for two years at two different stations. Total soluble iodine (TSI) in aqueous samples were analysed by ICP-MS and speciation (iodide, iodate and soluble organically bound iodine, SOI) by ion chromatography-ICP-MS. Iodine concentrations in the Alpine tributaries (1-2 μg l−1) decreased over the summer months due to increasing proportions of snow and glacial melt water from the Alps, while iodine levels in the lowland rivers (∼2-10 μg l−1) increased over the summer. Deposition of TSI to the catchment (16,340 kg I yr−1) was similar to the TSI out-flux by rivers (16,000 kg I yr−1). By also including the particulate riverine iodine flux out of the catchment (∼12,350 kg I yr−1) it is shown that the catchment is a net source of iodine, with the highest particulate fluxes coming from the Alpine rivers. The total TSI flux to the lake was 16,770 kg I yr−1, the largest proportion coming from the Alpenrhein (43%), followed by the Schussen (8%) and Bregenzer Ach (7.7%). Overall the mass-balance for TSI in the lake was negative, with more iodine flowing out of the lake than in (−2050 kg I yr−1; 12% of TSI in-flux). To maintain mass-balance, 8.8 μg I m−2 d−1 from the Obersee and 23 μg I m−2 d−1 from the Untersee must be released from the sediments into the water column. Thus, in comparison with the total iodine flux to the sediments measured by the sediment traps (4762-8075 kg I yr−1), up to 39% of the deposited iodine may be mobilised back into the lake. SOI was the dominant iodine fraction entering the lake, with a total flux of 10,290 kg I yr−1 (64% of TSI input), followed by iodate (3120 kg I yr−1) and iodide (2760 kg I yr−1). Net formation of SOI from iodide and iodate was also noted within the lake, with an estimated production of 6560 kg I yr−1, suggesting a strong role for biology in iodine cycling. In conclusion, organically bound iodine was the dominant iodine species in aqueous and solid phases in Lake Constance, despite low DOC concentrations (<2 mg l−1), and thus is expected to play an important role in iodine cycling in most freshwater environments.  相似文献   

9.
In the work presented here, a Zr-oxide diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was used to monitor the release flux of phosphorus (P), ferrum (Fe), and arsenic (As) in the water–sediment interface of Aibi Lake—a typical shallow lake located in the arid regions of Northwest China. Results showed that: (1) In the water–sediments interface of Aibi Lake, the ranges (average values) of labile As, labile P, and labile Fe levels in DGTs are 3.846–101.840 (43.934) µg L?1, 0.006–0.232 (0.070) mg L?1, and 0.202–52.984 (15.832) mg L?1, respectively. Among 0–20 cm of the vertical profile there was a stable distribution of three elements, while below the interface as 0 cm–(??80) cm there were relatively large changes of these. (2) Fitting analysis showed that there were significant correlations between labile Fe and labile P, and labile As in four DGTs, which showed that in the water–sediments of Aibi Lake, Fe, P, and As are released simultaneously. (3) Combined with former research, we found that the redox of Fe3+ to Fe2+ may cause the release of P and As to the sediments and water body from the former Fe–P and Fe–As; the proportion of P/Fe of four DGTs was all relatively lower than 1, suggesting that the redox of Fe3+ caused the P to be released. (4) This research showed that the concentrations of P, Fe, and As of the water–sediments interface of the lake was obviously lower than that of the water body and sediments of Aibi Lake as well as others of central and eastern China. ZrO-DGT can accurately reflect the distribution of P, Fe, and As of Aibi Lake. These findings can provide initial verification for the use of ZrO-DGT technology in the research of elements at the water–sediment interface in lakes of Xinjiang Province in Northwest China.  相似文献   

10.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(9):1497-1506
Sedimentation and benthic release of As was determined in Baldeggersee, a eutrophic lake in central Switzerland. Sediment traps recorded As sedimentation during 1994, including a flood event in spring. Diagenetic processes were studied using porewater profiles at the sediment–water interface and in deeper sediment strata deposited in the mesotrophic lake (before 1885). Sediment cores were used to calculate the accumulation and to construct the balance of sedimentation and remobilisation. The results showed that the lake sediment acts as an efficient sink for As. Only 22% of the particulate As flux reaching the sediment surface was remobilised at the sediment–water interface. The As accumulation in the recent varved section of the eutrophic lake was 40 mg As m−2 a−1. Iron reduction in older sediment caused a remobilisation of 1.2 mg As m−2 a−1. This upward flux from the deeper sediment was quantitatively immobilised in the recent sulfidic sediments. The flood event in spring contributed about 34% of the yearly sediment load and led to distinct peak profiles of dissolved As in the porewater. This evidence for rapid remobilisation disappeared within months.  相似文献   

11.
The bioturbated zone of marine sediments is a region having a complex, time-dependent geometry of diffusion and chemical reactions. It is possible to simplify this geometry by postulating an average sediment microenvironment and modelling it as representative of the sediment body as a whole. The microenvironment is assumed to correspond to a single, tube-dwelling animal together with its surrounding sediment and can be represented by a finite hollow cylinder. A transport-reaction model derived from this postulate produces good agreement between observed and predicted pore water profiles using realistic physical constants. The average vertical distributions of pore water solutes and their sediment-water fluxes are influenced by the presence of irrigated burrows to varying degrees depending on the kind of reactions governing their behavior. Pore water profiles of solutes, such as NH+4, subject to zero order reaction rates are highly sensitive to the abundance and sizes of burrows while the net flux of the constituent across the sediment-water interface is not. In contrast, profiles of solutes such as Si that are subject to first order reaction rates are less sensitive to the presence of irrigated burrows but net fluxes are greatly affected. Average pore water concentrations, fluxes of solutes like Si and the apparent one-dimensional diffusion coefficients required to match vertical gradients with measured solute fluxes, are influenced by both the size and spacing of burrows. Because of the range of solute concentrations within the microenvironment at any given depth it is not strictly valid to make detailed solubility calculations on the basis of average pore water concentrations within the bioturbated zone.  相似文献   

12.
During Cruise 62nd of the R/V “Professor Gagarinsky” in September, 2014, the carbonate system of sediments and contents of nutrients and organic carbon in pore water were studied in two geochemical stations located in hypoxia areas in the Peter the Great Bay. It was established that the concentrations of silica, phosphorus, and ammonium increase by 5, 10, and 20 times, respectively, with sediment depth to 70–80 cm. The alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide significantly increase with depth, while рН value and organic matter (ОM) decrease. Changes in the chemical composition of pore water with sediment depth (0–80 cm) are caused by anaerobic microbial degradation of OM, concentration of which in the top sediment layer is 2–3%. The degradation products of OM in the bottom waters of bay and pore waters of bottom sediments indicate that its main sources are diatoms. During hypoxia, the oxygen demand rate by sediment surface near Furugelm Island is estimated to be 5 mmol/(m2 day). A combination of such factors as downwelling circulation, the absence of photosynthetically active radiation, and the high oxygen demand rate at the water/sediment interface provides hypoxia formation in the depressions of the Peter the Great Bay bottom topography.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中沉积物胶体释放规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
李海明  马斌  李子琛  赵雪 《岩矿测试》2012,31(5):849-854
以天津滨海地区北大港水库为研究对象,采用室内柱试验,研究地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中不同位置沉积物胶体释放以及盐分释放/截留的动态特征,同时对沉积物胶体释放、盐分释放/截留机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:水库不同位置地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中,盐分的归宿不同:接近水库入口处的沉积物能将盐分截留下来,而出水口沉积物却将盐分释放转移到水体。随孔隙体积数的增加,沉积物胶体累计释放量逐渐增加,入库口、库中心、出库口最大累计释放量分别为3.275 mg/g、0.386 mg/g和1.382 mg/g;胶体累计释放量随孔隙体积数的变化曲线符合直线型,胶体释放速率变化很小。盐分的释放或截留是沉积物颗粒的粒径、胶体含量、含盐量等多种因素作用的结果,水库水体与沉积物中的盐分处于动态平衡状态,当沉积物中含盐量高于平衡浓度时,其盐分会向水体中释放,同时吸附在胶体上的盐分也会随着胶体的释放而释放;反之,水体中的盐分会向沉积物中迁移被截留下来,沉积物粒径越小,越易吸附水中的盐分。胶体的释放规律可以用双电层理论得到很好的解释。  相似文献   

15.
The Riogrande II reservoir in Colombia has a total storage capacity of 240 million m3 and lies 2,270 m above sea level. The reservoir is used for power generation, water supply and environmental improvement. Dissolved manganese (Mn) is removed from reservoir water dedicated to domestic use by purification processes. Removal of Mn, however, poses a major challenge to purification processes and warrants the study of ways to naturally reduce dissolved Mn levels in the reservoir. The source of Mn within the reservoir is not well understood, however, presumably arises from sediment mobilization initiated by variation in pH, redox potential (ORP or Eh), dissolved oxygen (O2) and ionic strength conditions. This study investigated conditions within the reservoir to further understand Mn transfer from the sediment into the water column. O2, pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP or Eh), organic matter content and electric conductivity were measured in water samples and sediment from the reservoir. Sequential extraction (SE) procedures were used to test the specific effects exerted by each of these conditions on Mn mobilization from the sediments. The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure was used to quantify metals in sediment (referred to as the BCR extraction below). Statistical analysis of geochemical data from water samples (both water column and sediment pore water) and sediments demonstrated the conditions under which Mn can be released from sediments into the water column. The results indicated a primarily oxic water column and anoxic reducing conditions in the sediment (ORP or Eh ≤ ?80 mV). The pH of water in contact with bottom sediments varied from 7.6 to 6.8. The pH of sedimentary pore water varied from 6.8 to 4.7. The sediments contained significant amounts of organic matter (20 %). Chemical extractions showed that the exchangeable fraction contained over 50 % of the total Mn within sediments. Microscopic analysis using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) indicated that Mn does not occur within well-crystallized mineral phases in the Riogrande II sediments. A large proportion of Mn exists instead as material adsorbed onto the surfaces of recently deposited sediment particles. Bacterial oxidation of organic matter may cause the observed anoxic conditions at the bottom of the reservoir. Mineralization of organic matter therefore contributes to reducing conditions within the sediments. Mobilization of Mn from the sediment into the water column may result from reductive dissolution of this fraction. Manganese release by this mechanism diminishes the water quality of the Riogrande II reservoir and warrants further study.  相似文献   

16.
In situ measurements of the exchange of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, phosphate, and dissolved organic phosphorus between sediments and the overlying water column were made in a shallow coastal lagoon on the ocean coast of Rhode Island, U.S.A. The release of ammonia from mud sediments in the dark (20–440 μmol per m2 per h) averaged ten times higher than from a sandy tidal flat (0–60 μmol per m2 per h), and while mud sediments also released nitrate and phosphate, sandy sediments took up these nutrients. Fluxes of nutrients from mud sediments, but not from sandy areas, markedly increased with temperature. Ammonia release rates for mud sediments in the light (0–350 μmol per m2 per h) were lower than those in the dark and it is estimated that some 25% of the ammonia released to the water column on an annual basis may be intercepted by the benthic microfloral community. Estimates of the annual net exchange of nutrients across the sediment-water interface, weighted by sediment type for the lagoon as a whole, showed a release of 450 mmol per m2 of ammonia, 5 mmol per m2 of phosphate, 5 mmol per m2 of dissolved organic phosphorus, and an uptake of 80 mmol per m2 of nitrate. Although rates of ammonia and nitrate exchange were comparable to those described for the deeper heterotrophic bottom communities of nearby Narragansett Bay, rates of benthic phosphate release were significantly lower. On an annual basis the Bay benthos released approximately 20 times more inorganic phosphate per unit area than did the lagoon benthos. As a result., the N/P ratio for the flux from the sediments was 74∶1 in the lagoon, compared with 16∶1 in “average” marine plankton and 8∶1 for the benthic flux from Narragansett Bay. The lack of remineralized phosphate in the lagoon, is reflected in water, column phosphate concentrations (always <1 μm) and water column N/P ratios (annual N/P=27) and suggests that the lagoon may show phosphate limitation rather than the nitrogen limitation commonly associated with marine systems.  相似文献   

17.
Studies of the δ13C of pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) were carried out in shallow water carbonate sediments of the Great Bahamas Bank (GBB) to further examine sediment-seagrass relationships and to more quantitatively describe the couplings between organic matter remineralization and sediment carbonate diagenesis. At all sites studied δ13C-DIC provided evidence for the dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO2 (i.e., CO2 produced during sediment organic matter remineralization); these observations are also consistent with pore water profiles of alkalinity, total DIC and Ca2+ at these sites. In bare oolitic sands, isotope mass balance further indicates that the sediment organic matter undergoing remineralization is a mixture of water column detritus and seagrass material; in sediments with intermediate seagrass densities, seagrass derived material appears to be the predominant source of organic matter undergoing remineralization. However, in sediments with high seagrass densities, the pore water δ13C-DIC data cannot be simply explained by dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO2, regardless of the organic matter type. Rather, these results suggest that dissolution of metastable carbonate phases occurs in conjunction with reprecipitation of more stable carbonate phases. Simple closed system calculations support this suggestion, and are broadly consistent with results from more eutrophic Florida Bay sediments, where evidence of this type of carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation has also been observed. In conjunction with our previous work in the Bahamas, these observations provide further evidence for the important role that seagrasses play in mediating early diagenetic processes in tropical shallow water carbonate sediments. At the same time, when these results are compared with results from other terrigenous coastal sediments, as well as supralysoclinal carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments, they suggest that carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation may be more important than previously thought, in general, in the early diagenesis of marine sediments.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of freshwater infaunal invertebrates on sediment geochemical properties were studied through an experimental approach using indoor microcosms during a 56-day experiment. The bioturbating organisms were tubificid worms, which consume sediment at depth and deposit undigested material at the sediment?Cwater interface. Bioturbation intensity was determined using fluorescent tracers, and the distribution of redox-sensitive compounds was studied from replicate experimental units handled 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56?days after tubificid colonization. Worm activity transferred reduced particles and pore water at the sediment surface at a rate of 0.14?cm?day?1. Compared to control experimental units, this recycled material represented at the end a several centimetre-thick layer enriched in water content, dissolved nitrate and sulphate, and depleted in oxygen, ammonium and dissolved Mn(II). Tubificids consumed O2 in bottom water, so that the sediment was anoxic, allowing a direct flux of dissolved reduced species into overlying water. Lower ammonium and Mn(II) concentrations and fluxes in anoxic sediment possibly resulted from a decrease in anaerobic microbial metabolism due to competition for labile organic carbon with tubificids. Higher sulphate concentration resulted from burial of surface waters with particle at the sediment surface, but not from bio-irrigation of burrows. Nitrate was produced in anoxic condition, as observed in almost every mixed modern sediments.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, the largest ever carried out to measure noble gases in the pore water of unconsolidated sediments in lakes, the emission of terrigenic He through the sediment column of Lake Van was successfully mapped on the local scale. The main input of He to the water body occurs at the borders of a deep basin within the lake, which is probably the remains of a collapsed caldera. The 3He/4He ratio identifies the He injected into the sedimentary column of Lake Van as a mixture of He released from a mantle source and radiogenic He of crustal origin (3He/4He∼2.6-4.1×10-6). During passage through the pore space, terrigenic He seems to be further enriched in radiogenic He that is most likely produced in the sediment column. In fact, two distinct trends in isotopic composition can be distinguished in the He injected from the lake basement into the sediments. One of these characterizes samples from the shallow water, the other characterizes samples from the deep basin. However, both of these trends are related to the same source of terrigenic He. The He fluxes determined seem to be characteristic of each sampling location and might be considered as a proxy for the fluid permeability of the deep sediment column. These new findings provide insight into the process of fluid transport within the sediments and into the process of formation of the lake basin. Moreover, the isotopic signature of the He that emanates into the water column of Lake Van is strongly affected by the mixing conditions prevailing in the overlying water body. This fact misled previous studies to interpret the terrigenic He in Lake Van as being solely of mantle origin (3He/4He∼10-5).  相似文献   

20.
《Applied Geochemistry》2000,15(4):425-438
The dissolution of silica and diffusion of reactive dissolved Si in the porewaters of river sediments are investigated using sediments of different physical and chemical properties. Three sediments are considered: (a) from sectioned cores taken from a river-bed, (b) fine organic-rich surface sediment (<5 cm depth) installed in a fluvarium channel and, (c) coarse river sediment of low organic matter content also installed in a fluvarium channel. Dissolution rates of silica are measured at 10°C using batches of suspended material. The derived dissolution rate constants show large differences between the sediments. The river bed-sediment cores had vertical concentration profiles of dissolved Si that are consistent with the diffusion and dissolution of biogenic silica. Experiments in a fluvarium channel enabled Si fluxes to be calculated from a mass-balance of the overlying solution. The results are consistent with the attainment of a steady-state concentration profile of dissolved Si in the sediment. There are no discernible effects of water velocity over the sediment between 5 and 11 cm s−1. However, at 20 cm s−1, the flux increases as a result of either entrainment of fine particles at the surface or advective effects in the surface sediment. A fluvarium experiment with the fine sediment (<125 μm) over 61 days, produced a concentration profile with the highest concentration of 1025 μmol dm−3 at a depth of 4–5 cm in the sediment. A FORTRAN program is used to model the results of the increase in dissolved Si in the overlying water and development of a concentration profile in the porewater. This leads to a sediment diffusion coefficient of 1.21×10−9 m2 s−1 at 8.8°C at the beginning of the experiment and rate constant k=13.1×10−7 s−1 at pH=7.82 and average temperature of 7.6°C for the entire experiment. Fluxes measured at the sediment–surface interface and calculated assuming steady-state profiles had developed are typically 0.01–0.04 μmol m−2 (of river bed) s−1. The approach enables the efflux of dissolved Si from bottom-sediments to be estimated from dissolution rates measured using suspensions of bed-sediment.  相似文献   

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