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1.
首先利用Ａｓｉａｇｏ 超新星星表对Ｉａ 超新星作了统计分析。其次用具有精确测光的Ｉａ 超新星对其均匀性及多样性进行了研究。旋涡星系中Ｉａ 超新星的产生率比椭圆星系的要高。最亮的Ｉａ 超新星只出现于晚型旋涡星系中;而旋涡星系及早型的椭圆星系都是暗Ｉａ 超新星的寄主星系。离星系中心越近Ｉａ 超新星的光度弥散有增加的趋势,但这一趋势对蓝Ｉａ 超新星不明显。利用色指数可将Ｉａ 超新星划分为蓝超新星及红超新星。蓝Ｉａ 超新星构成了相对均匀的Ｉａ 超新星样本,是较好的距离指示器;而红Ｉａ 超新星的存在则表明了Ｉａ 超新星整体多样性的特点。最后,我们还探讨了Ｉａ 超新星中碳点火的非线性问题。  相似文献   

2.
The observational cosmology with distant Type Ia supernovae (SNe) as standard candles claims that the Universe is in accelerated expansion, caused by a large fraction of dark energy. In this paper we investigate the SN Ia environment, studying the impact of the nature of their host galaxies on the Hubble diagram fitting. The supernovae (192 SNe) used in the analysis were extracted from Joint-Light-curves-Analysis (JLA) compilation of high-redshift and nearby supernovae which is the best one to date. The analysis is based on the empirical fact that SN Ia luminosities depend on their light curve shapes and colors. We confirm that the stretch parameter of Type Ia supernovae is correlated with the host galaxy type. The supernovae with lower stretch are hosted mainly in elliptical and lenticular galaxies. No significant correlation between SN Ia colour and host morphology was found. We also examine how the luminosities of SNe Ia change depending on host galaxy morphology after stretch and colour corrections. Our results show that in old stellar populations and low dust environments, the supernovae are slightly fainter. SNe Ia in elliptical and lenticular galaxies have a higher α (slope in luminosity-stretch) and β (slope in luminosity-colour) parameter than in spirals. However, the observed shift is at the 1-σ uncertainty level and, therefore, can not be considered as significant. We confirm that the supernova properties depend on their environment and that the incorporation of a host galaxy term into the Hubble diagram fit is expected to be crucial for future cosmological analyses.  相似文献   

3.
The time delay between the formation of the progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and their detonation is a vital discriminant between the various progenitor scenarios that have been proposed for them. We use Sloan Digital Sky Survey optical and Galaxy Evolution Explorer ( GALEX ) ultraviolet observations of the early-type host galaxies of 21 nearby SNe Ia and quantify the presence or absence of any young stellar population to constrain the minimum time delay for each supernova. We find that early-type host galaxies lack 'prompt' SNe Ia with time delays of ≲100 Myr and that ∼70 per cent SNe Ia have minimum time delays of 275 Myr–1.25 Gyr, with a median of 650 Myr, while at least 20 per cent SNe Ia have minimum time delays of at least 1 Gyr at 95 per cent confidence and two of these four SNe Ia are likely older than 2 Gyr. The distribution of minimum time delays observed matches most closely the expectation for the single-degenerate channel with a main sequence donor. Furthermore, we do not find any evidence that subluminous SNe Ia are associated with long time delays.  相似文献   

4.
Revised photometric data are used to compare the light and colour curves of type I and type II supernovae (SNe I, SNe II); their statistical properties are also compared. No significant difference between SNe I and SNe II has been found in their radial distribution and frequency of outbursts in spiral galaxies. The comparison of light and colour curves reveals several features common to both types and the possibility of transition between types.  相似文献   

5.
We investigate the influence of close neighbor galaxies on the properties of supernovae (SNe) and their host galaxies using 56 SNe located in pairs of galaxies with different levels of star formation (SF) and nuclear activity. The statistical study of SN hosts shows that there is no significant difference between morphologies of hosts in our sample and the larger general sample of SN hosts in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 8 (DR8). The mean distance of type II SNe from nuclei of hosts is greater by about a factor of 2 than that of type Ibc SNe. The distributions and mean distances of SNe are consistent with previous results compiled with the larger sample. For the first time it is shown that SNe Ibc are located in pairs with significantly smaller difference of radial velocities between components than pairs containing SNe Ia and II. We consider this as a result of higher star formation rate (SFR) of these closer systems of galaxies. SN types are not correlated with the luminosity ratio of host and neighbor galaxies in pairs. The orientation of SNe with respect to the preferred direction toward neighbor galaxy is found to be isotropic and independent of kinematical properties of the galaxy pair.  相似文献   

6.
We draw up a list of type Ib and Ic supernovae and construct the distributions of morphological types, luminosity classes, and axial ratios of their host galaxies, which we compare to similar distributions for type II supernovae. Our analysis reveals no significant statistical differences between these distributions and demonstrates that the samples of host galaxies of SNe Ibc and SNe II can be regarded as drawn from the same parent population.  相似文献   

7.
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) play a key role in measuring cosmological pa- rameters, in which the Phillips relation is adopted. However, the origin of the relation is still unclear. Several parameters are suggested, e.g. the relative content of carbon to oxygen (C/O) and the central density of the white dwarf (WD) at ignition. These parameters are mainly determined by the WD's initial mass and its cooling time, respectively. Using the progenitor model developed by Meng Yang, we present the distributions of the initial WD mass and the cooling time. We do not find any correlation between these parameters. However, we notice that as the range of the WD's mass decreases, its average value increases with the cooling time. These results could provide a constraint when simulating the SN Ia explosion, i.e. the WDs with a high C/O ratio usually have a lower central density at ignition, while those having the highest central density at ignition generally have a lower C/O ratio. The cooling time is mainly determined by the evolutionary age of secondaries, and the scatter of the cooling time decreases with the evolutionary age. Our results may indicate that WDs with a long cooling time have more uniform properties than those with a short cooling time, which may be helpful to explain why SNe Ia in elliptical galaxies have a more uniform maximum luminosity than those in spiral galaxies.  相似文献   

8.
In the single degenerate(SD) scenario for type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia) ,a mass-accreting white dwarf is expected to experience a supersoft X-ray source(SSS) phase. However,some recent observations showed that the expected number of massaccreting WDs is much lower than that predicted from theory,regardless of whether they are in spiral or elliptical galaxies. In this paper,we performed a binary population synthesis study on the relative duration of the SSS phase to their whole massincreasing phase of WDs leadi...  相似文献   

9.
Type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia)play a key role in measuring cosmological parameters,in which the Phillips relation is adopted.However,the origin of the relation is still unclear.Several parameters are suggested,e.g.the relative content of carbon to oxygen(C/O)and the central density of the white dwarf(WD)at ignition.These parameters are mainly determined by the WD's initial mass and its cooling time,respectively.Using the progenitor model developed by Meng & Yang,we present the distributions of the initial WD mass and the cooling time.We do not find any correlation between these parameters.However,we notice that as the range of the WD's mass decreases,its average value increases with the cooling time.These results could provide a constraint when simulating the SN Ia explosion,i.e.the WDs with a high C/O ratio usually have a lower central density at ignition,while those having the highest central density at ignition generally have a lower C/O ratio.The cooling time is mainly determined by the evolutionary age of secondaries,and the scatter of the cooling time decreases with the evolutionary age.Our results may indicate that WDs with a long cooling time have more uniform properties than those with a short cooling time,which may be helpful to explain why SNe Ia in elliptical galaxies have a more uniform maximum luminosity than those in spiral galaxies.  相似文献   

10.
GAIA is the 'super- Hipparcos ' satellite scheduled for launch in 2010 by the European Space Agency. It is a scanning satellite that carries out multi-colour, multi-epoch photometry on all objects brighter than 20th mag. We conduct detailed simulations of supernovae (SNe) detection by GAIA . Supernovae of each type are chosen according to the observed distributions of absolute magnitudes, and located in nearby galaxies according to the local large-scale structure. Using an extinction model of the Galaxy and the scanning law of the GAIA satellite, we calculate how many SNe are detectable as a function of the phase of the light curve. Our study shows that GAIA will report data on ∼21 400 SNe during the five-year mission lifetime, of which ∼14 300 are SNe Ia, ∼1400 are SNe Ib/c and ∼5700 are SNe II. Using the simulations, we estimate that the numbers caught before maximum are ∼6300 SNe Ia, ∼500 SNe Ib/c and ∼1700 SNe II. During the mission lifetime, GAIA will issue about 5 SNe alerts a day.
The most distant SNe accessible to GAIA are at a redshift   z ∼ 0.14  and so GAIA will provide a huge sample of local SNe. There will be many examples of the rarer subluminous events, over-luminous events, SNe Ib/c and SNe II-L. SNe rates will be found as a function of galaxy type, as well as extinction and position in the host galaxy. Amongst other applications, there may be about 26 SNe each year for which detection of gravitational waves is possible and about 180 SNe each year for which detection of gamma-rays is possible. GAIA 's astrometry will provide the SN position to better than milliarcseconds, offering opportunities for the identification of progenitors in nearby galaxies and for studying the spatial distribution of SNe of different types in galaxies.  相似文献   

11.
We present the results of the population synthesis of the population ofthe supernovae progenitors. Both single and double degenerate progenitorsof SN Ia are considered. We compute the cosmic rate histories for SN I,SN II and both classes of SN Ia, and present them in the form of redshiftand magnitude distributions. These results can be compared with observationaldata, allowing to estimate the star formation rate history and thecosmological parameters including ωbaryons which cannot beestimated from analysing the Hubble diagrams of supernovae.We find that single degenerate (SD) SN Ia are younger than double degenerate (DD) ones, and so the SN Ia in elliptical galaxies should be mostly DD.We propose to use the redshift dependence of relative supernovae rates indifferent types of galaxies, or of different supernovae types forinterpretation of observations. These relative rates should be lessinfluenced by the selection effects than the absolute ones. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

12.
Using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), we undertake an analysis of the chemical properties of their inner regions, identifying the respective roles played by Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and Type II supernovae (SNe II). The effect of inhomogeneous pollution from SNe Ia is shown to be prominent within two core radii, with the stars forming therein amounting to ∼20 per cent of the total. These stars are relatively iron-rich and α-element depleted compared to the stars forming in the rest of the galaxy. At odds with the projected stellar velocity dispersion radial profile, the actual three-dimensional one shows a depression in the central region, where the most metal-rich (i.e. [Fe/H]-rich) stars are partly segregated. This naturally results in two different stellar populations, with an anticorrelation between [Fe/H] and velocity dispersion, in the same sense as that observed in the Sculptor and Fornax dSphs. Because the most iron-rich stars in our model are also the most α depleted, a natural prediction and test of our model is that the same radial segregation effects should exist between [α/Fe] and velocity dispersion.  相似文献   

13.
We investigate the history of galactic feedback and chemical enrichment within a sample of 15 X-ray bright groups of galaxies, on the basis of the inferred Fe and Si distributions in the hot gas and the associated metal masses produced by core-collapse and Type Ia supernovae (SNe). Most of these cool-core groups show a central Fe and Si excess, which can be explained by prolonged enrichment by SN Ia and stellar winds in the central early-type galaxy alone, but with tentative evidence for additional processes contributing to core enrichment in hotter groups. Inferred metal mass-to-light ratios inside r 500 show a positive correlation with total group mass but are generally significantly lower than in clusters, due to a combination of lower global intracluster medium (ICM) abundances and gas-to-light ratios in groups. This metal deficiency is present for products from both SN Ia and SN II, and suggests that metals were either synthesized, released from galaxies or retained within the ICM less efficiently in lower mass systems. We explore possible causes, including variations in galaxy formation and metal release efficiency, cooling out of metals, and gas and metal loss via active galactic nuclei (AGN) – or starburst-driven galactic winds from groups or their precursor filaments. Loss of enriched material from filaments coupled with post-collapse AGN feedback emerges as viable explanations, but we also find evidence for metals to have been released less efficiently from galaxies in cooler groups and for the ICM in these to appear chemically less evolved, possibly reflecting more extended star formation histories in less massive systems. Some implications for the hierarchical growth of clusters from groups are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

14.
We present the very first results of a new 3D numerical model for the formation and evolution of spiral galaxies along the Hubble sequence. We take into account the hydrodynamical properties of the gas with an SPH method while we use a tree code for the gravitational forces of the dark matter and stars. The chemical evolution is also fully included, with both SNe Ia and SNe II explosions being followed, and this will allows us to predict abundances of various chemical species, abundance ratios and their radial distributions. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

15.
We describe the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI) catalog of supernovae. We show that the radial distributions of type-Ia, type-Ibc, and type-II supernovae differ in the central parts of spiral galaxies and are similar in their outer regions, while the radial distribution of type-Ia supernovae in elliptical galaxies differs from that in spiral and lenticular galaxies. We give a list of the supernovae that are farthest from the galactic centers, estimate their relative explosion rate, and discuss their possible origins.  相似文献   

16.
The use of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as cosmological standard candles is a key to solving the mystery of dark energy. Improving the calibration of SNe Ia increases their power as cosmological standard candles. We find tentative evidence for a correlation between the late-time light-curve slope and the peak luminosity of SNe Ia in the B band; brighter SNe Ia seem to have shallower light-curve slopes between 100 and 150 d from maximum light. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis in calibrating SNe Ia, we are able to simultaneously take into consideration the effect of dust extinction, the luminosity and light-curve width correlation (parametrized by  Δ m 15  ), and the luminosity and late-time light-curve slope correlation. For the available sample of 11 SNe Ia with well-measured late-time light curves, we find that correcting for the correlation between luminosity and late-time light-curve slope of the SNe Ia leads to an intrinsic dispersion of 0.12 mag in the Hubble diagram. Our results have significant implications for future supernova surveys aimed to illuminate the nature of dark energy.  相似文献   

17.
Ia型超新星起源于碳氧白矮星在质量接近钱德拉塞卡极限时的热核爆炸,并被广泛地用作宇宙学距离的标准烛光.然而, Ia型超新星的前身星系统和爆炸机制还存在很多不明确的地方.近几十年来, Ia型超新星的星周环境得到了越来越多的关注.星周介质的空间分布性质为探究Ia型超新星的物理起源提供了重要线索.同时星周尘埃的散射会在Ia型超新星晚期的光变曲线、光谱和偏振等方面产生可观测效应.光谱上正常的Ia型超新星可以分成两类:喷射物速度正常和高速Ia型超新星.对比两者的光变曲线可以发现高速Ia型超新星在光极大后几个月内有明显颜色偏蓝的超出.该蓝色超出可以通过星周介质中的尘埃散射拟合得到.同时, Ia型超新星晚期光谱的拟合可以限制星周尘埃的颗粒大小等性质,晚期的偏振信号可以有效地限制星周尘埃的空间分布.拟合结果表明针对Ia型超新星晚期的多次图像偏振观测是揭示其星周尘埃环境特征的重要手段.  相似文献   

18.
超新星在宇宙学中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
对Ｉａ超新星在宇宙学中的应用作了述评。蓝Ｉａ超新星具有相对均匀的光谱、光变曲线及峰值光度,是较好的相对距离指示器。利用峰值光度同光变曲线形状或其它与距离无关的可观测量的关系可进一步将Ｉａ超新星校准成精确的距离指示器。一旦它们的绝对光度得到标定,就可以定出哈勃常数Ｈ０。基于对邻近星系Ｉａ超新星的理解,高红移Ｉａ超新星的数据可对宇宙密度参数ΩＭ、ΩＶ及减速因子ｑ０作出限制,并对膨胀宇宙的最终命运作出判  相似文献   

19.
Using Hurley's rapid binary stellar evolution code, we have studied the model-synthesized rate of Type la Supernovae (SNe Ia) and its influence on the chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium ejected by stellar populations. We adopt two popular scenarios, i.e.,single degenerate scenario (SD) and double degenerate scenario (DD), for the progenitors of SNe Ia to calculate the rates of SNe Ia. Rates calculated in this work agree with that of Hachisu et al. and Han & Podsiadlowski, but are different from that usually adopted in chem-ical evolution models of galaxies. We apply the rates of SNe Ia to the chemical enrichment (especially Fe enrichment), then compare the results with previous studies. As known SNe Ia slightly affect the enrichment of C, N, O and Mg elements, while significantly affect the en-richment of Fe. We find that the occurrence and the value of the Fe enrichment in our models are earlier and smaller than that commonly adopted in chemical evolution models. We also study the evolution of [Mg/Fe] ratios, which are almost reciprocals of the Fe enrichment.The study may provide constraints on the free parameters of chemical evolution models of galaxies and evolutionary population synthesis.  相似文献   

20.
In order to investigate the influence of environment on supernova (SN) production, we have performed a statistical investigation of the SNe discovered in isolated galaxies, in pairs and in groups of galaxies. 22 SNe in 18 isolated galaxies, 48 SNe in 40 galaxy members of 37 pairs and 211 SNe in 170 galaxy members of 116 groups have been selected and studied.
We found that the radial distributions of core-collapse SNe in galaxies located in different environments are similar, and consistent with those reported by Bartunov, Makarova & Tsvetkov . SNe discovered in pairs do not favour a particular direction with respect to the companion galaxy. Also, the azimuthal distributions inside the host members of galaxy groups are consistent with being isotropics. The fact that SNe are more frequent in the brighter components of the pairs and groups is expected from the dependence of the SN rates on the galaxy luminosity.
There is an indication that the SN rate is higher in galaxy pairs compared with that in groups. This can be related to the enhanced star formation rate in strongly interacting systems.
It is concluded that, with the possible exception of strongly interacting systems, the parent galaxy environment has no direct influence on SN production.  相似文献   

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