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南极洲纳尔逊冰帽的某些动力学特征* 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
纳尔逊冰帽是南设得兰群岛的一个小冰帽,受海洋性气候影响冰帽上降水丰富,冰温较高。冰帽表面运动速度完全由冰帽表面形态和冰帽底床形态所控制,其中E剖面更为复杂。冰帽驱动应力基本小于100kPa.由V/Z～Za曲线得到在V/7为0.6～3×10-9范围内的流动参数:n约为1;B≈4.3×1010dynescm-2sec.这表明在低应力区,冰体流动更接近牛顿流体。 相似文献
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以野外实测数据为基础,分析北极Svalbard群岛Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征。结果表明:(1)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面水平运动速度平均分别为2.14 m·a-1和6.28 m·a-1,变差系数平均分别为0.24和0.14,夏季水平运动速度略高于冬季,水平运动速度与其所处海拔高度具有多项式型关系,冰川主流线表面水平运动速度高于两侧,冰川两侧的表面水平运动速度不对称,Austre Lovénbreen冰川从源头至末端依次表现为运动的压缩区、拉伸区和压缩区;(2)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面垂直运动速度平均分别为0.76 m·a-1和0.90 m·a-1,两条冰川表面夏季垂直运动速度均大于冬季且夏季变差系数小,垂直运动速度与海拔高度具有一元线性相关性,表面物质平衡造成的高程变化对垂直运动速度的贡献率最大;(3)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面应变率分布表现为沿主流线方向逐渐减小然后负向增加,且其变差系数平均分别为0.19和0.15。 相似文献
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喀喇昆仑山分布有众多的跃动型冰川,跃动机理存在异质性。使用Landsat、Sentinel-1A、TSX/TDX等多源遥感数据,获取了中喀喇昆仑布拉尔杜冰川在跃动期间冰川表面高程和表面流速变化。结果表明：布拉尔杜冰川从2006年开始,流速逐渐增加;到2013年之后进入快速运动期,最高流速可达4.9 m·d-1;2015年8月底,冰川表面速度急剧下降,随后保持较低的流速至2016年1月,而后流速再次增加,到同年2月初便进入平静期。2000—2014年冰川主干中上游有明显隆起,而冰川接收区明显减薄,最大减薄达89 m;2014—2018年冰川主干中上游以及各支流均有不同程度的减薄,冰川主干的接收区高程显著增加,最大增厚120 m。根据冰川表面高程变化以及流速变化的特征,认为布拉尔杜冰川的支流引发了此次跃动,且本次跃动受水文机制的影响较大;结合现有的数据和文献,推断布拉尔杜冰川的跃动间隔约为40 a;为喀喇昆仑冰川跃动研究提供更多的实例,也可为此区域冰川灾害预警研究提供参考。 相似文献
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近年来格陵兰冰盖物质损失加速,冰面消融是造成冰盖物质损失的重要原因。每年消融期,西北格陵兰冰盖表面都会形成规模庞大、结构复杂的冰面水系,将大量冰面融水输送至冰盖边缘,汇集至冰前水系并最终进入大洋,显著影响冰盖物质平衡。然而,目前对西北格陵兰冰盖冰面水系与冰前水系的研究很少,冰面水系与冰前水系的形态结构特征尚不清楚。本研究选取2018年7—8月西北格陵兰盖英格尔菲尔德地区(面积4 624 km~2)12景10 m空间分辨率的Sentinel-2卫星遥感影像,增强河流横纵剖面特征,提取了西北格陵兰冰盖的冰面水系与冰前水系,并以水系密度与河流宽度为代表性指标,监测冰面水系与冰前水系动态变化。结果表明:在2018年消融期内,西北格陵兰冰盖形成了平行状的冰面水系和树枝状的冰前水系;冰面水系由低高程地区(800m)逐步向高高程地区(1000m)推进;流域出口附近冰前河河宽与冰面水系密度的变化具有较好的一致性,8月份的冰前水系新发育河宽较窄(10～30m)的冰前河,反映了冰面水系对冰前水系的供给作用。 相似文献
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柯林斯冰帽具有显著的海洋性气候特征。据笔者实测资料 ,该冰帽冬季和夏季温度垂直递减率相当 ,为 0 .6 5℃ 1 0 0m ,冰区与无冰区间的温跃值约为 0 .3℃。年、日较差小 ,夏季气温较低 ,平衡线上夏季 (1 2月— 2月 )的平均温度为 0℃。同时 ,云雾多 ,湿度大 ,冰面接受到的太阳辐射小 ,形成了有利于冰川发育的热量条件。同时频繁的极地气旋活动给冰帽区带来了以固态降水为主的较丰沛的降水 ,成为有利于冰川发育的物质条件。夏季温度较低和年降水较丰沛是该冰帽发育有利的水热条件。 相似文献
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喀喇昆仑山区冰川由于存在正物质平衡或跃动、前进现象，被称之为“喀喇昆仑异常”，不过该地区冰川变化差异显著，尤其是大型表碛覆盖冰川，呈现与其他类型冰川明显的差异性响应，为理解喀喇昆仑冰川异常的机理，冰川尺度的详细变化研究十分必要。音苏盖提冰川位于喀喇昆仑山乔戈里峰北坡，是中国面积最大的冰川，是典型的大型表碛覆盖冰川。通过应用TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X（2014年2月）与SRTM-X
DEM（2000年2月）的差分干涉测量方法计算音苏盖提冰川表面高程变化，并结合冰川表面流速对冰川表面高程变化和跃动进行分析和讨论。结果表明：2000—2014年音苏盖提冰川表面高程平均下降了1.68±0.94 m，即冰川整体厚度在减薄，年变化率为-0.12±0.07 m·a-1。冰川表面高程变化分布不均，其中南分支（S）冰流冰川整体减薄较为显著，冰川南分支冰流运动速度较快，前进/跃动的末端占据了冰川的主干，阻滞原主干冰川物质的向下运移（跃动），导致原主干冰舌表面高程上升；冰川厚度减薄随着海拔升高先下降后保持稳定，同时呈现一定的波动性；低海拔表碛区域消融大于裸冰区，可能存在较薄表碛，因热传导高、覆盖大量冰面湖塘和冰崖存在，加速了冰川消融；在坡度小于30 °的区域，冰川厚度减薄随着坡度的减小而加剧；坡向朝南冰川厚度略微增加（0.01 m），西南坡向冰川厚度略微减薄（-0.03 m），其他坡向冰川厚度减薄明显。近14 a来，表碛覆盖的音苏盖提冰川表面高程整体下降表明物质处于亏损状态，冰川跃动导致局部冰川表面高程的增加。 相似文献
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格陵兰冰盖的消融及其对海平面上升的贡献成为国际上研究的热点。每年消融期,格陵兰冰盖表面消融,融水会导致冰面形成冰面湖、冰面河、注水冰裂隙等形态。格陵兰冰面融水规模庞大、结构复杂、变化迅速,区域气候模型难以准确模拟冰面融水分布,中等分辨率卫星影像难以反映冰面融水的时空变化。以PlanetScope为代表的CubeSat小卫星空间分辨率高达3 m,理想情况下重访周期可达1 d,这为精细化动态监测格陵兰冰面融水提供了可能。本研究利用PlanetScope高空间分辨率小卫星遥感影像提取格陵兰冰盖西南部典型流域冰面融水遥感信息,构建了针对PlanetScope遥感影像的冰面融水深度反演公式,对比了MAR v3.11区域气候模型模拟的融水径流量与遥感反演的融水体积。结果表明:在2019年7—8月,流域内冰面融水开放水体比率先上升后下降,在7月12日达到峰值8.7%;流域内冰面融水深度介于0.2～1.5 m之间,冰面湖最深(0.9 m±0.2 m),冰面河干流次之(0.6 m±0.1 m),冰面河支流最浅(0.5 m±0.1 m);遥感观测的开放水体比率、冰面融水体积与区域气候模型MAR模拟的融水日... 相似文献
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增温增湿环境下天山山区降雪量变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于APHRO’s气温和降水数据集,运用气温阈值模型,分析了1961~2015年间天山山区降雪量变化特征。研究表明,自1961年以来,天山山区升温趋势显著,速率为0.027℃/a,且冬半年的升温速度大于夏半年。同时,3 000 m海拔以上区域的平均气温上升到0℃左右。冬季降水的增加速率为0.42 mm/a（P<0.01）,春季和夏季的降水量呈减少趋势。降雪量变化时空差异显著,3 000 m海拔以上区域降雪随气温的升高而增加,而3 000 m以下区域降雪随气温的升高而减少。最大降雪量气温是控制降雪变化的关键因子,当平均气温低于最大降雪量气温时,随气温升高降雪量呈增加趋势;当平均气温高于最大降雪量气温时,随气温升高降雪量呈减少趋势。 相似文献
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The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 (L12) Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profile data acquired in August of 2007. Here the interpretation of a typical GPR image is validated using two-dimensional, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical modeling. Data analyses revealed many englacial characteristics, such as temperate ice, crevasses, and cavities at the position of convergence between the eastern and western glacial branches of L12, and at an altitude between 4,600 and 4,750 m a.s.l. on the east branch. Combining ice thickness, englacial structures, subglacial topography, and surface flow velocities of this glacier, we analyzed the reasons for the distribution of temperate ice. The results show that greater englacial water content is associated with englacial crevassing and surface moulins, which allow water to be channeled to the temperate ice aquifer beneath the surface cold ice layer. Analysis of air temperature data shows that as more meltwater imports into the ice body, this has a great effect on water conservation and dynamics conditions. With climate warming, and under the influence of crevasses, subglacial structures, and ice thickness, ice thickness reduction on the L12 east branch is more rapid than that on the west branch. 相似文献
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北极斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川大多数属于亚极地型(sub-polar)或多热型(polythermal)。Austre Br(?)ggerbreen和Midre Lovénbreen冰川(＜10km~2)长时间系列物质平衡研究显示,自小冰期结束以来几乎所有的观测年中夏季消融比冬季积累更大,导致冰体稳定地减小；而面积更大、海拔高度更高的冰川如Kongsvegen冰川(105km~2)则更加接近稳定态的平衡。斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川流动速率一般较低,但跃动相当频繁,控制跃动型冰川空间分布的因素包括冰川长度、基底岩性和多热场。可通过冰川水文特征、钻孔温度测量和无线电回波探测获取斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川热场的信息。斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川的低流速和多热性结构对冰川上的排水系统相当重要,整个群岛淡水径流的四个主要来源分别是冰川消融、雪融化、夏季降雨和冰崩解,经验回归方法和模式方法用于计算淡水径流量。因夏季融水渗浸作用、采样分辨率低和化学成分分析有限,早期斯瓦尔巴群岛冰芯的准确定年受到严重影响,但最近的研究显示,来自斯瓦尔巴群岛冰帽的冰芯数据仍然能够提供重要的气候和环境信息。通过我国北极黄河站2005年度科学考察,我们已初步建立了Austre Lovénbreen冰川和Pedersenbreen冰川监测系统,并计划在Austre Lovénbreen冰川进行钻孔温度测量、冰川气象要素观测、冰川前缘水文观测以及冰川厚度和内部结构测量,重点开展斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川基本特征和发育条件、冰川表面能量和物质平衡、冰川波动与气候变化关系、淡水径流年际和季节性变化和气/雪/冰界面过程等方面的研究。 相似文献
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C. MAYER A. LAMBRECHT W. HAGG A. HELM K. SCHARRER 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(1):87-96
The Inylchek glacier system in Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan, comprises a large glacier‐dammed lake which usually drains once a year through a subglacial drainage system. Detailed GPS measurements on the ice dam and the analysis of Aster scenes from several subsequent years provide insight into the post‐drainage dam response and the changed ice dynamic conditions. We demonstrate that during high water levels in the lake a large part of the ice dam is afloat, lifting the ice surface up to almost 20 m in the central dam region. During this phase of extensive flotation strong calving is facilitated, which is supported by the high density of ice debris in the lake. In general, surface ice velocities are about 1.5‐2 times higher during summer than winter. Closer to the lake, however, ice velocities increase considerably after the drainage event, showing values more than three times the annual mean. The increased mass flux during the phase of high lake level needs to be compensated by replenishment of the lost ice from the dam. Therefore the ice velocities show compressive flow during the remaining part of the year. These results show that Southern Inylchek glacier is strongly influenced by the existence of the lake. 相似文献
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Carsten Braun D. R. Hardy R. S. Bradley 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(1):43-52
Abstract Small, stagnating ice caps at high latitudes are particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations, especially with regard to changes in ablation season temperature. We conducted mass balance measurements and GPS area surveys on four small High Arctic plateau ice caps from 1999–2002. We compared these measurements with topographic maps and aerial photography from 1959, and with previously published data. Net mass balance (bn) of Murray Ice Cap was ?0.49 (1999), ?0.29 (2000), ?0.47 (2001), and ?0.29 (2002), all in meters of water equivalent (m w.eq.). The mass balance of nearby Simmons Ice Cap was also negative in 2000 (bn=?0.40 m w.eq.) and in 2001 (bn=?0.52 m w.eq.). All four ice caps experienced substantial marginal recession and area reductions of between 30 and 47% since 1959. Overall, these icecaps lost considerable mass since at least 1959, except for a period between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1970s characterized regionally by reduced summer melt, positive mass balance, and ice cap advance. The regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is located, on average, above the summits of the ice caps, indicating that they are remnants of past climatic conditions and out of equilibrium with present climate. The ice caps reached a Holocene maximum and were several times larger during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and their current recession reflects an adjustment to post‐LIA climatic conditions. At current downwasting rates the ice masses on the Hazen Plateau will completely disappear by, or soon after, the mid‐21st century. 相似文献
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The mass balance distribution over a 0.5 km2 area of the lower part of South Cascade Glacier is obtained from remotely sensed measurements of its geometry and velocity field over two periods, 1992–93 and 1993–94. Vertical aerial photography from late summer 1992, 1993, and 1994 is analyzed photogrammetrically to get surface topography of South Cascade Glacier on a 100-meter square grid. The known bed topography is subtracted from the surface topography to get the ice thickness, and the surface topographies are subtracted from each other to get the thickness change. Annual displacement vectors, determined at points where natural features could be tracked from one year to the next, are contoured by hand and interpolated to the grid. Assuming that the ice follows Glen's flow law with exponent n = 3, and that 10% of the ice flow is due to sliding at the bed, the surface velocity is scaled by 0.82 to get the average velocity in the vertical ice column. The average velocities are combined with the thicknesses to calculate the flux divergence at each of 46 gridpoints on a 100-m square grid, where it is subtracted from the thickness change to get the mass balance.
Use of the same control points from year to year makes any systematic error in photogrammetric coordinates temporally constant, so such error has no effect on the mass balance estimate. Random error in coordinates is assumed to be uncorrelated from coordinate to coordinate, from point to point, from year to year; the standard error is estimated to be 1 m, resulting in a standard error in coordinate differences of about 1.5 m. A 1 m error in a vertical coordinate has nearly twice the effect on the estimated balance that one in a horizontal coordinate has and more than ten times the effect that one in ice thickness has. Compared with measurements at a stake, the estimated balances are about 1 m too negative. 相似文献
Use of the same control points from year to year makes any systematic error in photogrammetric coordinates temporally constant, so such error has no effect on the mass balance estimate. Random error in coordinates is assumed to be uncorrelated from coordinate to coordinate, from point to point, from year to year; the standard error is estimated to be 1 m, resulting in a standard error in coordinate differences of about 1.5 m. A 1 m error in a vertical coordinate has nearly twice the effect on the estimated balance that one in a horizontal coordinate has and more than ten times the effect that one in ice thickness has. Compared with measurements at a stake, the estimated balances are about 1 m too negative. 相似文献
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Flow velocities of active rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
High surface flow velocities of up to 3 m a–1 were measured near the front of three active rock glaciers in the western Stubai Alps (Rei‐chenkar) and Ötztal Alps (Kaiserberg and Ölgrube) in Tyrol (Austria) using differential GPS technology. Flow velocities have increased since about 1990. The highest velocities were recorded in 2003 and 2004, but showed a slight decrease in 2005. At the Reichenkar rock glacier, flow rates are constant throughout the year, indicating that meltwater has no significant influence on the flow mechanism. At Ölgrube rock glacier, flow velocities vary seasonally with considerably higher velocities during the melt season. Meltwater is likely to influence the flow of Ölgrube rock glacier as evident by several springs near the base of the steep front. Because the high surface velocities cannot be explained by internal deformation alone on Reichenkar rock glacier, we assume that horizontal deformation must also occur along a well defined shear zone within a water‐saturated, fine‐grained layer at the base of the frozen body. The increased surface flow velocities since about 1990 are probably caused by slightly increased ice temperature and greater amounts of meltwater discharge during the summer, a product of global warming. 相似文献
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Per Möller Grigorij Fedorov Maxim Pavlov Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz & Charlotte Sparrenbom 《Polar research》2008,27(2):222-248
Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and relative sea-level changes reveal at least two glacial expansions over the Chelyuskin Peninsula, bordering the Kara Sea at about 77°N in the Russian Arctic, as indicated from tills interbedded with marine sediments, exposed in stratigraphic superposition, and from raised-beach sequences mapped to altitudes of at least up to ca. 80 m a.s.l. Chronological control is provided by accelerator mass spectrometry 14 C dating, electron-spin resonance and optically stimulated luminescence geochronology. Major glaciations, followed by deglaciation and marine inundation, occurred during marine oxygen isotope stages 6–5e (MIS 6–5e) and stages MIS 5d–5c. These glacial sediments overlie marine sediments of Pliocene age, which are draped by fluvial sediment of a pre-Saalian age, thereby forming palaeovalley/basin fills in the post-Cretaceous topography. Till fabrics and glacial tectonics record expansions of local ice caps exclusively, suggesting wet-based ice cap advance, followed by cold-based regional ice-sheet expansion. Local ice caps over highland sites along the perimeter of the shallow Kara Sea, including the Byrranga Mountains and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, appear to have repeatedly fostered initiation of a large Kara Sea ice sheet, with the exception of the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS 2), when Kara Sea ice neither impacted the Chelyuskin Peninsula nor Severnaya Zemlya, and barely touched the northern coastal areas of the Taymyr Peninsula. 相似文献