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1.
Spilites from the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A dredge haul from 5°N. on the Carlsberg Ridge brought upa collection of rocks that form a coherent spilitic series.Different specimens are identified with the various parts ofa spilitic pillow lava pile; some with pillow cores, otherswith pillow margins, and yet others with the material interstitialto the pillows. Their mineralogy is of greenschist facies. Comparisonwith the fresh basalt pillow lavas of the oceans suggests thatthese spilites were formed from the basalts by low-grade metamorphism,and were neither the product of the reaction of hot basalt withsea water nor that of the crystallization of a special spiliticmagma. The pillow cores, consisting of an albite-chlorite-augite-sphene-(actinolite-epidote)assemblage are contrasted strongly with the pillow margins,composed principally of chlorite, and this contrast seems tobe controlled by the original basalt mineralogy. Calcic plagioclasehas been replaced by albite, augite may remain or may be replacedby actinolite, iron ore has been replaced by sphene, and botholivine and basalt-glass by chlorite. Thus the pillow margins,originally almost entirely glassy, are now chemically very differentfrom the originally crystalline pillow cores. This process has involved a large-scale local transport of materialbetween core and margin of the pillows. The degree of this transportcan be closely estimated because the convergent compositionof deep-ocean basalts, especially strong in this region, meansthat the composition of the basalt from which the spilite hasformed is very well known. The hypothesis that the bulk compositionof the lava pile has remained constant during the transformationto spilite can also be tested, and it appears that it does nothold. Significant amounts of CaO and A12O3 must have been lostfrom the pile, and a large amount of water gained by it. Theremay or may not have been significant gains in SiO2, total Feand Na2O. The contrast of this kind of process with the isochemicalmetamorphism more normal in metamorphic terrains is ascribedto the effect of shear on the rates of nucleation of the differentphases.  相似文献   

2.
Samples of crystalline basalt from Site 396 B are all more or less altered, usually in strongly zoned patterns. Evidence has been found for several related or independent alteration stages, including (1) minor localized deuteric (amphibole and mixed clay minerals in miarolitic voids); (2) minor widespread nonoxidizing (pyrite on walls of vugs and cracks); (3) localized diffusion-controlled vug filling ( glauconite in black halos); (4) pervasive low level oxidizing (transformation of titanomagnetite to cation-deficient titanomaghemite); (5) localized diffusion-controlled strongly oxidizing (breakdown of olivine and titanomaghemite in brown zones). Plagioclase and pyroxene are essentially unaltered. Detailed analyses of gray and brown zones in pillow basalts show that low temperature oxidation has proceeded in a step-wise fashion, with the relative stabilities of the igneous minerals controlling the steps. Secondary minerals that crystallized from pore fluids on to the walls of vugs may or may not be related to local alteration of primary phases.During the most intense stage of alteration, brown oxidation zones grew into basalt fragments behind diffusion controlled fronts. The specific reactions and products of this stage differ among the lithologic units at the site. A model is proposed whereby efficient seawater circulation through the pillow units maintains the pH and the concentrations of Mg2+ and SiO2 dissolved at low levels in pore fluids, so that olivine is replaced by hydrous ferric oxides, and Mg and SiO2 are removed from the system. In the massive basalt unit, circulation is somewhat less effective and Mg and SiO2 are retained in smectites.Deposition of authigenic minerals in the sequence saponite/Fe-Mn oxides/phillipsite/calcite in vugs and cracks may reflect the gradual closing of the systems and probably signals the end of localized oxidation in parts of the core. Mineral compositions indicate that most of these deposits formed from seawater at very low temperature.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Platinum-group mineral (PGM)-bearing amygdule Fe-Ni(±Cu) sulfide has been discovered in samples of amygdaloidal basalt and underlying olivine spinifex-textured basalt from the flow top of Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario. The amygdules are rounded to slightly elongate in shape, up to 10 mm in diameter, filled by chlorite + quartz ± carbonate ± sulfide, and rimmed by relict igneous chromite and clinopyroxene. The sulfide occurs as masses that line and are embedded in the margins of the amygdules. Detailed electron microprobe studies indicate that the sulfide masses are fairly constant (21±4 mol% NiS) in bulk composition and consist of pyrrhotite and pentlandite (Ni-rich) ± minor chalcopyrite rare PGM. The sulfide phases show lamellar intergrowth and are embayed against chlorite. The PGM observed are grains of merenskyite (PdTe2), kotulskite (PdTe), and sperrylite (PtAs2) that are up to 10 m in size, multi-faceted against sulfide, and embayed against chlorite. Whole-rock analyses of the amygdaloidal basalt host rock show strong enrichments in platinum-group elements (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, and Cr.The textures and spatial associations indicate a genetic relationship between the PGM-bearing sulfide masses and the amygdules. Density considerations, the very close spatial association with the amygdules (vesicles), and the marked enrichment in PGE and related metals and S in the amygdaloidal basalt host rock contradict formation of the sulfide masses as droplets of immiscible sulfide liquid separated from silicate melt. The alteration of the sulfide masses, their association with the vesiculation structures rather than with the pervasive hydrothermal alteration phase assemblage, and lack of evidence for enrichment of Cu and chalcopyrite relative to Ni and Fe-Ni sulfide are inconsistent with formation of the sulfide masses by hydrothermal alteration processes. Alternatively, the mineralogical, textural, spatial association, and whole-rock compositional features can be explained by an igneous degassing-metal diffusion model. It is suggested that prior to emplacement, sulfurous vapor separates from the lava to form vesicles, which float upward to the flow top. Diffusion of PGE and related metals from the lava toward the vesicles as they float upward and reaction of the metals with S within the vesicles forms Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide liquid on the vesicle walls. On quenching, vesicles are trapped in the flow top and the sulfide liquid within them solidifies and sulfide phases and PGM exsolve in the subsolidus.
Platingruppenminerale mit Flowtop Sulfiden in komatiitischem Basalt, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario
Zusammenfassung Platingruppenmineral (PGM)-führende Sulfide sind in Blasenräumen von Basaltman delsteinen and darunterliegendem Basalt mit Spinifex-Olivin des Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario beobachtet worden. Die Mandeln sind rundlich bis leicht länglich, haben bis zu 10 mm Durchmesser und Bind mit Chlorit + Quarz ± Sulfid ± Karbonat gefüllt und zeigen einen Rand von reliktischem, magmatischem Chromit und Klinopyroxen. Die Sulfide kommen als Massen, die die Ränder der Mandeln bedecken und in these eingebettet sind, vor. Detaillierte Mikrosondenuntersuchungen zeigen, daß die Gesamtzusammensetzung der Sulfide ziemlich konstant ist (21 ± 4 mol % NiS), und daß she aus Magnetkies und nickelreichen Pentlandit ± Chalcopyrit ± seltene PGM bestehen. Die Sulfidphasen zeigen lamellare Verwachsungen und Einbuchtungen gegen Chlorit. Folgende PGM wurden beobachtet: Merenskyit (PdTe2), Kotulskit (PdTe) and Sperrylit (PtAs2), die bis zu 10 gm groß sind, vielflächig gegen die Sulfide, und eingebuchtet gegen den Chlorit erscheinen. Gesamtgesteinsanalysen des basaltischen Muttergesteins zeigen starke Anreicherungen der Platingruppenelemente (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, und Cr.Die Texturen und räumlichen Assoziationen weisen auf eine genetische Beziehung zwischen den PGM-führenden Sulfidmassen und den Mandeln hin. Die Dichte, die sehr enge räumliche Assoziation mit den Mandeln, und die deutliche Anreicherung von PGE and verwandten Metallen, Bowie von Schwefel, in den basaltischen Muttergesteinen, sprechen gegen eine Bildung der Sulfidmassen als Tröpfchen einer entmischten Sulfidschmelze, die von der Silikatschmelze abgetrennt wurde. Die Umwandlung der Sulfide, ihre Assoziation mit den Mandeln und nicht mit der umfangreichen hydrothermalen Umwandlungsassoziation und fehlende Hinweise für eine Anreicherung von Cu und Kupferkies relativ zu Ni und Fe-Ni Sulfiden, lassen sich nicht mit einer Bildung der Sulfide durch hydrothermale Umwandlungsprozesse vereinbaren.Die mineralogische, texturelle und raumliche Assoziation und die Zusammensetzung der Muttergesteine kann viel eher durch das Modell magmatischer Entgasung mit Metalldiffusion erklärt worden. Wir regen an, daß vor der Platznahme schwefelreiche Dämpfe von der Lava abgetrennt worden sind und Blasen gebildet haben, welche aufwärts bis zum Top des Basaltergusses migrierten. Diffusion der PGE und verwandter Metalle aus der Lava zu den in Bewegung begriffenen Blasen und Reaktion der Metalle mit Schwefel innerhalb der Hohlräume, führte zur Entstehung einer Fe-Ni-Cu-Schwefel-Schmelze an den Wänden der Mandeln. Bei Abkühlung wurden die Hohlräume in dem oberen Teil des Flows fixiert, die Sulfidschmelze verfestigt sich und Sulfidphasen and PGM entmischen sich im Subsolidus.

With 7 Figures  相似文献   

4.
对依兰地区黑龙江混杂岩中的变玄武岩、变枕状玄武岩及变堆晶辉长岩岩块中的锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测定,结果表明,变玄武岩的锆石大量为捕获基底的锆石,其年龄范围大,从3172±24Ma到176±1Ma均有分布,其中具有基性岩典型的板状特征的锆石年龄为243±1Ma,代表了变玄武岩的原岩形成年龄;变枕状玄武岩及变堆晶辉长岩的年龄分别为251±1Ma和252±1Ma,分别代表各自原岩的形成年龄。本次锆石年龄的获得,证明晚二叠世佳木斯地块和松嫩-张广才岭地块之间存在古洋盆,为研究黑龙江杂岩的演化历史提供了重要的年代学依据。  相似文献   

5.
Summary Thirty five microbreccia fragments from Mare Fecunditatis recovered by the Luna 16 unmanned mission were studied inPTS by optical microscopy. Bulk compositions were determined by scanning electron beam analysis, and microbreccia constituents (pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, spinel-group minerals, glasses) were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Results: Microbreccia fragments have bulk and mineral compositions distinctly different from those of aluminous basalt fragments from the same site: FeO, alkalis and FeO/MgO are lower and Cr2O3 is higher in the microbreccia fragments. Furthermore, microbreccia fragments are predominantly olivine-normative, whereas the basalt fragments are predominantly quartz-normative. In addition, in the microbreccia fragments, pyroxene compositions cover the range typical of pyroxenes from Luna 16 basalts but extend to more Mg-rich and Ca-poor compositions. Pyroxferroites found in aluminous basalt fragments were not observed in the microbreccia fragments. Plagioclase populations cluster at ) An95 in the microbreccia fragments as compared to ) An90 in the basalt fragments. Compositions of basaltic glasses from within the microbreccia fragments are similar to those from the soil. Conclusions: We found evidence that at the Luna 16 site, two major basalt types are present. One is represented by the 3.42 b.y. old aluminous basalt fragments, the other by the dominant component in the microbreccia fragments and basaltic glasses. The microbreccia fragments and basaltic glasses represent a here tofore unknown lunar basalt type for which we calculate a flatREE pattern with abundances approximately 10× chondritic, thus making it one of the most primitive basalt types known from the Moon. We suggest that this basalt type formed by a relatively high degree of partial melting of a plagioclase bearing source rock at about 60–100 km depth. We further suggest that this basalt type represents older mare fillings now largely covered by younger flows. These younger flows are represented by the aluminous basalt fragments, a rock type that may have formed from a similar source rock by a relatively low degree of partial melting.
Luna 16 mikrobrekzien fragmente: proben eines frühen basaltes aus dem mare foecunditatis
Zusammenfassung 35 Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente aus der Bodenprobe von Mar Foecunditatis, die von der unbemannten Sonde Luna 16 aufgesammelt wurde, sind in polierten Dünnschliffen mikroskopisch und mittels Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde untersucht worden. Pauschalzusammensetzungen der Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente wurden mittels integrierender Elektronen-Raster-Technik und die zusammensetzungen der Komponenten (Pyroxen, Olivin, Plagioklas, Minerale der Spinell-Gruppe und Gläser) mittels konventioneller Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse bestimmt. Resultate: Die Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente unterscheiden sich in ihrer Pauschalzusammensetzung deutlich von den Aluminiumreichen Basaltfragmenten derselben Bodenprobe: FeO- und Alkaligehalte und das FeO/ MgO-Verhältnis sind niedriger und der Cr2O3-Gehalt ist höher in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten. Weiters sind die Mikrobrekzien-Fragmente meist Olivin-normativ, während die Basaltfragmente meist Quarz-normativ sind. Auch die Pyroxenzusammensetzungen in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten unterscheiden sich deutlich von jenen der Basaltfragmente durch einen hohen Anteil an Mg-reichen und Ca-armen Pyroxenen, die in den Basaltfragmenten nicht vorkommen. Weiters konnten Pyroxferroite, die typisch für die Luna 16 Basaltfragmente sind, in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten nicht gefunden werden. Die Plagioklas-Zusammensetzungen in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten zeigen ein ausgeprägtes Häufigkeitsmaximum bei ) An95, wogegen das Maximum der Plagioklase in den Basaltfragmenten bei ) An90 liegt. Die Zusammensetzung der Gläser in den Mikrobrekzien-Fragmenten und in den Bodenproben außerhalb der Fragmente ist identisch. Schlußfolgerungen: Die analytischen Daten zeigen, daß an der Luna 16 Landestelle zwei Basalttypen weit verbreitet sind. Der eine Typ ist durch die 3.42×109 Jahre alten Aluminium-reichen Basaltfragmente vertreten, der andere durch die Hauptkomponente der Mikrobrekzienfragmente und basaltischen Gläser. Letzterer repräsentiert einen bisher nicht bekannten Basalttyp vom Mond, der Olivin- und Plagioklas-reich ist und einen niedrigen Spurenelementgehalt hat. Die errechnete Häufigkeit der Seltenen Erden ist etwa 10× chondritische Häufigkeit und weitesgehend unfraktioniert. Dieser neue Basalttyp scheint somit einer der primitivsten zu sein, den wir bisher vom Monde kennen. Er repräsentiert wahrscheinlich eine Schmelze, die durch einen hohen Grad von partieller Aufschmelzung eines plagioklasführenden Ausgangsgesteins in einer Tiefe von etwa 60–100 km entstand. Dieser Basalttyp stellt wahrscheinlich ältere Füllungen des Mare Foecunditatis dar, welche später durch jüngere Basaltergüsse größtenteils bedeckt wurden. Diese jüngeren Basalte sind durch die Basaltfragmente repräsentiert und sind durch hohe Spurenelementgehalte charakterisiert. Die Zusammensetzung der jüngeren Basalte kann durch eine relativ geringe und jene der älteren (Brekzien-) Basalte durch einen hohen Grad partieller Aufschmelzung eines ähnlichen Ausgangsgesteines erklärt werden.

With 9 Figures  相似文献   

6.
Sulfur analyses by X-ray fluorescence give an average content of 107 ppm for 9 samples of fresh subaerially-erupted oceanic basalt and 680 ppm for 38 samples of submarine erupted basalt. This difference is the result of retention of sulfur in basalt quenched on the sea floor and loss of sulfur in basalt by degassing at the surface. The outer glassy part of submarine erupted basalt contains 800±150 ppm sulfur, and this amount is regarded as an estimate of the juvenile sulfur content of the basalt melt from the mantle. The slower cooled interiors of basalt pillows are depleted relative to the rims owing to degassing and escape through surface fractures. Available samples of deep-sea basalts do not indicate a difference in original sulfur content between low-K tholeiite, Hawaiian tholeiite, and alkali basalt.The H2O/S ratio of analyzed volcanic gases is generally lower than the H2O/S ratio of gases presumed lost from surface lavas as determined by chemical differences between pillow rims and surface lavas. This enrichment of volcanic gases in sulfur relative to water may result from a greater degassing of sulfur relative to water from shallow intrusive bodies beneath the volcano.Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey.  相似文献   

7.
Summary The mineralogy and petrology of three lithic fragments of alkalic highalumina basalt (Kreep) composition from the Apollo 12 coarse fines was studied in detail, using an electron microprobe, in order to gain insight into their crystallization histories. Most rocks of this composition are brecciated and our study indicates that a variety of environments of crystallization can be distinguished for mineral fragments and matrices. Mineral fragments are derived from members of the ANT suite (probably troctolites) in fragments 2 and 5, and the alkalic high-alumina basalt suite in fragment 3. The rocks from which they were derived were coarse-grained, recrystallized and equilibrated, as indicated by major, and especially, minor elements. Minor elements in plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and zircon are consistently lower in mineral fragments as compared with matrix minerals. The origin of large zircon fragments is problematic but they are probably from the alkalic high-alumina basalt suite. Mineral fragments may have been derived from plutonic rocks (none have yet been recognized from the alkalic high-alumina basalt suite), but possibly also from breccia fragments which were recrystallized in hot, thick ejecta blankets. The matrix of the lithic fragments is of alkalic high-alumina basalt composition and is either igneous or metamorphic, or both. Hence, lithic fragments 2 and 5 are polymict breccias whereas fragment 3 is a monomict breccia. Matrix glasses in fragments 2 and 3 represent melts fractionated along the orthopyroxeneplagioclase cotectic in the olivine-anorthite-silica pseudoternary system. If these liquids could be separated from the residuum and crystallized they would be, as yet, unrecognized members of the alkalic high-alumina basalt suite. The alkalic high-alumina basalt mixing component of fragment 5 (a polymict breccia) has such a composition and may be derived from such a fractionated rock. A mineral fragment of pyroxene intergrown with ilmenite, approximately parallel to (001), is interpreted as decorated shock lamellae rather than as a deep-seated intergrowth, as found in kimberlites. A glass coating on one side of fragment 3 has SiO2-rich and feldspathic schlieren and appears to be derived, by impact melting, from a rock of granite composition.
Petrologie einiger Gesteinsfragmente mit alkalic high-alumina basalt Chemismus aus dem Grobanteil von Apollo 12 Bodenproben
Zusammenfassung Drei Gesteinsfragmente mit alkalic high-alumina basalt (Kreep) Chemismus aus der Grobraktion von Apollo 12 Bodenproben wurden mittels einer Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde einer detaillierten Studie unterzogen, um Einblick in ihre Genese zu gewinnen. Der überwiegende Teil von Gesteinen dieser Zusammensetzung ist brekziös und unsere Studie zeigt, daß unterschiedliche Kristallisationsbedingungen für die Mineralfragmente und Matrizes herrschten. Die Mineralfragmente in den Fragmenten 2 und 5 stammen von Gesteinen der ANT- (Anorthositisch-Noritisch-Troctolitischen) Reihe (wahrscheinlich von Troctoliten) und in Fragment 3 von Gesteinen der alkalic high-alumina basalt-Reihe.Die Verteilung der Haupt- und Nebenelemente in den Mineralfragmenten zeigt, daß diese von rekristallisierten und equilibrierten, grobkörnigen Gesteinen stammen. Die Konzentrationen der Nebenelemente sind in allen Mineralfragmenten (Plagioklas, Olivin und Zirkon) deutlich geringer als in den Mineralen der Matrix. Die Herkunft der großen Zirkon-Fragmente ist nicht genau zu klären. Sie stammen jedoch wahrscheinlich von Gesteinen der alkalic high-alumina basalt-Reihe. Alle Mineralfragmente könnten von plutonischen Gesteinen stammen (solche sind von der alkalic highalumina basalt-Reihe zur Zeit noch nicht bekannt), sie könnten ihren Ursprung jedoch auch in prä-existenten Brekzien haben, welche in dichten, heißen Auswurfdecken rekristallisierten. Die Matrix der Gesteinsfragmente hat durchwegs eine alkalic high-alumina basalt Zusammensetzung und ist entweder magmatisch oder metamorph, oder beides. Die Fragmente 2 und 5 sind daher als polymikte und das Fragment 3 als monomikte Brekzie zu bezeichnen.Die Matrixgläser in den fragmenten 2 und 3 repräsentieren Rest-schmelzen, welche entlang der Orthopyroxen-Plagioklas-Kotektik im Olivin-Anorthit-SiO2-System fraktionierten. Diese Schmelzen würden-könnten sie vom System getrennt werden-bisher noch nicht bekannte Glieder der alkalic high-alumina basalt-Reihe darstellen. Eine derartige Zusammensetzung hat jedoch die Mischkomponente im Fragment 5 (eine polymikte Brekzie), welche von einem auf diesem Wege fraktioniertem Gestein stammen könnte.Ilmenit-Lamellen [subparallel zu (001)] in einem Pyroxenfragment stellen eher dekorierte Schocklamellen als Verwachsungen, wie sie aus Kimberliten bekannt sind, dar. Fragment 3 ist einseitig mit einem schlierigen Glas bedeckt, dessen Schlieren angenähert die Zusammensetzung von Alkalifeldspat und reinem SiO2 haben. Dieses Glas ist offensichtlich eine Impakt-Schmelze eines Gesteines von granitischer Zusammensetzung.

With 5 Figures  相似文献   

8.
The Glen Eden Mo-Sn-W deposit in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, is an example of a leucogranite-related, low-grade, large-tonnage hydrothermal system. It occurs in the southern part of the New England Orogen and is hosted within Permian felsic volcanic rocks, intruded at depth by dykes of porphyritic microleucogranite (Glen Eden Granite). The deposit is hosted within a pipe-like quartz-rich greisen breccia body about 500 m in diameter, surrounded by a greisen zone several hundred metres across, zoning out into altered volcanic rocks. The dominant ore minerals, largely hosted as open space fillings and disseminations in quartz and quartz-rich greisen, are molybdenite, wolframite and cassiterite; they are accompanied by minor to trace amounts of muscovite, fluorite, topaz, siderite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuth, bismuthinite, joseite A, cosalite, galenobismutite, beryl, anatase and late-stage dickite and kaolinite. Two types of breccia are recognised: (1) greisenised volcanic rock fragments (quartz + muscovite), cemented by hydrothermal quartz ± K-feldspar ± ore minerals, and (2) fragments of hydrothermal quartz ± cassiterite ± wolframite enclosed in quartz ± clay. In both types of breccia and in stockwork veins, there is evidence of early precipitation of Mo-Sn-W phases, followed by Bi minerals and base metal sulfides (± fluorite, siderite).Breccia formation and associated hydrothermal alteration (greisen, potassic, argillic, propylitic) are interpreted to be related to devolatilisation of the highly fractionated Glen Eden Granite of early Triassic age (240±1 Ma based on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of greisen muscovite) as well as to fluid mixing with meteoric waters. The breccia pipe could have formed in part by rock dissolution and collapse, as well as by explosive degassing of boiling fluids. Fluid inclusion evidence is consistent with boiling, with breccia pipe formation and mineralisation having mainly occurred at 250–350 °C from fluids with salinity of 0.4–9 wt% NaCl equivalent in the dilute types and 30–47 wt% NaCl equivalent in the hypersaline types. Stable isotopic evidence (O, D, C, S) indicates a strong magmatic contribution to the hydrothermal fluids and metals in the breccia. The 18O values of quartz decrease outward from the breccia pipe (10.6–12.3 in the pipe to 3.4–8.7 in the peripheral quartz) indicating that there has been mixing with isotopically light (high latitude) meteoric fluids, mainly after formation of the breccia pipe.  相似文献   

9.
The Erquy series (Côtes du Nord, France) consists, in its upper part, of spilitic pillow lavas with some interbedded volcano-sedimentary horizons.The Rb-Sr system of the pillows allowed the construction of a whole-rock isochron at 482±10 M.a. with an initial87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7055±0.0002. These rocks and the associated keratophyres give, on the other hand, K-Ar ages of 285±16 M.a. interpreted as the consequence of late-hercynian tectonism.A volcano-sedimentary horizon interbedded with such pillow flows has been studied from petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic (Rb-Sr and K-Ar) points of view. The sequence keeps a sedimentary memory. Its clay fractions <2 m and corresponding whole-rocks fit an isochron which is identical to that of the volcanic rocks: 494±11 M.a. with an initial87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7052±0.0005. The clay fractions give K-Ar data at about 450 M.a., but those which contain important amounts of volcanic glass, at the top of the horizon, have K-Ar values as low as 400 M.a., and those which contain almost no glass have a K-Ar age close to the Rb-Sr age at 480 M.a.This study emphasizes the possibility of a complete reset of the K-Ar system of spilitic rocks by a tectonic event without notice-able temperature increase. This result may have important implications on combined paleomagnetic and K-Ar studies: it seems that a least for spilites and keratophyres, the Curie point and Ar blocking temperature can be very different.  相似文献   

10.
对近年来我国"大洋一号"科考船在西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)多金属硫化物调查区4个站位所获得的玄武岩进行了岩石学及元素地球化学研究。其岩相学特征为以斑状结构为主,斑晶矿物主要由斜长石、辉石和橄榄石组成。基质以间隐结构为主,主要由斜长石、橄榄石和辉石微晶组成。全岩元素地球化学分析结果表明样品属于亏损型洋中脊玄武岩。矿物化学成分表明斜长石主要为倍长石和拉长石,橄榄石为贵橄榄石。研究区玄武岩具低的Na8、K/Ti比值和LREE/HREE以及较高的Fe8值,可整体归入SWIR 49°E-70°E区指示岩浆熔融程度最高、熔融深度最深的区域内。本次研究为探索SWIR洋脊玄武岩和岩浆熔融等相关研究提供了49.6°E和50.5°E区的新资料,也指示了区内岩浆活动或成矿围岩物质来源的复杂性。  相似文献   

11.
长期以来关于喜马拉雅地体是否从印度大陆裂解以及何时裂解的问题存在较大争议,而藏南卡达地区新发现的晚白垩世枕状玄武岩为解决该问题提供了新的证据.卡达玄武岩位于卡达乡北侧,玄武岩呈北西西向不整合于中侏罗统遮拉组之上,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素定年获得的成岩年龄为92.1±1.2 Ma,代表特提斯喜马拉雅地区晚白垩世时期火山活动.卡达玄武岩主量元素、微量元素分析结果显示,玄武岩为碱性玄武岩,轻重稀土明显分馏（（La/Yb）N=5.7~7.1）,无Nb-Ta、Eu、Zr-Hf负异常,以及高Fe、P、Ti含量,低（La/Nb）PM、（Th/Ta）PM比值特征.锆石εHf（t）值介于9.02~12.97,平均为10.50,地幔模式年龄tDM1为241~399 Ma.地球化学指标以及同位素组成显示卡达玄武岩为未受地壳混染的OIB型玄武岩,岩浆起源于含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融.卡达玄武岩形成于特提斯喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘环境,被动大陆边缘的火山岩浆岩通常与大陆裂解有关,结合古地磁研究结果以及新特提斯洋盆演化证据,认为卡达玄武岩与特提斯喜马拉雅和印度地体的裂解有关,代表大陆地壳初始裂解的时间.   相似文献   

12.
Pleistocene lavas from Monte S. Angelo and Chiesa Vecchia volcanoes on Lipari contain two suites of inclusions. A metapelitic suite consists of gneisses and granulites with combinations of cordierite, garnet, corundum, hercynite, andalusite, sillimanite, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, biotite, plagioclase, and quartz. A gabbroic suite has cumulus texture and contains plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and magnetite. All megacryst phases in the lavas appear to be derived from rock fragments, with the exception of euhedral strongly zoned calcic plagioclase, and none has grown by homogeneous nucleation from liquid represented by the groundmass, which is peraluminous rhyolite (>70 wt% SiO2, >6 wt% K2O). Ground-mass microcrysts were nearly all derived from disaggregated metapelites; overgrowths of alkali feldspar on plagioclase and of orthopyroxene on clinopyroxene, and quartz intergrown with alkali feldspar, are the only phases that grew from the rhyolitic liquid. Euhedral cordierite, hercynite, and plagioclase at the margins of some rock fragments grew by reaction of metapelite with liquid.For grains in contact within metapelite inclusions, geothermometers and geobarometers yield estimates of equilibration conditions in the range of 800±100° C and 5±1 kbar. Compositions of phases in the same thin section, but not in the same inclusion, yield broadly erratic P and T estimates indicating disequilibrium among metapelite inclusions. Pyroxene thermometry in the gabbro suite indicates a crystallization temperature of 1020±50° C and a lack of subsequent thermal equilibration with the rhyolitic liquid.The metapelite suite may partly be restite, but much is xenolithic, derived from a vertical interval of perhaps several kilometers, and may have undergone a much earlier episode of melting. The gabbro fragments are accidental xenoliths incorporated as the magma rose. Contaminants (metapelite and gabbro) account for 50 vol.% of the lavas, and cause them to be classified as high-K andesite according to whole-rock major element analysis.The rhyolitic liquid may have originated by partial fusion of metapelites in the lower crust, or by fractional crystallization of mafic mantle-derived magma combined with assimilation of metapelite; the bulk of the evidence favors assimilation-fractional crystallization. Miocene and younger metapelite-contaminated rhyolites also occur in Tuscany, SE Spain, E Morocco, and NW Tunisia, and are associated in each region with mafic silica-undersaturated lavas, implying crustal underplating around the western Mediterranean before, during, and after formation of the Tyrrhenian basin.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The paper investigates the role of primary magmatic phases in the fractionation and concentration of PGE in Archaean mafic and ultramafic systems. The composition of chromites and olivines in sulphur-poor (S<0.6wt%) komatiites from the Agnew-Wiluna Belt (Western Australia), and of chromite concentrated from komatiitic basalt, ferropicritic basalt and tholeiitic basalt from the Abitibi Belt (Canada) were analysed. The results of laser ablation ICP-MS analyses show that PGE-bearing alloys are not stable in crystallising komatiite and that ruthenium is soluble in chromite during crystallisation. Conversely, analyses of chromites separated from Theos Flow tholeiitic basalt indicate that Ir–Os–(±Pt) enrichments (>200ppb) reflect the presence of PGM. Chromites from Freds Flow komatiitic basalt contain Ir-rich clusters, whereas Pt enrichments (>370ppb) in Boston Creek ferropicritic basalt reflect the presence of Pt-rich compounds. The presence of PGE-bearing alloys in Theos Flow and Freds Flow is due to late S-supersaturation, whereas the presence of Pt-rich compounds in Boston Creek Flow reflects high state of melt oxidisation. The lack of PGE-bearing alloys in the olivines and chromites of komatiites can be explained by thermal instability of PGM, depletion in PGE at the mantle source, early S-supersaturation, the oxidisation conditions of the melt, or a combination of these factors.  相似文献   

14.
Basalt recovered beneath Jurassic sediments in the western Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling Project sites 100 and 105 of leg 11 has petrographic features characteristic of water-quenched basalt extruded along modern ocean ridges. Site 100 basalt appears to represent two or three massive cooling units, and an extrusive emplacement is probable. Site 105 basalt is less altered and appears to be a compositionally homogeneous pillow lava sequence related to a single eruptive episode.Although the leg 11 basalts are much more closely related in time to the Triassic lavas and intrusives of eastern continental North America, their geochemical features are closely comparable to those of modern Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts unrelated to postulated mantle plume activity. Projection of leg 11 sites back along accepted spreading flow lines to their presumed points of origin shows that these origins are also outside the influence of modern plume activity. Thus, these oldest Atlantic seafloor basalts provide no information on the time of initiation of these plumes. The Triassic continental diabases show north to south compositional variations in Rb, Ba, La, and Sr which lie within the range of plume-related basalt on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (20 °–40 °N). This suggests that these diabases had mantle sources similar in composition to those beneath the present Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Plumes related to deep mantle sources may have contributed to the LIL-element enrichment in the Triassic diabase and may alos have been instrumental in initiating the rifting of the North Atlantic. Systematically high values for K and Sr87/Sr86 in the Triassic diabases may reflect superimposed effects of crustal contamination in the Triassic magmas.Contribution Number 3953 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  相似文献   

15.
Basalts from DSDP Site 417 (109 Ma) exhibit the effects of several stages of alteration reflecting the evolution of seawater-derived solution compositions and control by the structure and permeability of the crust. Characteristic secondary mineral assemblages occur in often superimposed alteration zones within individual basalt fragments. By combining bulk rock and single phase chemical analyses with detailed mineralogic and petrographic studies, chemical changes have been determined for most of the alteration stages identified in the basalts.
  1. Minor amounts of saponite, chlorite, and pyrite formed locally in coarse grained portions of massive units, possibly at high temperatures during initial cooling of the basalts. No chemical changes could be determined for this stage.
  2. Possible mixing of cooled hydrothermal fluids with seawater resulted in the formation of celadonite-nontronite and Fe-hydroxide-rich black halos around cracks and pillow rims. Gains of K, Rb, H2O, increase of Fe3+/FeT, and possibly some losses of Ca and Mg occurred during this stage.
  3. Extensive circulation of oxygenated seawater resulted in the formation of various smectites, K-feldspar, and Fe-hydroxides in brown and light grey alteration zones around formerly exposed surfaces. K, Rb, H2O, and occasionally P were added to the rocks, Fe3+/FeT increased, and Ca, Mg, Si and occasionally Al and Na were lost.
  4. Anoxic alteration occurred during reaction of basalt with seawater at low water-rock ratios, or with seawater that had previously reacted with basalt. Saponite-rich dark grey alteration zones formed which exhibit very little chemical change: generally only slight increases in Fe3+/FeT and H2O occurred.
  5. Zeolites and calcite formed from seawater-derived fluids modified by previous reactions with basalt. Chemical changes involved increases of Ca, Na, H2O, and CO2 in the rocks.
  6. A late stage of anoxic conditions resulted in the formation of minor amounts of Mn-calcites and secondary sulfides in previously oxidized rocks. No chemical changes were determined for this stage.
Recognition of such alteration sequences is important in understanding the evolution of submarine hydrothermal systems and in interpreting chemical exchange due to seawater-basalt reactions.  相似文献   

16.
In contrast to adjacent volcanic centers of the modern central Aleutian arc, Seguam Island developed on strongly extended arc crust. K-Ar dates indicate that mid-Pleistocene, late-Pleistocene, and Holocene eruptive phases constitute Seguam. This study focuses on the petrology of the mid-Pleistocene, 1.07–07 Ma, Turf Point Formation (TPF) which is dominated by an unusual suite of porphyritic basalt and basaltic andesite lavas with subordinate phenocryst-poor andesite to rhyodacite lavas. Increasing whole-rock FeO*/MgO from basalt to dacite, the anhydrous Plag+Ol+Cpx±Opx±Mt phenocryst assemblage, groundmass pigeonite, and the reaction Ol+Liq=Opx preserved in the mafic lavas indicate a tholeiitic affinity. Thermometry and comparison to published phase equilibria suggests that most TPF basalts crystallized Plag+Ol+Cpx±Mt at 1160°C between about 3–5 kb (±1–2% H2O), andesites crystallized Plag+Cpx+Opx±Mt at 1000°C between 3–4 kb with 3–5% H2O, and dacites crystallized Plag +Cpx±Opx±Mt at 1000°C between 1–2 kb with 2–3% H2O. All lavas crystallized at f o 2 close to the NNO buffer. Mineral compositions and textures indicate equilibrium crystallization of the evolved lavas; petrographic evidence of open-system mixing or assimilation is rare. MgO, CaO, Al2O3, Cr, Ni, and Sr abundances decrease and K2O, Na2O, Rb, Ba, Zr, and Pb increase with increasing SiO2 (50–71%). LREE enrichment [(Ce/Yb)n=1.7±0.2] characterizes most TPF lavas; total REE contents increase and Eu anomalies become more negative with increasing SiO2. Relative to other Aleutian volcanic centers, TPF basalts and basaltic andesites have lower K2O, Na2O, TiO2, Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr, Y, and LREE abundances. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70361–0.70375) and ratios of 206Pb/204Pb (18.88–18.97), 207Pb/204Pb (15.58–15.62), 208Pb/204Pb (38.46–38.55) are the highest measured for any suite of lavas in the oceanic portion of the Aleutian arc. Conversely, Nd values (+5.8 to+6.7) are among the lowest from the Aleutians. Sr, Nd, and Pb ratios are virtually constant from basalt through rhyodacite, whereas detectable isotopic heterogenity is observed at most other Aleutian volcanic centers. Major and trace element, REE, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions are consistent with the basaltic andesitic, andesitic, dacitic, and rhyodacitic liquids evolving from TPF basaltic magma via closed-system fractional crystallization alone. Fractionation models suggest that removal of 80 wt% cumulate (61% Plag, 17% Cpx, 12% Opx, 7% Ol, and 3% Mt) can produce 20 wt% rhyodacitic residual liquid per unit mass of parental basaltic liquid. Petrologic and physical constraints favor segregation of small batches of basalt from a larger mid-crustal reservoir trapped below a low-density upper crustal lid. In these small magma batches, the degree of cooling, crystallization, and fractionation are functions of the initial mass of basaltic magma segregated, the thermal state of the upper crust, and the magnitude of extension. Tholeiitic magmas erupted at Seguam evolved by substantially different mechanisms than did calc-alkaline lavas erupted at the adjacent volcanic centers of Kanaga and Adak on unextended arc crust. These variable differentiation mechanisms and liquid lines of descent reflect contrasting thermal and mechanical conditions imposed by the different tectonic environments in which these centers grew. At Seguam, intra-arc extension promoted eruption of voluminous basalt and its differentiates, unmodified by interaction with lower crustal or upper mantle wallrocks.  相似文献   

17.
Granulite xenoliths within alkali olivine basalts of the Pali-Aike volcanic field, southern Chile, contain the mineral assemblage orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + olivine + green spinel. These granulites are thought to be accidental inclusions of the lower crust incorporated in the mantle-derived basalt during its rise to the surface. Symplectic intergrowths of pyroxene and spinel developed between olivine and plagioclase imply that the reaction olivine+plagioclase = Al-orthopyroxene + Al-clinopyroxene + spinel (1) occurred during subsolidus cooling and recrystallization of a gabbroic protolith of the granulites.Examination of fluid inclusions in the granulites indicates the ubiquitous presence of an essentially pure CO2 fluid phase. Inclusions of three different parageneses have been recognized: Type I inclusions occur along exsolution lamellae in clinopyroxene and are thought to represent precipitation of structurally-bound C or CO2 during cooling of the gabbro. These are considered the most primary inclusions present. Type II inclusions occur as evenly distributed clusters not associated with any fractures. These inclusions probably represent entrapment of a free fluid phase during recrystallization of the host grains. IIa inclusions are found in granoblastic grains and have densities of 0.68–0.88 g/cm3. Higher density (=0.90–1.02 g/cm3) IIb inclusions occur only in symplectite phases. Secondary Type III CO2+glass inclusions with =0.47–0.78 g/cm3 occur along healed fractures where basalt has penetrated the xenoliths. Type III inclusions appear related to exsolution of CO2 from the host basalt during its ascent to the surface. These data suggest that CO2 is an important constituent of the lower crust under conditions of granulite facies metamorphism, indicated by Type I and II fluid inclusions, and of the mantle, as indicated by Type III inclusions.Correlation of fluid inclusion densities with P-T conditions calculated from both two-pyroxene geothermometry and reation (1) indicate emplacement of a gabbroic pluton at 1,200–1,300° C, 4–6 kb; cooling was accompanied by a slight increase in pressure due to crustal thickening, and symplectite formation occurred at 850±35° C, 5–7 kb. Capture of the xenoliths by the basalt resulted in heating of the granulites, and CO2 from the basalt was continuously entrapped by the xenoliths over the range 1,000–1,200° C, 4–6 kb. Examination of fluid inclusions of different generations can thus be used in conjunction with other petrologic data to place tight constraints on the specific P-T path followed by the granulite suite, in addition to indicating the nature of the fluid phase present at depth.  相似文献   

18.
The Avdella Mélange in the northern Pindos Mountains and its equivalent formation, the Loggitsion Unit in the Othris Mountains expose early Mesozoic (Mid-Late Triassic) oceanic fragments beneath the Western Greek Ophiolite Belt of the Inner Hellenides, Northern Greece. The mélange consists of locally interfingering blocks and slices of ribbon radiolarite, radiolarian chert and pillow basalt and is usually overthrust by Jurassic ophiolites. New Middle and Upper Triassic radiolarian biostratigraphic data are presented from radiolarites and basalt-radiolarite sequences within mélange blocks. Pillow basalts associated with the radiolarites provide clues to the opening of the Neotethyan ocean basin. The radiolarians indicate a Middle Triassic age (latest Anisian, probably early Illyrian), which is documented for the first time in the northern Pindos Mountains. The new radiolarian biostratigraphic data suggest that rift-type basalt volcanism already began in pre-Ladinian time (late Scythian?—Anisian). These basalts were then overlain by Upper Anisian to Carnian (?Norian) radiolarites.  相似文献   

19.
Two major episodes are evident in the metamorphic and igneous Precambrian basement of the Llano Uplift, central Texas. Dynamothermal metamorphism was accompanied by minor basaltic and tonalitic syntectonic plutonism. This was followed by a second period of thermal overprinting accompanying emplacement of high-K2O, high-level major granite plutons. Extensive isotopic age work by Zartman, published in the mid-1960s, suggests that development of the basement complex, spanning an interval of 150 m.y. or more, began with deposition of Valley Spring Gneiss (the lowest unit) and terminated about 1,050 m.y. ago with final postmetamorphic cooling (indicated by retention ages of Ar and Sr in biotite). We have supplemented these data with more than 50 new K-Ar and Rb-Sr analyses.Two foliated plutons in the southeast are 1,167±12m.y. (2) old, with distinctly different initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Field relationships and isotopic data indicate that these plutons are the earliest yet known in the Uplift. Metamorphosed basalt dikes and gabbro bodies were emplaced immediately preceding and following the syntectonic plutons. Eleven of these rocks had extremely uniform initial 87Sr/ 86Sr=0.7029±0.0005. A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron of the unfoliated Enchanted Rock pluton indicates an age of 1,048±34 m.y. with initial 87Sr/86Sr= 0.7048±0.0007. One of the northern unfoliated granites, the Lone Grove pluton, gives a whole-rock isochron age of 1,056±12 m.y., with initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7061±0.0003. All of the intrusive rocks have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios consistent with a source in the mantle or lower crust, but not in ancient remobilized continental crust. Six K-Ar hornblende ages from metabasalts are 1,078±19 m.y. (1), in general agreement with K-Ar and Rb-Sr mineral ages elsewhere in the eastern Llano Uplift. A metasedimentary Valley Spring Gneiss sample from the western Uplift has a whole rock-muscovite Rb-Sr age of 1,129±9 m.y. Field and isotopic data are now sufficiently numerous to permit a moderately detailed reconstruction of the Precambrian history of the area.  相似文献   

20.
The geology of Cretaceous accretionary–collision complexes in central Indonesia is reviewed in this paper. The author and his colleagues have investigated the Cretaceous accretionary–collision complexes by means of radiolarian biostratigraphy and metamorphic petrology, as well as by geological mapping. The results of their work has revealed aspects of the tectonic development of the Sundaland margin in Cretaceous time. The Cretaceous accretionary–collision complexes are composed of various tectonic units formed by accretionary or collision processes, forearc sedimentation, arc volcanism and back arc spreading. The tectonic units consist of chert, limestone, basalt, siliceous shale, sandstone, shale, volcanic breccia, conglomerate, high P/T and ultra high P metamorphic rocks and ultramafic rocks (dismembered ophiolite). All these components were accreted along the Cretaceous convergent margin of the Sundaland Craton. In the Cretaceous, the southeastern margin of Sundaland was surrounded by a marginal sea. An immature volcanic arc was developed peripherally to this marginal sea. An oceanic plate was being subducted beneath the volcanic arc from the south. The oceanic plate carried microcontinents which were detached fragments of Gondwanaland. Oceanic plate subduction caused arc volcanism and formed an accretionary wedge. The accretionary wedge included fragments of oceanic crust such as chert, siliceous shale, limestone and pillow basalt. A Jurassic shallow marine allochthonous formation was emplaced by the collision of continental blocks. This collision also exhumed very high and ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks from the deeper part of the pre-existing accretionary wedge. Cretaceous tectonic units were rearranged by thrusting and lateral faulting in the Cenozoic era when successive collision of continental blocks and rotation of continental blocks occurred in the Indonesian region.  相似文献   

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