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1.
Graham Clarke 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):289-298
Academic research has made an enormous contribution to applied problem solving in the areas of retail planning and marketing.
The aim of this paper is to review the changing methodologies used in store location research beginning with the work on simple
checklist and analogue techniques in the 1960s. The arrival of geographical information systems (GIS) heralded the start of
a second phase of work which eventually saw GIS established in many retail organisations. However, the main argument of this
paper is the need to consider more sophisticated modelling procedures if the different types of corporate growth strategy
are to be adequately investigated. This third phase of research development focuses on these models and illustrates the business
potential of such approaches through a number of case studies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Johan G. Borchert 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):327-336
The retail system is continuously adapting itself to changing demographic conditions, consumer behavior and economic conditions.
Existing retail units, getting larger in order to achieve economics of scale, and new forms of large-scale retailing do not
fit easily in the traditional spatial pattern of retail concentrations. Neverteless the spatial distribution of retailing
in urban areas, as schematized by Berry thirty-five years ago, still has its value. Through an upward hierarchical movement
the retail system has adapted itself to an inflexible spatial system, in which downtown has still a dominant position. Future
developments, however, may weaken the position of central shopping areas in favour of peripheral locations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
《Geoforum》1988,19(2):179-187
The 1982 U.S. summary data for retail sales (Census of Retail Trade) are analyzed in light of trends since 1958. The metropolitan economy consists of four sectors, namely CBDs, major retail centres (MRCs), non-CBD/MRC retailing and direct marketing. Total U.S. retail sales declined by some 1.6% during 1977–1982. Metropolitan retail sales increased, however, more than metropolitan population growth. This is related to the construction of outer-ring superregional centres which serve also exurban customers. Within metropolitan areas CBDs continued their absolute and relative decline, while MRCs grew, keeping their share in the metropolitan economy. Non-CBD/MRC retailing is the largest and increasingly growing sector. It represents demographic and economic changes that lead to an increased emphasis on speciality strip and small-town retailing. Direct marketing, while constantly growing, has not yet become a real threat to conventional store retailing. 相似文献
4.
The retail geography literature has long recognised the importance of spatial and catchment analysis to inform decision-making relating to store development. However, less attention has been directed to store development “in practice” and, more specifically, how location research and geographical knowledge is leveraged across the wider retail business – in particular informing the marketing function. Through the use of a semi-structured interview and focus group methodology involving approximately 40 location planning, property and marketing analysts, we find that while some larger retailers have established close links between store development and marketing functions in the exchange of catchment, customer, competitor and loyalty card data to inform local marketing, product ranging, promotional mailings and post-opening store performance reviews, this tends to be the exception rather than the rule. We suggest there is a need for location planners to develop their intra-organisational legitimacy to engender a culture of knowledge-sharing and challenge the departmentalised, silo cultures that exist within some retailers in order to better leverage geographical insights and assist in the realisation of appropriate customer propositions and marketing strategies. 相似文献
5.
There have been many studies of the retail industry in recent years, and of the impact that retailing has had on the spatial arrangement of urban areas and on consumer behaviour. Little attention has been paid, however, to employment in retailing, which is disturbing in view of its growing importance and its rapidly changing nature and composition. This paper examines the nature of the broad structural changes within the industry, and investigates their spatial consequences through a case study of employment generation within a system of suburban retail centres in Canberra, Australia. It is shown that the evolution of suburban centres, particularly those of a regional variety, has had an important and enriching impact on the suburban labour market. The regional centres are also seen to be the focus of the major structural employment changes currently affecting the retail industry. This has some important implications for urban planning. 相似文献
6.
《Geoforum》1988,19(2):189-200
The spatial shopping behaviour of the urban elderly has received increasing attention from researchers in a variety of disciplines including geography, marketing, city planning, and social gerontology. Relevant literature from these diverse sources is reviewed within an organizational framework based on two ‘behavioural’ approaches to retail geography: ‘empirical-behavioural’ and ‘cognitive-behavioural’. Overall, the research findings suggest that the elderly represent a distinctive consumer segment with special problems and needs. In particular, many older shoppers are subject to a wide variety of mobility constraints which ultimately restrict their access to shopping opportunities. However, some work has discovered important differences in the spatial behaviours of subgroups of elderly consumers defined on the basis of such characteristics as health, age, household composition, marital status, income level, and residential location. It is suggested that further research needs to explore more fully how these characteristics may impose variable personal and environmental constraints upon the shopping activities of the urban elderly. 相似文献
7.
Jonathan Reynolds 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):245-254
The internationalising activities of retailers have tended to precede the theoretical contributions of academics. This is
particularly the case for the cultural context within which retail internationalisation takes place. Following an examination
of the growth of international retailing activity, the article reviews generic difficulties in studying inter-cultural differences
before considering the specific steps which retail practitioners have taken to understand the comparative characteristics
of retail and consumer markets through the growth of geodemographic and lifestyle analysis. Finally, we relate one of the
most significant integrative intercultural theoretical instruments to the case of retail internationalisation within Western
Europe. We find that significant insights into retailer behaviour and strategy can be gained from an understanding of the
culturally-specific characteristics of the activity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Clifford M. Guy 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):255-264
This paper reviews current methods used in classifying retail outlets and areas devoted to retailing, in the geographical
and town planning literature. For retail outlets, classifications based upon types of goods sold, and types of shopping trip,
are discussed. This is followed by an analysis of modern large store development which reflects property developers' and retailers'
concerns. Areas devoted to retail uses are subdivided into unplanned ‘retail areas’ and planned ‘shopping centres’. Traditional
classifications based upon central place theory are reviewed for both of these types, and found wanting in the light of recent
changes in retail development practice and consumer behaviour. Classifications based upon physical development characteristics
and type of shopping trip are recommended. Finally, classifications of urban retail location are examined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
The new retail trade and services and their emerging location pattern in St. Petersburg 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The system of factors affecting the spatial distribution of the retail trade and service establishments has changed dramatically since socialist times. The administrative regulation lost its almost complete dominance and turned into one of the market forces. In contrast, the impact of the urban environment under very free market conditions substantially increased. We show the main directions of this influence. Two generalized indicators that we use describe macro trends in the development of the spatial system of retail trade and services. One of them, which we call the urban morphology, is of a concentric effect, another – transportation pattern – adds the sectoral component to the retail trade and services geography. Five systems of spatial attractions differently affect the distribution of different branches. 相似文献
10.
Yukio Sadahiro 《GeoJournal》2000,52(3):237-252
The present paper proposes a new method for analyzing the spatial structure of retailing, using microscale locational data
of individual retail stores. The method is based on the probability density function (PDF) of stores estimated from their
locational data, and consequently it is applicable to both micro- and macro-scale retail analyses. The PDF approach provides
a set of quantitative methods that permit us (1) to measure the degree of agglomeration, (2) to classify spatial patterns
of store location, (3) to analyze the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations, and (4) to analyze
the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the method, and some
empirical findings are shown.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
K. Bouwer Prof. Dr. 《GeoJournal》1985,11(4):307-312
The author outlines the relationships between geography and the study of environmental problems. After WW II when these problems were growing in number and complexity, many geographers turned to the quantitative study of spatial relations and processes, neglecting the ecological aspects of human life on earth. However, recently human and physical geography are turning again to an ecological point of view. In the study of environmental problems, a synthesis of the spatial and the ecological traditions in geography is possible. The spatial aspects of environmental problems and environmental management in a systems-theory framework are the central points in the contribution of geography to an interdisciplinary environmental science. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2016
Labour geography aims to explore aspects of workers’ agency that have not yet been at the centre of research, this includes: the links between working-class politics and local communities, the interdependence of global economic networks and working-class activities, and the spatial dimension of workers’ organisations. Although these aspects are relevant for the dynamics of mass strikes, an analysis of mass strikes has been largely absent from debates in labour geography. Rosa Luxemburg’s seminal analysis of strikes in Russia demonstrated the rapid spatial expansion of these movements without any central organisation. Similar phenomena have occurred in recent mass strikes in the emerging economies. This text shows how mass strikes in Brazil, India and South Africa can be investigated through a labour geography lens and calls for a renewed debate on how a ‘strike wave’ is defined or understood. 相似文献
13.
Dr. Aharon Kellerman 《GeoJournal》1987,15(1):31-38
The paper examines organizational and spatial responses of metropolitan retail trade in Israel to increases in demand. Since
the late 1960s until 1984 Israel enjoyed continuous increases in incomes, rates of car ownership and dwelling sizes. These
coincided with a suburbanization of population in the metropolitan areas of Tel-Aviv and Haifa. Consequently, there developed
four new forms of retailing, namely ribbons in industrial areas, factory retail outlets, hypermarkets and shopping malls.
Locational and other characteristics of these forms of commerce are discussed. Special criticism is pointed at an undifferentiated
evolution of ribbons and outlets.
I wish to thank Ms. Naomi Elad and Mr. Moshe Schmerler for field work in metropolitan Haifa and Tel-Aviv respectively. 相似文献
14.
Neil Wrigley 《Geoforum》2006,37(3):340-351
This paper examines the organizational challenge of e-commerce for emerging retail transnational corporations (TNCs). The paper begins by scoping and conceptualizing the retail TNCs and in the process, draws attention to the high level of territorial embeddedness of these firms. This provides the framework for the remainder of the paper, where the organizational challenge of a ‘multi-channel’ paradigm (blending online and offline forms of retail distribution) is evaluated. Specifically, the paper argues that place, space and embeddedness continue to matter in the ‘new e-conomy’ of multi-channel distribution. 相似文献
15.
Paul L. Knox 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):255-264
Dispensing Chemists represent an important component in the organization of primary medical care in the United Kingdom, as well as providing a basic retail service. Over the past 30 years, the number of dispensing chemists' shops in Scotland has fallen by 40%, a withdrawal of services which has important spatial welfare implications. In this paper the locational dynamics of pharmaceutical retailing are examined, and the pattern of change between 1950 and 1980 is described. It is shown that the major trend, at both regional and intra-urban levels, is centralization. This trend is only weakly related to patterns in population change. Rather, it is the product of a general restructuring of retailing, reinforced by changes in the structure of the health care delivery system. 相似文献
16.
Gareth Shaw 《Geoforum》1987,18(4)
There is a growing interest in the development of purpose-built shopping centres, which now dominate the retail environments of many cities. Much of the past research has been directed at the impact of shopping centres on more traditional retail structures. More recently, however, there has been a recognition of the importance of those institutional forces that shape the internal character of shopping centres and ultimately determine their economic impact. This paper draws attention to these factors and discusses the control that leasing agreements and corporate policy have on shopping centre development. The whole discussion is set within the framework of metropolitan Toronto, which has for some time experienced the full impact of these institutional forces. 相似文献
17.
《Geoforum》2017
“Political-industrial ecology” has been proposed as an emerging subfield of nature-society geography. In mapping out the landscape of this subfield, this paper develops a typology of three approaches to connecting politics and industrial ecology: (1) Integrative research that incorporates social, political, policy, institutional, and/or spatial considerations into industrial ecology analyses (“politics in industrial ecology”); (2) Complementary research that couples findings or frameworks from industrial ecology with social and political research (“politics and industrial ecology”); and (3) Critical research that examine how values, norms, groups, political relations, or institutions shape the production, interpretation, and usage of industrial ecology knowledge (“politics of industrial ecology”). This broad framing of political-industrial ecology invites contributions from many social sciences, including political ecology, political geography, political economy, sociology, public policy, management, environmental history, and science and technology studies. 相似文献
18.
In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elizabeth Eisenhauer 《GeoJournal》2001,53(2):125-133
Over the past 100 years, ethnic minorities and the poor have become increasingly concentrated and isolated in low-income urban neighborhoods. While the demographic changes in cities are well documented, the parallel history of urban retailing is less well known. Little research has been done on changes in urban food retailing, particularly as they concern the urban poor. As the residential character of urban neighborhoods changed during the 20th century, so did the amenities available in those neighborhoods. The low point for urban retailing was in the 1980s, when cities experienced a net loss of supermarkets even as, nationally, store openings exceeded closings. The trend toward fewer, bigger stores located outside cities has continued to the present. Some critics have referred to this disinclination of large chains to locate in cities as `supermarket redlining'. Changes in food availability are a key element in the changing social conditions of the urban poor and, as good nutrition is critical for good health, a contributing factor in the decline of urban health. This paper will examine changes in urban retail food availability, the impact these changes have had on the health status of the urban poor, strategies utilized by the urban poor to address inadequate access to quality food sources, and the role of supermarkets in distressed communities. 相似文献
19.
Adam J. Mathews Yongmei Lu Matthew T. Patton Nathaniel Dede-Bamfo Junfang Chen 《GeoJournal》2013,78(4):627-639
Location-enabled online tools and/or services (i.e. Google Earth/Maps, Flickr, Facebook check-ins, etc.) have been widely used for distributing and processing geospatial-related data. They attract diverse users to consume and contribute geographic information (GI) in many different forms. This study examines college students’ consumption and contribution of GI through these tools and/or services as well as their perception of risk and privacy. It evaluates the impact of Geographic information systems (GIS) and geography knowledge on the related behavior and perception. Through conducting a survey, it was found that college students’ consumption frequency of GI through the investigated tools and services is positively related to their knowledge in GIS and geography, but their GI contribution is not related. GIS knowledge was found to help raise students’ awareness level of risk. However, this relationship does not translate into students’ concern about potential privacy disclosure or their willingness to share personal location information through using location-enabled online tools and/or services. Discussions on the gap between students’ consumption and contribution of GI through the tools and/or services are shared in the paper as well as possible explanations on the disconnection between their risk awareness, privacy concern, and willingness to share personal information. Future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Gary A. Dymski 《Geoforum》1996,27(4):439-452
This essay evaluates the evolution of Paul Krugman's ideas about economic geography between 1989 and 1996, focusing on the scope and intention of his work. While Krugman's geographical writings have acknowledged diverse research traditions, he has increasingly focused his efforts on formal spatial models that embody the methods of mainstream economic modeling. This emphasis reflects Krugman's view that formal modeling holds the most promise for understanding spatial aspects of urbanization. Krugman's interventions into economic geography have in turn allowed him to develop and articulate his own view of the future of social science: that is, the explanation of self-organizing behaviour should be the focal point of research, and formal modelling is the key means of advancing this agenda. 相似文献