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1.
Francisco J. Chvez-García Martín Crdenas 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(9-12):773-780
Soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on building dynamic behaviour have been studied extensively. In comparison, the radiation of waves away from the soil–foundation interface has received little attention. Recent studies point out that SSI in an urban environment can modify the ground motion recorded in the free-field. These modifications will be important when two conditions are met: structures founded on soft soils and coincidence between the vibration periods of the structure and those of the superficial layers. Both conditions are met in Mexico City lake zone. In this study, we investigate SSI effects on ‘free-field’ motion. The data we use consist of microtremors recorded on soft soils in Mexico City, a densely built environment. Our objective was to identify the modifications to free-field ground motion caused by neighbouring structures. Data were analysed using H/V spectral ratios. Large variations in the level of amplification and resonant frequency were determined from microtremors in very closely spaced stations. Our results suggest consistently that free-field ground motion is significantly affected by the presence of neighbouring structures. 相似文献
2.
Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper presents a simplified method for the analysis of square cross-section buried structures (tunnel) subjected to seismic motion. Finite element analyses are performed to assess the fundamental modes of vibration of the soil layer with and without the tunnel. The influence of the tunnel on the modes of vibrations is taken into account by comparing the modal deformations in the free-field to those in the presence of the tunnel. From this comparison the zone of influence of the modal displacements due to the presence of the structure is determined. The resulting model is subjected to horizontal and vertical excitation of statistically independent accelerograms compatible with the response spectra of the Regulatory Guide 1.6 of the Nuclear Energy Commission. The free-field displacement is introduced at the boundaries of the zone of influence. The proposed simplified static analysis yields a state of stresses similar to that obtained from a full dynamic analysis of the complete soil–tunnel system. Several examples are solved to corroborate the validity of the method. 相似文献
3.
目前时程分析选波常采用目标谱法,即选择反应谱与目标谱有较好匹配的地震波。目前为止,关于在谱匹配中采用不同的坐标体系会给地震波缩放以及时程分析结果造成的差异性影响,还鲜有相关研究结果。本文旨在对比分析谱匹配中反应谱与目标谱采用算术值(算术坐标下ASM方法)和对数值(对数坐标下LSM方法)所得结构非线性时程分析结果的差异。以美国SAC Steel Project提出的3层、9层和20层钢框架结构为实例,以该计划提出的代表3种超越概率(即50年超越概率50%、10%和2%)的各组地震波平均反应谱作为目标谱,以这3组地震波(每组20条波)时程分析所得最大层间位移角的算术均值和几何均值作为目标反应,以简单地震信息初选的小型地震波数据库(共40条波)作为备选波,将ASM和LSM方法优选出的7条地震波所得时程分析结果进行了差异性分析。研究表明, LSM方法所得地震波的缩放系数明显大于ASM方法,并且地震波的排序即选择结果也存在一定差异。ASM和LSM方法对结构反应均值(算术均值和对数均值)估计的准确度均控制在±20%以内,但LSM方法所得结构反应更大。LSM方法在降低结构反应离散性方面较ASM方法更有优势,且对于较长周期结构(如20层结构)及结构非线性程度较高(如50年超越概率10%、2%)时,这种优势会更为凸显。 相似文献
4.
This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop afour-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip (normal and thrust) fault rupture. The first twosteps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops anapproximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI), involving two additional phenomena:(i) fault rupture diversion (Step 3); and (ii) modification of the vertical displacement profile (Step 4). For the first phenomenon(Step 3), an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence ofa raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient ofearth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture.For the second phenomenon (Step 4), a heuristic approach is proposed, which "scans" through possible equilibrium positionsto detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearitiesthat govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order (P-A) effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finiteelement analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design. 相似文献
5.
Improved HVSR site classification method for free-field strong motion stations validated with Wenchuan aftershock recordings 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Local site conditions play an important role in the effective application of strong motion recordings.In the China National Strong Motion Observation Network System(NSMONS),some of the stations do not provide borehole information,and correspondingly,do not assign the site classes yet.In this paper,site classification methodologies for free-field strong motion stations are reviewed and the limitations and uncertainties of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR) methods are discussed.Then,a new method for site classification based on the entropy weight theory is proposed.The proposed method avoids the head or tail joggle phenomenon by providing the objective and subjective weights.The method was applied to aftershock recordings from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and 54 free-field NSMONS stations were selected for site classification and the mean HVSRs were calculated.The results show that the improved HVSR method proposed in this paper has a higher success rate and could be adopted in NSMONS. 相似文献
6.
A process is outlined and evaluated for the estimation of seismic roof and storey drift demands for frame structures from the spectral displacement demand at the first mode period of the structure. The spectral displacement demand is related to the roof drift demand for the multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) structure using three modification factors, accounting for MDOF effects, inelasticity effects, and P‐delta effects. Median values and measures of dispersion for the factors are obtained from elastic and inelastic time history analyses of nine steel moment resisting frame structures subjected to sets of ground motions representative of different hazard levels. The roof drift demand is related to the storey drift demands, with the results being strongly dependent on the number of stories and the ground motion characteristics. The relationships proposed in this paper should prove useful in the conceptual design phase, in estimating deformation demands for performance assessment, and in improving basic understanding of seismic behaviour. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
J.X. Zhao 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1998,17(2):73-88
A practical method for estimating kinematic interaction from earthquake records is presented. The kinematic interaction is characterized by a two-parameter model and these parameters can be estimated by using a frequency-domain systems identification method. The simple model can be used to model both wave passage effects and the effects of incoherent wave fields. Numerical simulation tests show that kinematic interaction parameters can be estimated to their best accuracy by using building base responses and the free-field excitation and can also be estimated by using building responses, base responses and the free-field excitation. The method was applied to two buildings with raft foundations and it was found that kinematic interaction was significant during earthquakes. Published theoretical models (wave passage effect) for vertically incident SH waves can be used to estimate the transfer functions up to 4–5 Hz and the models for horizontally propagating waves under-predict the estimated transfer functions by a significant amount at frequencies beyond about 1–2 Hz. Theoretical models for a massless rigid foundation under the excitation of an incoherent wave field predict the general trend of the estimated transfer function reasonably well over a large frequency range. The results of numerical examples show that the recorded response spectral attenuation of basement records at high frequencies with respect to the free-field is mainly caused by kinematic interaction, while the changes in storey shear and overturning moment in a structure due to soil flexibility are mainly the results of inertial interaction. 相似文献
8.
One of the main concerns in using commercial software for finite element analyses of dam-foundation-reservoir systems is that the simplifying assumptions of the massless foundation are unreliable. In this study, an appropriate direct finite element method is introduced for simulating the mass, radiation damping and wave propagation effect in foundations of damfoundation-reservoir systems using commercial software ABAQUS. The free-field boundary condition is used for modeling the semi-infinite foundation and radiation damping, which is not a built-in boundary condition in most of the available commercial software for finite element analysis of structures such as ANSYS or ABAQUS and thus needs to be implemented differently. The different mechanism for modeling of the foundation, earthquake input and far-field boundary condition is described. Implementation of the free-field boundary condition in finite element software is verified by comparing it with analytical results. To investigation the feasibility of the proposed method in dam-foundation-reservoir system analysis, a series of analyses is accomplished in a variety of cases and the obtained results are compared with the substructure method by using the EAGD-84 program. Finally, the massed and massless foundation results are compared and it is concluded that the massless foundation approach leads to the overestimation of the displacements and stresses within the dam body. 相似文献
9.
This paper presents a static equivalent approach to estimate the maximum kinematic interaction effects on piles subjected to lateral seismic excitation. Closed-form expressions are reported for the evaluation of the maximum free-field soil movements and for the computation of maximum pile shear force and bending moments. Firstly, modal analysis, combined with a suitable damped response spectrum, is used to evaluate the maximum free-field response. Secondly, the pile is schematised as a Winkler's beam subjected to equivalent static forces defined according to soil vibration modal shapes and amplitude. The method may be applied by using response spectra suggested by National Standards or those obtained with accelerograms. The procedure proposed may be conveniently implemented in simple spreadsheets or in commercial finite element programs and easily used by practicing engineers. Method accuracy is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained with a more rigorous model. Good results may be achieved by considering only the first soil vibration mode making the procedure straightforward for practical design purposes. 相似文献
10.
C.J. Athanassiadou C.Z. Karakostas B.N. Margaris A.J. Kappos 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2011
Elastic and inelastic displacement spectra (for periods up to 4.0 s) are derived, using a representative sample of acceleration records from Greece, carefully selected based on magnitude, distance and peak ground acceleration criteria, and grouped into three ground type categories according to the Eurocode 8 (EC8) provisions. The modification factor for the elastic design spectrum adopted in EC8 for accounting for damping is verified herein and is found to be satisfactory in the short to medium period range and less so in the long period range. The equivalent viscous damping ratio concept is also evaluated and is found to lead to underestimation of inelastic displacement spectra. Finally, based on the previously derived elastic and inelastic spectra, equations suitable for design and/or assessment purposes, are proposed for the corresponding displacement modification factors. 相似文献
11.
12.
This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop a four-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture. The first two steps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops an approximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction （SFSI）, involving two additional phenomena： （i） fault rupture diversion （Step 3）; and （ii） modification of the vertical displacement profile （Step 4）. For the first phenomenon （Step 3）, an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence of a raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient of earth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture. For the second phenomenon （Step 4）, a heuristic approach is proposed, which ＂scans＂ through possible equilibrium positions to detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearities that govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order （P-△） effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finite element analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design. 相似文献
13.
Microtremor study of site effects and soil-structure resonance in the city of Ljubljana (central Slovenia) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrej Gosar Janez Rošer Barbara Šket Motnikar Polona Zupančič 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(3):571-592
The city of Ljubljana is located in one of the three areas with the highest seismic hazard in Slovenia, and it is also the
most densely populated. Site effects due to Quaternary sediments, which fill the up to 200 m-deep basin, are characteristic
of the whole city area, but they can be especially strong in the southern part of Ljubljana, which is built on very soft lacustrine
deposits. Existing microzonation studies of the city are inadequate, since there is a lack of borehole, geophysical and earthquake
data. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied to a 200 m dense grid of free-field
measurements over an area of 45 km2 (1,223 measuring points) in order to assess the fundamental frequency of the sediments. The main difficulties in microtremor
measurement arose from high levels of traffic and industrial noise, and from underground structures. Experimental conditions
which can influence data quality, such as strong wind and water saturation of soil, were analysed. Very clear HVSR peaks were
obtained in the entire southern part of the city, whereas in the northern part the site response is in general lower due to
lower impedance contrast of gravel with the bedrock. The iso-frequency map of sediments shows a distribution in the range
of 0.9–10 Hz. In the southern part of Ljubljana, sediment frequency correlates well with the thickness of soft sediments known
from geophysical investigations and sparse drilling. Average amplitude of the HVSR peaks is considerably higher in the southern
part (6.7 ± 2.4) than in the northern part (4.0 ± 2.0) of the city, indicating a high impedance contrast of lacustrine sediments
with the bedrock. Microtremor measurements were also performed inside 122 buildings of various heights. We focused on important
public buildings and selected blocks of flats and houses. To assess the longitudinal and transverse fundamental frequencies
of each building, amplitude spectra and the spectral ratio between the upper floor and the basement were analysed for both
directions. When one of these frequencies is close to a nearby free-field fundamental frequency, a potential soil-structure
resonance is present. This was found in 12 of the measured buildings. Three of them are tall residential buildings (from 10
to 15 floors) with a fundamental frequency of 2–3 Hz, and nine of them are low-rise buildings (from 3 to 5 floors) with a
fundamental frequency ranging from 3 to 4.5 Hz. Using the relationship between fundamental frequency and height, the typical
height of buildings that might cause soil-structure resonance can be estimated at a given sediment frequency obtained from
free-field measurements. 相似文献
14.
This paper presents a statistical study of the kinematic soil-foundation-structure interaction effects on the maximum inelastic
deformation demands of structures. Discussed here is the inelastic displacement ratio defined as the maximum inelastic displacement
demands of structures subjected to foundation input motions divide by those of structures subjected to free-field ground motions.
The displacement ratio is computed for a wide period range of elasto-plastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with
various levels of lateral strength ratios and with different sizes of foundations. Seventy-two earthquake ground motions recorded
on firm soil with average shear wave velocities between 180 m/s and 360 m/s are adopted. The effects of period of vibration,
level of lateral yielding strength and dimension of foundations are investigated. The results show that kinematic interaction
will reduce the maximum inelastic displacement demands of structures, especially for systems with short periods of vibration,
and the larger the foundation size the smaller the maximum inelastic displacement becomes. In addition, the inelastic displacement
ratio is nearly not affected by the strength ratio of structures for systems with periods of vibration greater than about
0.3 s and with strength ratios smaller than about 3.0. Expressions obtained from nonlinear regression analyses are also proposed
for estimating the effects of kinematic soil-foundation-structure interaction from the maximum deformation demand of the inelastic
system subjected to free-field ground motions. 相似文献
15.
Gian Michele Calvi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(6):678-685
The application of some design and assessment approaches, such as the direct displacement-based design (DDBD) and the capacity spectrum methods, requires the modification of elastic design spectra by some displacement reduction factor, to account for the appropriate energy dissipation capacity of different structures. While several equations to correlate dissipation and hysteresis cycles are available, once the displacement reduction factor has been obtained, the correction of the spectra is operated reducing the displacement demand accordingly and conserving the period of vibration at each point. This procedure is here discussed and proved to be conceptually inappropriate, because the spectral acceleration rather than the period should be kept at each point. The application of this alternative procedure may result in increased shear strength demand in design and in larger required displacement capacity for the same level of strength in assessment, if all other factors are not modified. However, the calibration of the reduction factors applied in DDBD has been extensive, and the method has proved to be effective in predicting displacement demands consistent with those resulting from refined nonlinear time history analysis; therefore, a possible introduction of the proposed correction will require equally extensive studies and possibly compensating corrections in the calculation of the equivalent damping. On the contrary, an appropriate calibration of the factors to be used in the application of the “capacity spectrum” method is still being developed, and the consideration of a constant acceleration may facilitate the derivation of effective equations. 相似文献
16.
An engineering approach is proposed for representing both site effects and soil-structure interaction in extended alluvial valleys, by using the one-dimensional model of shear were propagation corrected empirically to account for lateral heterogeneities and generated surface waves. The peak structural response is expressed by means of spectral contours that are a function of the predominant period of the site and the fundamental period of the structure. Variations of the peak spectral ordinates with the prevailing site period can be deduced from these contours. A number of events of firm ground, representative of the most dangerous earthquakes expected in Mexico City, are assumed as design earthquakes. Making use of the resulting spectral contours, the provisions for site effects recommended in the Mexican seismic code are evaluated. Also, considering as control motion the 1985 Michoacan earthquake recorded at a representative firm site, spectral contours with soil-structure interaction are obtained which allow one to identify the significant interaction effects originating in the Valley of Mexico for medium- and long-period structures. The influence and relative importance of the critical parameters involved are examined within practical ranges of interest. 相似文献
17.
A discussion of the effects of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic response of linear structures which respond as single-degree-of-freedom systems in their fixed-base condition is presented. The structures are presumed to be supported at the surface of a homogeneous, elastic halfspace and to be excited at the base. The free-field ground motions investigated include a harmonic motion, a relatively simple pulse-type excitation and an actual earthquake record. Comprehensive response spectra are presented for a range of the parameters defining the problem, and the results are used to assess the accuracy of a simple, approximate method of analysis in which the system is represented by a viscously damped, simple oscillator. Special attention is given to defining the conditions under which the interaction effect is of sufficient importance to warrant consideration in design. The method of analysis used to obtain the numerical data reported herein is reviewed only briefly, the emphasis of the paper being on the interpretation of the results. 相似文献
18.
An efficient methodology is presented which uses modal analysis implemented in the frequency domain to obtain the structural response of a system with soil-structure interaction. The interaction effects are represented using a free-field ground motion modification factor, derived for each mode of vibration and used in the determination of structural response. Applying this algorithm, the advantages of the modal superposition method are fully exploited, and the interaction problem can be solved easily and effectively within the framework of the conventional frequency domain analysis for a fixed-base structure. In addition, this method produces accurate approximation with less computational effort due to consideration of only the first few vibration modes of the structure. 相似文献
19.
A numerical solution for evaluating the effects of foundation embedment on the effective period and damping and the response of soil–structure systems is presented. A simple system similar to that used in practice to account for inertial interaction effects is investigated, with the inclusion of kinematic interaction effects for the important special case of vertically incident shear waves. The effective period and damping are obtained by establishing an equivalence between the interacting system excited by the foundation input motion and a replacement oscillator excited by the free-field ground motion. In this way, the use of standard free-field response spectra applicable to the effective period and damping of the system is permitted. Also, an approximate solution for total soil–structure interaction is presented, which indicates that the system period is insensitive to kinematic interaction and the system damping may be expressed as that for inertial interaction but modified by a factor due to kinematic interaction. Results involving both kinematic and inertial effects are compared with those obtained for no soil–structure interaction and inertial interaction only. The more important parameters involved are identified and their influences are examined over practical ranges of interest. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
接收函数方法是研究地壳、上地幔速度结构的重要方法之一.稳定、可靠的提取接收函数的方法是实现的基础.频率域反褶积是一种常用的提取接收函数的方法,在加窗截断数据时,单一窗函数会降低信号的饱和度并造成频率泄露.为解决这一问题,引入了正交数据窗函数,对信号多次采样实现互补,保证了数据信息饱和度并有效抑制频谱泄露.多正弦窗是一种最小偏差正交窗函数,具有解析表达式,应用方便.在此文中,我们用多正弦窗来提取接收函数,且把震前噪声作为计算接收函数的一部分,增强了接收函数的稳定性.对观测数据的试验效果显示,多正弦窗频率相关估计方法提取的接收函数稳定性好,精度高,是一种提取高质量接收函数的方法. 相似文献