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1.
Based on the statistical analysis of emission inventory and ISCST3 model simulation, the emission and ambient concentration contributions of energy-use related sources to the major pollutants of SO2, NOx and PM10 in urban areas of Beijing were analyzed. The SO2 emission contributions of coal burning in power plants, industrial and heating sectors were 49%, 26% and 24% respectively. The vehicle exhaust contributed 74% of the NOx concentration. As to PM10, the industrial sector was the largest emission (28%) and concentration (21%) contributor despite of the fugitive sources. The source emission contributions of VOC and NH3, which greatly influence the generation of secondary pollutants, were discussed as well. This paper also analyzed the control strategies of energy consumption and vehicle sources, based on which the control scenario in 2008 was established and the change of emission and concentration contribution were estimated. The results show that the cleaner energy use, industrial structure improvement, transportation mode modification and single vehicle emission control will greatly improve air quality. The industrial sector will change to the largest contributor of SO2 and as to NOx, vehicle emission control is still important.  相似文献   

2.
珠江流域氮、磷营养盐入河量估算及预测   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
徐鹏  林永红  杨顺顺  栾胜基 《湖泊科学》2017,29(6):1359-1371
针对日益严重的流域营养盐污染问题,以珠江流域为例,采用系统动力学模型与多主体农户和农村环境管理模型耦合构建反映农户生产决策实际污染过程的流域氮、磷营养盐排放仿真系统,模拟2000—2030年不同污染源的营养盐产生、排放和进入河流的污染过程,分析其污染特征、影响因素和演变趋势.结果表明:在基准情境下,珠江流域总氮(TN)入河量从2000年的5.79×10~5t增加到2030年9.45×10~5t,在2027年达到峰值(9.53×10~5t);总磷(TP)入河量逐年递增,年均增长率为2.0%,从2000年的7.9×10~4t增加到2030年1.4×10~5t.在TN入河量中,种植业贡献最多,其次是城镇污水、养殖业和农村污水,2000—2030年期间年均贡献率相应为43.5%、32.5%、19.2%和4.9%.在TP入河量中,2000—2030年种植业、养殖业、城镇污水和农村污水的年均贡献比例分别为35.6%、28.8%、21.5%和14.1%;2000—2010年,养殖业为第一污染源,其次是种植业、城镇污水和农村污水;2011年种植业的贡献比例(31.6%)开始超过养殖业(30.8%)成为首要污染.研究显示,流域营养盐排放仿真系统可为营养盐控制提供技术支持和理论依据.  相似文献   

3.
Multiple cities in a diveloped economic area may consist of a city cluster,and the difusion and mixing of its pollutants result in the effect of pollutants plume between cities and the large-scale regional pollution diffusion phenomenon.The distant transfer and diffusion of pollutants occurs when massive aerosols are affected by the dynamic porcess of large-scale circulations.Research suggesten that the life span of aerosol particles whose diameters are about 1 um is the longest.The longevity …  相似文献   

4.
The spatial structure and multi-scale feature of the atmospheric pollution influence domain of Beijing and its peripheral areas (a rapidly developed city agglomeration) is dissected and analyzed in this paper on the basis of the atmospheric pollution dynamic-chemical process observation data of the urban building ensemble boundary layer of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter (February) and summer (August) 2003, and relevant meteorological elements and satellite retrieval aerosol optical depth (AOD), etc. comprehensive data with the dynamic-statistical integrated analysis of "point-surface" spatial structure. Results show that there existed significant difference in the contribution of winter/summer different pollution emission sources to the component character of atmospheric pollution, and the principal component analysis (PCA) results of statistical model also indicate that SO2 and NOX dominated in the component structure of winter aerosol particle; instead, CO and NOX dominated in summer. Surface layer atmospheric dynamic and thermal structures and various pollutant species at the upper boundary of building ensembles at urban different observational sites of Beijing in winter and summer showed an "in-phase" variation and its spatial scale feature of "influence domain". The power spectrum analysis (PSA) shows that the period spectrum of winter/summer particle concentration accorded with those of atmospheric wind field: the longer period was dominative in winter, but the shorter period in summer, revealing the impact of the seasonal scale feature of winter/summer atmospheric general circulation on the period of atmospheric pollution variations. It is found that from analyzing urban area thermal heterogeneity that the multiscale effect of Beijing region urban heat island (UHI) was associated with the heterogeneous expansion of tall buildings area. In urban atmospheric dynamical and thermal characteristic spatial structures, the turbulent scale feature of the urban boundary layer (UBL) of architectural complexes had important impact on the multi-scale feature of urban atmospheric pollution. The comprehensive analyses of the variational analysis field of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD-surface PM10 under the condition of clear sky and the correlation resultant wind vector field for pollution source-tracing suggest that the emission sources for winter Beijing atmospheric pollution aerosols particle might be remotely traced to the south peripheral greater-scale spatial range of Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, etc., and the spatial distribution of the high value area of AOD was associated with that of the high value area of resident family number (heating surface source). The backward trajectory feature of winter/ summer air particles exhibits analogous multi-scale feature, and depicts the difference in the scale feature of the pollution sources spatial distribution in different seasons. The peripheral source trajectory paths of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) mainly come from the fixed industrial surface source or heating surface source in the outskirt of Beijing, and the diffusion and transport distance of peripheral sources in winter is larger than one in summer. The above conclusions depict the multi-scale spatial influence domain and seasonal features caused by UAP source influence and atmospheric dynamical structure. The high value area of the winter Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) AOD lay in the Beijing region and its south peripheral area, an S-N zonal pattern, which reflects the dynamical effect of peripheral topographic pattern on the diffusion of regional scale atmospheric pollution sources. Study suggests that the extent of winter atmospheric pollution within the "valley" megarelief in Beijing and periphery was close related with the pollution emission sources of the south peripheral area; and the significant "anti-phase" variation feature of winter AOD and sunshine duration in Beijing and its peripheral areas, and regional scale correlation of low cloud cover, fog days, and aerosols reflects the local climatic effect of aerosol influence in this region. Besides, analysis of the impacts of atmospheric dry/wet deposition distributions within a valley-scale on the regional water body of Miyun reservoir also reveals the possible influence of the multi-scale spatial structure of summer water, soil and atmospheric pollution sources on the water quality of Miyun reservoir.  相似文献   

5.
太湖西南部河流流域的营养盐排放   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
以MONERIS河流系统模型为基础,建立了由农业土地营养盐平衡模型、流域营养盐排放模型及河道营养盐滞留模型3个模型组成的模型系统.该系统被用来计算太湖西南部河流流域的营养盐排放量.利用实测的河流系统的负荷数据,对模型系统进行验证.验证结果表明,N、P计算负荷与实测负荷的偏差分别在10%及30%以内.利用该系统,对1992-1996年及1997-2001年间的营养盐排放量进行计算.计算结果表明,1997-2001年间的氮的年平均排放量为5646 t/a,该排放量比前5年的年均排放量减少827 t/a.从磷的排放量来看,1997-2001年间的年排放量为554 t/a,比前5年的均值减少45 t/a.分析结果表明,与1992-1996年相比,1997-2001年间的点源排放量及农业土地营养盐剩余量的减少是流域营养盐排放量减少的主要原因.  相似文献   

6.
The importance of glacigenic dust in the Earth's system during glacial periods is widely acknowledged. Under contemporary conditions, the world's largest dust sources are in low‐lying, hot, arid regions and this is where most aeolian research is focused. However the processes of dust production and emissions are still operating in cold climate regions, particularly in proglacial areas. This paper assesses current understanding of the relationship between glacierised landscapes and dust emissions and inputs to the global dust cycle. It focuses on how elements in the glacial and aeolian geomorphic sub‐systems interact to determine the magnitude, frequency and timing of aeolian dust emissions, and on feedback mechanisms between the systems. Where they have been measured, dust emission intensity and deposition rates in glacierised catchments are very high, in some cases far exceeding those in lower latitudes, however, few studies span long time scales. The impact of future glacier retreat on the balance between sediment supply, availability and aeolian transport capacity and implications for glacigenic dust emissions is also considered. This balance depends on relative spatial and temporal changes in meltwater suspended sediment concentration and wind strengths, which promote dust emissions, and patterns and rates of soil development and vegetation succession on recently‐deglaciated terrain which protect sediments from deflation. Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet could mean that in future glacigenic contributions to the dust cycle exceed those of non‐glacigenic sources in the southern hemisphere. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
The Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System(NAQPMS)was used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5over tropospheric central eastern China in January 2013.The impact of regional transport and its implications on pollution prevention and control were also examined.Comparison between simulated and observed PM2.5showed NAQPMS was able to reproduce the evolution of PM2.5during heavy haze episodes.The results indicated that regional transport of PM2.5played an important role in regional haze episodes in the city cluster including Hebei,Beijing and Tianjin(HBT).The cross-city clusters transport outside HBT and transport among cities inside HBT contributed 20%–35%and 26%–35%of PM2.5as compared with local emission,in HBT respectively.To meet the Air Quality Standards for Grade II,90%,90%and65%of emissions would have to be cut down in Hebei,Tianjin and Beijing,if non-control strategy was taken in the surrounding city clusters of HBT.This implicated that control of emissions in one city cluster is not sufficient to reduce regional haze events,and joint efforts among city clusters are essential.Besides regional transports,two-way feedback between boundary-layer evolution and PM2.5also significantly contributed to the formation of heavy hazes,which contributed 30%of monthly average PM2.5concentration in HBT.  相似文献   

8.
A study of the contribution to global climate change from China’s CO2 emission is conducted using the FIO-ESM v1.0 climate model. A series of sensitivity experiments are performed to identify two kinds of contributions to global climate change of China’s CO2 emission due to fossil fuel combustion: one is the pure contribution which is the historical climate response from the sensitivity experiment forced only by China’s CO2 emission, the other is the accumulative contribution which is proposed in this research and defined as the difference of historical climate responses between the experiments forced by all countries’ CO2 emission and other countries’ CO2 emission excluding China. The pure contribution approach considers the total CO2 discharged by China, while the accumulative contribution approach considers not only the discharge amount of China but also the discharge order of China and other countries. The latter is a more realistic approach to quantify the contribution of CO2 emission to the historical change of atmospheric CO2 concentration, surface air temperature (SAT), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice coverage in the Arctic. Model results show that from the accumulative perspective, the ratio of the contribution of CO2 emission from China for the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration, SAT and SST, and the decrease of the sea ice coverage in the Arctic to that from all other countries excluding China varies from 8% to 92%, 5% to 95%, 9% to 91% and 18% to 82%, respectively. Here we take the contribution of China’s CO2 emission as an example, the contribution of CO2 emission from any other country or area can be evaluated by the same approach.  相似文献   

9.
Assessments of the impacts of land use and land cover changes(LUCC) on the terrestrial carbon budget, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and CO2-related climatic change are important to understand the environmental effects of LUCC and provide information about the effects of historical carbon emissions. Using regional land cover reconstructions from historical records, with a bookkeeping model, we estimated the carbon sink changes caused by historical cropland expansion in Northeast China during the past 300 years. The conclusions are as follows:(1) There was a dramatic land reclamation of cropland during the past 300 years in Northeast China. Approximately 26% of the natural land was cultivated, and 38% of the grassland and 20% of the forest and shrubland were converted to cropland.(2) The carbon emission induced by cropland expansion between 1683 and 1980 was 1.06–2.55 Pg C, and the estimation from the moderate scenario was 1.45 Pg C. The carbon emissions of the soil carbon pool was larger than that from the vegetation carbon pool and comprised more than 2/3 of the total carbon emissions.(3) The carbon emissions of the three provinces in Northeast China were different. Heilongjiang Province had the largest carbon emissions, and Jilin Province had the second largest emissions.(4) The primary source of carbon emissions was forest reclamation(taking 60% of the total emissions in the moderate scenario), the secondary source was grassland cultivation(taking 27%), and the tertiary sources were shrubland and wetland reclamation(taking 13%). Examination on the data accuracy revealed that the high-resolution regional land cover data allowed the carbon budget to be evaluated at the county level and improved the precision of the results. The carbon emission estimation in this study was lower than those in previous studies because of the improved land use data quality and various types of land use change considered.  相似文献   

10.
起沙机制是沙尘暴天气研究中一个重要问题.本文基于中蒙中区一次沙尘暴天气过程,通过提取沙尘源地涡动相关数据中的湍流相干结构（Coherent structure,简称为CS）,研究了CS在起沙中的作用.结果发现：（1）起沙期间存在CS,其典型特征表现为上扬—下扫循环,即暖空气的辐合上升与冷空气的辐散下沉相伴;（2）起沙期间,CS具有频次高、持续时间短、间歇性适中、连发频繁、速度切变大、水平尺度远大于垂直尺度和尺度变化比较大的特点;（3）CS是重要的起沙机制,它可起动粒径在0.1~156 μm之间的各种沙粒,起动最多的是粒径低于8 μm的粉粒与粘粒,但CS不是唯一的起沙机制;（4）CS的上扬与下扫两过程均可引起起沙,区别在于前者通过暖空气的上升将沙粒向上空输送,后者则是将上空高速冷空气拖带下来引起地表沙粒的起动;（5）CS起沙分为单起式和连发配合式两种形式.单起式是单发CS产生的起沙形式,连发配合式是连发的CS产生的跃移—上扬的配合起沙形式.其中,连发配合式为主要形式;（6）下扫过程对起沙的贡献是上扬过程的1.8~15倍,上扬过程可将下扫过程中起动沙粒的1/3左右向上输送到空中;（7）一般情况下,CS对起沙具有稳定的贡献,其贡献率为51%,当临界起沙风速大于13 m·s-1时,其贡献急剧降低.  相似文献   

11.
Based on the land surface temperature (LST), the land cover classification map,vegetation coverage, and surface evapotranspiration derived from EOS-MODIS satellite data, and by the use of GIS spatial analytic technique and multivariate statistical analysis method, the urban heat island (UHI) spatial distribution of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities and its driving forces are studied in Beijing city and surrounding areas in 2001. The relationships among UHI distribution and landcover categories, topographic factor, vegetation greenness, and surface evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results indicate that: (i) The significant UHI occur in Beijing city areas in the four seasons due to high heat capacity and multi-reflection of compression building, as well as with special topographic features of its three sides surrounded by mountains,especially in the summer. The UHI spatial distribution is corresponding with the urban geometry structure profile. The LST difference is approximately 4-6℃ between Beijing city and suburb areas, comparatively is 8- 10℃ between Beijing city area and outer suburb area in northwestern regions. (ii) The UHI distribution and intensity in daytime are different from nighttime in Beijing city area, the nighttime UHI is obvious. However, in the daytime, the significant UHI mainly appears in the summer, the autumn takes second place, and the UHI in the winter and the spring seem not obvious. The surface evapotranspiration in suburb areas is larger than that in urban areas in the summer, and high latent heat exchange is evident, which leads to LST difference between city area and suburb area. (iii) The reflection of surface landcover categories is sensitive to the UHI, the correlation between vegetation greenness and UHI shows obviously negative.The scatterplot shows that there is the negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R2 = 0.6481).The results demonstrate that the vegetation greenness is an important factor for reducing the UHI,and large-scale construction of greenbelts can considerably reduce the UHI effect.  相似文献   

12.
The dynamics of the magnetospheric magnetic field during the magnetic storms of different intensity has been studied. The magnetic field variations on the Earth’s surface were calculated using the paraboloid model of the magnetosphere, taking into account the induction currents flowing in the diamagnetically conductive Earth. Dst and its components have been calculated for ten magnetic storms. It has been indicated that relative contributions of magnetospheric sources to Dst change depending on the storm power. For weak and moderate storms, the contribution of the magnetotail current sheet can reach values comparable with the ring current contribution and, sometimes, can even exceed this contribution. For strong storms, the ring current field dominates over the tail current field, the absolute value of which does not exceed 150 nT (also achieved during less intense storms). For storms with minimum Dst exceeding-200 nT, the tail current field is saturated, whereas the ring current can continue developing.  相似文献   

13.
城市布局规模与大气环境影响的数值研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文
为探索城市建设对局地及周边大气环境的影响,本文采用典型代表性天气条件,以北京主城区及其东部发展带小城镇群的发展变化为例,设计算例进行数值模拟.分析结果表明：城镇群建设发展通过地气的相互作用对局地环境产生显著影响,在本文选择的夏日晴好天气条件下,就1980～2004年城市区域布局状况,模拟域内北京城市用地增加19%,城市区域平均气温增加1.91℃,植被覆盖率减少20%,城市区域平均比湿减少3.3 g·kg-1,并且城市发展的格局规模不同,对城市气象环境的影响程度也不同. 此外,由于地气多因子的相互影响和反馈作用,城建规模的变化对周边的环境也存在显著的影响,城建规模越大,对周边的影响越大．例如, (1) 北京主城区的存在对周边小城镇午间14:00近地面温度影响最大可达到1.2℃,混合层高度可增高150 m左右; (2) 城市建设在影响周边气象环境的同时,也改变了城市污染物的输送扩散能力,北京主城区的存在使周边小城镇PM10的允许排放总量减小18.02 t·d-1,同时,随着周边小城镇城市规模的扩大,影响主城区PM10逐渐由净的输出转变为净的收入,小城镇群的存在对主城区PM10净收支的贡献率达到0.192 t·d-1.  相似文献   

14.
施晓晖  徐祥德 《地球物理学报》2012,55(10):3230-3239
针对2011年12月初北京及华北持续近一周的严重大雾天气这一热点事件,从城市群大雾过程气溶胶区域影响的视角,基于"973"项目"北京及周边地区大气-水-土环境污染机理与调控原理"的研究工作,就北京及周边地区大雾天气与大气气溶胶区域影响的关系等方面进行了讨论.研究表明,北京城市大雾前低空SO2和NO2浓度存在"积聚"与"突增"现象.北京及周边地区冬季雾日数和气溶胶光学厚度则呈正相关,并具有"同位相"的年际变化趋势.研究同时发现北京及其南部周边的冬季气溶胶高值区呈南北向带状分布,其与北京周边居民户数高值区有所吻合,反映了冬季北京城市气溶胶颗粒物的远距离影响源区及大尺度输送效应.统计分析指出,冬季北京气溶胶颗粒物PM10、PM2.5主要影响成分是SO2和NOX,且有关研究也表明,电厂、采暖和工业面源是SO2的三大本地排放源,而机动车、电厂、工业为NOX的三大本地排放源,上述大气PM10、PM2.5主成分污染源亦与雾水样本化学分析结果相吻合,即冬季由于燃煤在生活能源中的比例较大,北京雾水中硫元素和碳元素的含量都较高.因此,北京冬季大雾不仅与北京城区气溶胶及其污染排放影响存在相关关系,而且与北京周边天津、河北、山东等地气溶胶及大气污染物的远距离输送和气溶胶区域影响效应有着重要的联系.因此,北京雾霾天气及相关大气污染的治理工作首先要着眼于局地污染物的减排,但同时如何做好区域大气污染的协同治理也是不容忽视的问题.  相似文献   

15.
In 2001 the Olympic Games were awarded to the city of Beijing, China's second‐largest industrial center after Shanghai. Although the extreme air pollution in Greater Beijing has already been examined for some time in the scientific literature, it only gained public interest recently. The article summarizes the scientific facts.  相似文献   

16.
Wheat straw burning and its associated impacts on Beijing air quality   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
Based on MODIS images, large-scale flow field charts and environmental monitoring data, we thor- oughly analyzed the spatial distribution of wheat straw burning in North China, with focus on its envi- ronmental impacts on the air quality of Beijing and pollution transport paths. And we anatomized changes of air quality in Beijing under the impacts of pollution generated by wheat straw burning around. The results indicate that: (1) The North China Plain, a winter-wheat growing area, is the main source of pollutants induced by wheat straw burning in Beijing. The direction of south-west is the dominant heavy pollution transport path. (2) Impacts of wheat straw burning on air quality are mainly manifested by significantly increasing CO concentration. (3) Precursors of O3 generated by wheat straw burning, combining with favorable meteorological conditions, can induce increasing O3 concentration greatly. NO concentration will be greatly increased due to decreasing O3 concentration at night. (4) Atmospheric particles, especially the fine ones, from wheat straw burning exert considerable influ- ence on Beijing air quality. (5) Different contributions of wheat straw burning to pollutants are identified. Ratios of PM10/SO2, CO/SO2, etc., can be applied to indicate pollution extent of wheat straw burning. High ratios of PM10/SO2 and CO/SO2 show that the air quality was heavily impacted by wheat straw burning and these ratios can be employed as indicators of contribution of wheat straw burning to the degradation of Beijing air quality. (6) Randomness of wheat straw burning activities renders random outbreak of air pollution of this type. Regional and extensive wheat straw burning activities can cause serious air pollution event.  相似文献   

17.
为探究城市湖泊富营养化的污染负荷来源及其贡献率,选择长江流域中下游典型富营养化湖泊(武汉后官湖)为研究对象,结合实测法、平均浓度法与排污系数法,解析了后官湖的外部污染来源(包括点源和面源,面源又进一步划分为农村生活、农业种植、水产养殖、畜禽养殖和城市径流).结果表明:化学需氧量(COD)主要来源于点源,入湖贡献为54%;总磷主要来源于面源,入湖贡献为71%.进一步筛选面源中污染物的主要来源发现,总磷主要来自农业种植和水产养殖,入湖贡献分别为41%和30%;面源中COD、氨氮和总氮贡献最大的是城市径流,入湖贡献率分别为61%、53%和37%.行政区污染排放贡献率中,COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷排放贡献率最大的分别为沌口街办(25. 24%)、蔡甸街办(23.28%)、永丰街办(24.04%)和大集街办(26.15%).开展沌口街办和永丰街办的点源治理可有效消减入湖COD与氨氮负荷,而大集街办的农业面源污染防治则是后官湖流域总磷治理的重点.  相似文献   

18.
Volcanoes provide important contributions to atmospheric budgets of SO2 and reactive halogens, which play significant roles in atmospheric oxidative capacity and radiation. However, the global source strengths of volcanic emissions remain poorly constrained. These uncertainties are highlighted here by the first measurements of gas emission rates from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu. Our initial airborne ultraviolet spectroscopic measurements made in January 2005 indicate fluxes of 18–270 kg s-1 of SO2, and 62–110 g s-1 of BrO, into the atmosphere, placing Ambrym amongst the largest known contemporary point sources of both these species on Earth. We also estimate high Cl and F fluxes of ~8–14 and ~27–50 kg s-1, respectively, for this period. Further observations using both airborne and spaceborne remote sensing reveal a fluctuating SO2 output between 2004 and 2008, with a surge in the first half of 2005, and underline the substantial contribution that a single passively degassing volcano can make to the atmospheric budget of sulfur and halogens.  相似文献   

19.
An eddy covariance (EC) station was deployed at Solfatara crater, Italy, June 8–25, 2001 to assess if EC could reliably monitor CO2 fluxes continuously at this site. Deployment at six different locations within the crater allowed areas of focused gas venting to be variably included in the measured flux. Turbulent (EC) fluxes calculated in 30-min averages varied between 950 and 4460 g CO2 m−2 d−1; the highest measurements were made downwind of degassing pools. Comparing turbulent fluxes with chamber measurements of surface fluxes using footprint models in diffuse degassing regions yielded an average difference of 0% (±4%), indicating that EC measurements are representative of surface fluxes at this volcanic site. Similar comparisons made downwind of degassing pools yielded emission rates from 12 to 27 t CO2 d−1 for these features. Reliable EC measurements (i.e. measurements with sufficient and stationary turbulence) were obtained primarily during daytime hours (08:00 and 20:00 local time) when the wind speed exceeded 2 m s−1. Daily average EC fluxes varied by ±50% and variations were likely correlated to changes in atmospheric pressure. Variations in CO2 emissions due to volcanic processes at depth would have to be on the same order of magnitude as the measured diurnal variability in order to be useful in predicting volcanic hazard. First-order models of magma emplacement suggest that emissions could exceed this rate for reasonable assumptions of magma movement. EC therefore provides a useful method of monitoring volcanic hazard at Solfatara. Further, EC can monitor significantly larger areas than can be monitored by previous methods.  相似文献   

20.
Gravel bars (GBs) contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from stream corridors, with CO2 concentrations and emissions dependent on prevailing hydraulic, biochemical, and physicochemical conditions. We investigated CO2 concentrations and fluxes across a GB in a prealpine stream over three different discharge‐temperature conditions. By combining field data with a reactive transport groundwater model, we were able to differentiate the most relevant hydrological and biogeochemical processes contributing to CO2 dynamics. GB CO2 concentrations showed significant spatial and temporal variability and were highest under the lowest flow and highest temperature conditions. Further, observed GB surface CO2 evasion fluxes, measured CO2 concentrations, and modelled aerobic respiration were highest at the tail of the GB over all conditions. Modelled CO2 transport via streamwater downwelling contributed the largest fraction of the measured GB CO2 concentrations (31% to 48%). This contribution increased its relative share at higher discharges as a result of a decrease in other sources. Also, it decreased from the GB head to tail across all discharge‐temperature conditions. Aerobic respiration accounted for 17% to 36% of measured surface CO2 concentrations. Zoobenthic respiration was estimated to contribute between 4% and 8%, and direct groundwater CO2 inputs 1% to 23%. Unexplained residuals accounted for 6% to 37% of the observed CO2 concentrations at the GB surface. Overall, we highlight the dynamic role of subsurface aerobic respiration as a driver of spatial and temporal variability of CO2 concentrations and evasion fluxes from a GB. As hydrological regimes in prealpine streams are predicted to change following climatic change, we propose that warming temperatures combined with extended periods of low flow will lead to increased CO2 release via enhanced aerobic respiration in newly exposed GBs in prealpine stream corridors.  相似文献   

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