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1.
长江中游网湖百年花粉序列及其沉积动力和环境特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究长江中游网湖钻孔百年来的花粉沉积序列,分析花粉沉积近、现代过程以及其与沉积粒度、过去百年湖泊由开放水系到封闭湖泊的气候、水文动力变化的关系.研究表明,花粉浓度、类型与沉积粒度的变化特征以及聚类分析反映出网湖经历了湖泊水系通江与封闭两个重大阶段变化,其花粉序列变化与沉积粒度、区域降水以及长江流量在时间序列上也具有显著的相关性.主要孢粉类型,包括陆生松属、常绿栎/落叶栎、乔灌木花粉、湿生莎草科、水生和陆生草本花粉、以及蕨类孢子,与沉积物粒度和降水具有同步相关的年份占过去130年的27%-40%,与1960年湖泊封闭以前长江流量的同步相关达到47%-57%,反映出花粉沉积量的变化受到了沉积粒径和流域降水量的影响.花粉类型对沉积和气候具有不同的响应关系,表现出具有大于降水70百分点年份以粘土沉积为主、乔灌木花粉占优的多水年模式,和小于降水30百分点的年份以粉砂沉积为主、水生、湿生、陆生草类花粉增加的少水年模式.花粉沉积与水动力这个关系为认识湖泊碎屑和利用花粉沉积记录反演过去环境变迁、生物湖泊沉积机制提供科学依据. 相似文献
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新近纪黄土高原红黏土粒度和沉积速率的空间变化及其揭示的古大气粉尘传输动力 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
对黄土高原11个地点的新近纪红黏土沉积进行了粒度测量和统计分析, 发现晚中新世-上新世期间红黏土的粒度组成在空间上具有显著的南北向分异, 北部佳县红黏土堆积的平均粒径可达20 μm左右, 而南部蓝田则为9 μm左右; 佳县红黏土中>30 μm的粗颗粒含量达24.4%, 而蓝田红黏土中>30 μm的粗颗粒含量是5.6%. 红黏土的粒度分布特征指示了古粉尘主要是偏北风搬运来的, 进一步的分析以及与末次冰期旋回黄土高原12个黄土剖面的黄土-古土壤粒度的空间分布特征对比, 表明其传输动力可能为近地面的低空风系. 根据红黏土沉积序列粒度的变化特征, 将6.2~2.6 Ma BP期间古粉尘传输动力的强度变化分为3个阶段: 6.2~5.4 Ma BP颗粒较粗, 传输动力强度较大; 5.4~3.5 Ma BP颗粒最细, 传输动力强度小; 3.5~2.6 Ma BP颗粒最粗, 传输动力强度最大. 相应地, 将沉积速率的变化过程分为: 6.2~5.4 Ma BP 沉积速率较大, 5.4~3.5 Ma BP沉积速率最小, 3.5~2.6 Ma BP 沉积速率最大. 研究表明新近纪古大气粉尘传输动力及源区干燥度都在发生阶段性的变化, 可能与全球冰量的发展和变化有一定的联系. 相似文献
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对太湖西北部主要入湖河流、河口及近岸湖区64个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,结合粒度参数计算和聚类分析,探讨了表层沉积物的粒度分布特征及其沉积类型.研究结果表明:研究区沉积物平均粒径介于4.0~58.7μm之间,粒级组分为黏土、粉砂和砂,其含量的均值分别为7.19%、81.81%和11.00%.太湖西北部表层沉积物以粉砂和砂质粉砂为主;研究区粒度总体呈南粗北细的分布特征,太湖西部沿岸区距离物源区较近且水动力条件复杂,沉积物粒度较粗.太湖北部入湖河流沉积物的频率曲线峰形较宽,峰值位于细粒级;西岸入湖河道多呈单峰态,粒径偏粗;河口区沉积物粒径较河道偏粗,粗颗粒含量高.Q型聚类分析结果表明,研究区可分为4类沉积区,其中3类沉积区有典型特征:第1类沉积区主要分布在太湖西部沿岸,其沉积物粒度相对较粗;第2类沉积区主要位于入湖河流河口,沉积物粒度最粗;第3类沉积区位于蓝藻频发的梁溪河,其沉积物黏土含量极高,表明沉积物粒度特征可能与污染状况有一定的联系. 相似文献
4.
筑坝拦截对黑河河道沉积物粒度空间分布的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
河流沉积物对流域环境变化具有敏感响应,其粒度参数能反映沉积环境中物质来源和水动力环境.本文以黑河流域上中游为研究区域,探究河流沉积物粒度对流域环境变化的响应.从黑河上中游干流22个主要控制断面采集河床沉积物样品,采用筛分法和吸管法对沉积物样品粒度参数进行测定,并分析其空间分布规律对筑坝拦截为主的环境改变响应.研究结果表明：受梯级水库建设影响,黑河上中游泥沙粒径大小差异显著.干流库区泥沙粒径较自然河段明显减小,分选很好,呈正偏或极正偏尖锐分布,而且在库区不同沉积高度上表现出分层沉积特征;坝下游河段因遭受强烈冲刷,较自然河段泥沙粒径粗化显著,分选变差,偏态趋向极正偏,峰态尖锐化;水库回水区受水库壅水及下泄清水的双重制约,泥沙粒度参数介于自然河段和坝下游河段之间,整体分选中等,呈极正偏尖锐分布;沉积环境分析表明,上游支流河段沉积物粒度特征受泥沙供给和物源特征的影响较水动力条件显著,干流河段沉积物粒度特征主要受水动力条件控制.研究结果既符合河流上中游沉积物粒度分布规律,也反映了河流环境变化对沉积物粒度组成的影响. 相似文献
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黄河流域关中盆地史前大洪水研究——以周原漆水河谷地为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
史前大洪水是中国古代史研究不能回避的重大问题.通过野外考察研究,在关中盆地西部漆水河中游沿河谷阶地上,发现典型的全新世大洪水滞流沉积层,它们覆盖着龙山文化聚落—浒西庄遗址文化层.利用地层分析、磁化率和粒度成分测定、文化遗物鉴定、OSL和14C技术断代,证明在距今4300～4000年前,关中盆地经历了一个洪水期,发生了多次大洪水事件.在大洪水发生期间,漆水河谷沿河第二级阶地面以浒西庄遗址为代表的龙山文化早期（庙底沟二期）聚落和田地被淹没,同时,在更高阶地和黄土台原边沿地带,以赵家崖遗址为代表的龙山文化晚期（客省庄二期）聚落得到迅速发展.结合在泾河和北洛河河谷发现的史前大洪水的沉积学证据,揭示出了龙山文化晚期关中盆地普遍发生大洪水的客观事实.同时,也发现在距今3100～3000年前,即先周在周原＂岐邑＂时期,关中盆地漆水河谷和渭河河谷也曾经发生多次大洪水.这些研究成果,对于揭示区域气候水文变化对于全球变化的响应规律,阐明大洪水事件对于我国远古文化突变和社会转折的影响,具有十分重要的科学意义. 相似文献
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南黄海表层沉积物粒度端元反演及其对沉积动力环境的指示意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(10)
应用端元分析模型对南黄海表层沉积物粒度数据进行了反演,分离出四个端元.根据各端元频率分布曲线及平面分布特征,结合南黄海沉积动力格局,分析了各端元与研究区物源和水动力环境的对应关系.端元1和端元2反映了海洋动力过程对陆源沉积物的输运和分选,端元3和端元4反映了海洋动力对残留砂的改造.南黄海海洋锋面主要对陆源较粗颗粒沉积物的输运有影响,陆源较粗颗粒沉积物基本不能跨越山东外海海洋锋面.陆源细颗粒沉积物受海洋锋面影响较小,并在潮汐动力条件较弱的南黄海中部大量沉降,构成南黄海中部泥质区主体.南黄海中部细颗粒沉积物可能有西北和西南两个不同物源方向,其北部沉积物主要来自沿岸流输运跨越锋面后的黄河沉积物的细颗粒部分,西南部沉积物主要来自跨越苏北海洋锋面具有长江和黄河混合物源的苏北沿岸沉积物的细颗粒部分.和直接利用沉积物粒度数据研究沉积动力环境的传统方法相比,利用沉积物粒度端元分析方法分离出的沉积物不同端元分析区域沉积动力环境效果更好. 相似文献
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简要介绍了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的研究历史.在此基础上,选择两个分别来自长江下游和黄河口的钻孔沉积记录,探索百年以来沉积物粒径变化对PDO波动的响应.研究结果表明,来自河口附近的两个钻孔沉积物粒径变化与PDO波动有显著的相关性.主要原因是PDO在年代际尺度上影响了东亚季风区的降水,进而改变了长江和黄河流域的水动力条件,并最终体现在沉积物粒度的变化上.进一步分析显示,PDO处于不同位相时期,受降雨中心移动的影响,长江和黄河沉积物粒度呈现出不同的变化规律.同时,本文还选择中国东部其他代表性高分辨率地质环境替代指标,如石笋和树轮,对比研究多种环境指标对PDO波动响应的差异.结合重建的PDO数据,本文发现近二百年以来钻孔沉积物粒度对PDO波动同样有一定的响应,未来可以作为研究PDO对中国东部地区降水影响的新证据.本文从地质学角度比较了PDO与中国东部降水之间的关系,再次印证了前人关于PDO影响中国东部气候环境的研究成果,为PDO的研究提供了一种新的指标,对年代际尺度上中国东部地区气候环境演化历史的重建和未来气候预测都具有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
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汉源大树剖面厚11.2m,光释光测年结果显示其地质时代为中更新世晚期-晚更新世中期.频率曲线有两峰a型、三峰b型和带粗尾巴的三峰c型三种类型,具有1-2Φ、3-4Φ、4-5Φ、5-6.5Φ、6.5-8Φ、10-11Φ等6个众数,各众数在地层纵向各层段上变化趋势明显;具有a型频率曲线特征的沉积物反映湖水较深,而其余的则可能指示了水体较浅的滨浅湖相.粒度组成以粉砂为主,分选性较好,中值粒径平均为18.12μm.粘土与细粉砂、粉砂含量曲线呈正相关关系;中值粒径与砂、粗粉砂含量曲线也呈正相关关系,并与粘土含量曲线呈负相关关系.大树剖面粒度组成可分为八个沉积阶段,构成从细到粗的三个沉积旋回,各沉积阶段分别指示了不同的水动力条件. 相似文献
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《地球物理学报》2021,(汛)
现代洪水沉积物的沉积学特征研究是开展古洪水重建的一项基础工作.2018年黄河汛期洪水沉积物在兰州体育公园形成了一道天然堤.对该天然堤剖面的岩石磁学研究显示:沉积物中的磁性矿物既有磁铁矿,又有赤铁矿/针铁矿.磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、非磁滞剩磁、S-ratio和L-ratio等参数在剖面上没有明显变化,指示2018年洪水沉积物源区、磁性矿物的种类和含量变化不显著.剖面下部(66～110 cm)沉积物的磁化率各向异性(AMS)椭球最大轴偏角集中分布(K_1-Dec=22.8°±10.3°),上部(0～64 cm)沉积物的磁化率最大轴偏角在上半平面内随机分布;下部沉积物的磁性矿物粒度指标(X_(ARM)/X和X_(ARM)/SIRM)和天然剩磁(NRM)强度低于上部;指示洪水沉积物的下部和上部分别形成于2018年黄河二号和三号洪水期间.由于二号洪水流量及水位陡升陡降、持续时间短,三号洪水水位升降相对缓慢、持续时间长;造成了两次洪水沉积物的AMS特征、X_(ARM)/X、X_(ARM)/SIRM以及NRM强度差异.本研究揭示洪水沉积物的磁学参数能够灵敏地响应不同水动力条件和持续时间的洪水期次,从而具有高分辨率区分洪水事件的潜力. 相似文献
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Judith K. Haschenburger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(8):1044-1058
Vertical sediment exchange is a fundamental component of bedload transport in gravel‐bed channels. This paper describes the characteristic depth of exchange achieved over a long flood series. Analysis is based on 11 recoveries of magnetically tagged gravels deployed in Carnation Creek, Canada, completed between 1990 and 2008. Vertical grain exchange mixes gravels throughout the streambed relatively rapidly. Within one to eight floods the mean burial depth approaches two times the surface layer thickness, quantified by the 90th percentile of the size distribution. Finer gravels are mixed more rapidly into the bed than coarser gravels. Both active and passive grain exchanges throughout most of the bed produce the overall vertical distribution of marked grains. Gravel exchanges exhibit fairly consistent patterns once tracers are well mixed by large floods. Results highlight the role of flood sequence in determining exchange depths, support the notion of an upper limit to exchange, and underscore the importance of passive grain exchange. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The Nahal Yatir Bedload Transport Database arises from the Northern Negev River Sediment Monitoring Programme and represents the first body of bedload information to be collected during flash floods in desert gravel-bed streams. Bedload flux was established automatically with three slot-samplers of the Birkbeck type. This was complemented by hydraulic measurements that allow sediment transport to be rated against channel average shear stress and specific stream power. Bed material and bedload grain-size distributions are also provided. The database is given in both printed and electronic tabular format. 相似文献
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1840年以来长江大洪水演变与气候变化关系初探 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：22
长江洪水灾害是我国频率高、为患严重的自然灾害之一.本文依据可靠资料,选择1840年至2000年间32次大洪水记录,探讨其演变与气候变化的关系.认知1910s前的19世纪冷期出现大洪水13次(包括1870年的极值大洪水事件)频率为1.9次／10a.1921-2000年间出现了大洪水19次,频率为2.4次／10a.20世纪暖期又分出两个变暖时段,前一变暖时段的峰值期1920s-1940s出现大洪水9次,包含1931年全流域大洪水.后一变暖时段,即1980s与1990s出现大洪水8次.实测记录到的最大洪水1954年位于前一变暖时段结束阶段.1990s是全球,也是我国近百年中最暖年代,受东南季风影响大的中下游地区夏季降水量是近百年最多的,大暴雨频率也是有较多记录的40年来最高的.以此出现了10年5次大洪水高频率现象,包含1998年全流域型大洪水,表明了全球变暖的显著影响.也指示30-40年问周期性振荡中多雨年代.如此可预期21世纪初期降水会有小幅度下降与大洪水频率在短期内降低的可能性.长江上游受西南季风影响较大,19世纪下半期与20世纪上半期为多降水期,大洪水频率较高.20世纪下半期为少降水期,大洪水频率较低.关于气候变化研究有待深入,前景不易预估. 相似文献
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The effect of lithology on valley width,terrace distribution,and bedload provenance in a tectonically stable catchment with flat‐lying stratigraphy 
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下载免费PDF全文 Amanda Keen‐Zebert Mark R. Hudson Stephanie L. Shepherd Evan A. Thaler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(10):1573-1587
How rock resistance or erodibility affects fluvial landforms and processes is an outstanding question in geomorphology that has recently garnered attention owing to the recognition that the erosion rates of bedrock channels largely set the pace of landscape evolution. In this work, we evaluate valley width, terrace distribution, and bedload provenance in terms of reach scale variation in lithology in the study reach and discuss the implications for landscape evolution in a catchment with relatively flat‐lying stratigraphy and very little uplift. A reach of the Buffalo National River in Arkansas was partitioned into lithologic reaches and the mechanical and chemical resistance of the main lithologies making up the catchment was measured. Valley width and the spatial distribution of terraces were compared among the different lithologic reaches. The surface grain size and provenance of coarse (2–90 mm) sediment of both modern gravel bars and older terrace deposits that make up the former bedload were measured and defined. The results demonstrate a strong impact of lithology upon valley width, terrace distribution, and bedload provenance and therefore, upon landscape evolution processes. Channel down‐cutting through different lithologies creates variable patterns of resistance across catchments and continents. Particularly in post‐tectonic and non‐tectonic landscapes, the variation in resistance that arises from the exhumation of different rocks in channel longitudinal profiles can impact local base levels, initiating responses that can be propagated through channel networks. The rate at which that response is transmitted through channels is potentially amplified and/or mitigated by differences between the resistance of channel beds and bedload sediment loads. In the study reach, variation in lithologic resistance influences the prevalence of lateral and vertical processes, thus producing a spatial pattern of terraces that reflects rock type rather than climate, regional base level change, or hydrologic variability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Wei-feng YANG Min CHEN Xin-xing ZHANG Zhi-gang GUO Guang-xue LI Qiang MA Jun-hong YANG Yi-pu Huang 《国际泥沙研究》2013,28(4):588-595
In the past decades, the floods of the Yangtze and Yellow River introduced unexpected changes of the ecological community and sedimentary dynamics in the East China Sea （ECS）. To reconstruct the flood events in the ECS, 228Th, 230Th and 232Th have been examined in a sediment core. The specific activities of three thorium isotopes have good positive relations with fine fractions （〈63 μm）, indicating that Th activity concentrations heavily depend upon the sediment grain size. The size-normalized activities of 228Th, 23-Th and 232Th showed significant variations. Coincidences between the higher Th activities and historical floods of the Yangtze and Yellow River demonstrated that size-normalized Th recorded the two rivers＇ flood events. The activity ratios of thorium isotopes, i.e. 230Th/232Th and 228Th/232Th, also showed similar patterns to the historical river floods. In three periods （1740s, 1840-1860s and 1930-1960s）, characterized by frequent floods, the thorium activity ratios were fairly low and close to the Yangtze and Yellow River estuary sediments, coinciding with the less oceanic 228Th and 230Th contributions during the flooding periods. Accordingly, these results support the size-normalized Th activity and thorium ratios as proxies of the river floods in coastal seas. 相似文献
17.
在1987年以来全球气温明显增高的同时,中国气温也显著增高,1997年达到了峰值,2006年又出现了次峰值.为搞清异常增暖对中国旱涝等灾害的发生可能带来的影响,本文重点统计分析了中国年平均气温对全球年平均气温的响应关系,并分析研究了1951～2006年期间中国月年平均气温的年际变化特征和汛期主要多雨带类型及发生严重洪涝区域之间的对应关系.结果发现：（1）3个中国年平均气温异常偏高但8月气温不高的来年汛期主要多雨带和严重洪涝区域都发生在淮河流域（3/3）;（2）5个年平均气温偏高且8月气温也明显偏高的来年汛期长江流域发生了大洪水和严重洪涝（5/5）,特别是其中2个8月气温特高的来年（1954、1998年）汛期长江流域发生了特大洪水和严重洪涝（2/2）.对这个前兆强信号的发现和揭示,不但证明了全球和中国异常增暖对来年中国汛期水旱灾害的重大影响,也对准确预测中国汛期主要多雨带分布类型和江淮流域的大洪水和特大洪水有特别重要的应用价值. 相似文献
18.
Based on historical records and crop harvest scores extracted from historical documents, this study reconstructed the spatial–temporal distribution and severities of floods in the Yangtze-Huai River valley (YHRV) in 1823 and 1849. We also summarized the effects of the floods on society and identified government measures taken to cope with the floods in the context of the economic recession in the period of 1801–1850. The 1823 flood, which was caused by the heavy precipitation of the Meiyu period and typhoons, severely affected areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the 1849 flood, triggered by long-term, high-intensity Meiyu precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly affected areas along the Yangtze River. The 1849 disaster was more serious than the one in 1823. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the 1849 flood caused the worst agricultural failure of the period 1730–1852. To deal with the disasters, the Qing government took relief measures, such as exempting taxes in the affected areas, distributing grain stored in warehouses, and transferring grain to severely afflicted areas. These relief measures were supplemented by auxiliary measures, such as exempting commodity taxes on grain shipped to disaster areas and punishing officials who failed to provide adequate disaster relief. The flood disasters disrupted the water system of the Grand Canal and forced the Qing government to transport Cao rice by sea beginning in 1826. This laid the groundwork for the rise of coastal shipping in modern China. With the economic recession of the 19th century, Chinese society was not as resilient to floods as it was in the 18th century. Compared to droughts, floods are more difficult to deal with and pose greater threats to infrastructure and normal life and work in the cities. 相似文献
19.
《国际泥沙研究》2016,(4):324-329
Transport of contaminants in Miami River (Florida, USA) sediments with river currents is a concern due to their potential impact in areas that are away from the potential sources. Accumulation profiles of five metals (As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Pb) in the surficial sediments of the Miami River were evaluated in relation to grain size (from less than 0.075 mm to 6.3 mm) and organic content. Surficial sediment samples were collected along the river basin as well as in bay waters. Fine sediments ( o 0.106 mm) contained more than 10 times the levels of Cd and Hg and more than 6 times the levels of arsenic in comparison to the sediments that are larger than 0.850 mm. Zn and Pb levels were more than 10 times in the fine sediments ( o 0.106 mm) in comparison to those that were larger than 4.750 mm. Cd, Hg, and Zn levels had sig-nificant correlation with the total organic carbon content of the sediments. This indicates that Cd, Hg, and Zn in fine sediments have the potential to be metabolized in addition to potential to be mobilized with river currents. Analysis of the Gibbs settling velocities of particles showed that particles smaller than 0.5 mm can be transported with the river currents. The levels of heavy metal in fine sediments ( o 0.425 mm) along the river bed showed that fine particles had tendency to be mobilized and accu-mulate at locations where the rivers currents are low and carried out to the bay. 相似文献
20.
Passive acoustic monitoring of the self‐generated noise of particle impacts has been shown to be correlated to bedload flux and bedload size. However, few studies have concentrated on the role of acoustic wave propagation in a river. For the first time, the river environment is modeled as a Pekeris waveguide, where a wave number integration technique is used to predict the transformation of sounds through their propagation paths. Focusing on the distance of a hydrophone from the channel bed and cutting off the low frequencies produced by impacts between gravel particles, we demonstrate that acoustic propagation modifies the spectral content of bedload‐generated sound. Acoustic signals analyzed with the proposed model are interpreted by comparison to Helley–Smith bedload data obtained during flood conditions on the large gravel‐bedded Arc‐en‐Maurienne River, France. This study shows that careful attention to acoustic propagation effects is required when estimating bedload grain size distribution with hydrophones in rivers, especially for rivers with slopes higher than 1%. Bedload monitoring with a hydrophone is particularly appropriate for large gravel‐bed rivers – especially so during large floods, when in situ sampling is difficult or impractical and the impact of acoustic propagation is weaker relative to the self‐generated noise of bedload impacts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献