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1.
利用自行设计的土样剪切波速超声测试装置，测得了干砂试样在几种工况下的剪切波速，并由剪切波速换算出了相应的干砂最大剪切模量Gmax。推导出计算干砂最大剪切模量的经验公式。分别给出了Gmax与隙比e、平均有效主应力－↑σ0及固结比κc的关系曲线，并与Hardin试验结果进行了比较，误差小于10%。作为比较，还利用共振柱仪测试了干砂在不同孔隙比下的Gmax，结果表明，本文的研究结果与Hardin曲线及共振柱试验结果吻合良好，而且比共振柱试验结果具有更好的相关性及可靠性。由于其操作简便快捷，超声测试方法具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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为研究钻孔剪切试验在黄土中的应用效果,在西安东郊典型的Q3黄土中进行不同首级法向应力和不同法向应力增量条件下钻孔剪切试验。试验结果表明,抗剪强度随法向应力增大呈曲线形式增大,存在某一临界法向应力值,超过该值后抗剪强度与法向应力之间呈良好的线性关系,能较好地符合摩尔-库仑强度准则,所测得的抗剪强度参数相差较小;在分级加载试验中,法向应力增量越小,达到同一法向应力时的抗剪强度越大;分别加载试验与分级加载剪切试验相比,在相同法向应力下测得的抗剪强度值偏小,随法向应力增大,偏离程度增大;当法向应力较小时,剪切齿难以压入硬土中,导致所测得的黏聚力偏小、内摩擦角偏大,为此建议开发适合不同软硬土质的剪切板,并增加法向位移观测系统,用于判断法向应力施加过程的齿尖压入孔壁情况。 相似文献
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剪切波速被认为是砾性土液化判别的有效指标,为探究砾性土剪切波速的影响因素,设计四因素三水准试验,利用GDS大型三轴-剪切波速设备研究含砾量、相对密度、固结应力和应力比等因素对砾性土剪切波速的影响。试验结果表明:砾性土的剪切波速与前述因素都有较好的相关性;当含砾量、相对密度、固结应力、应力比等增大,砾性土的剪切波速也随之增大;四个因素对砾性土剪切波速的影响程度与模式存在差异,其中固结应力是最为显著的影响因素。 相似文献
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开展场地地震动反应分析是众多海洋工程活动顺利实施和长期安全运行的重要保障,其中查明海底土小应变动力特性是十分关键的。文章借助海上原位钻孔取样和室内共振柱仪对辽东湾近海海底土小应变动力特性开展试验研究,探讨前人总结提出的滨海海底土初始动剪切模量Gmax预测经验公式在辽东湾海域的适用性,对比文章试验结果与周边海域已有海底土剪切波速测试结果,分析小应变范围内海底土动剪切模量的衰减特征和阻尼比发展演变趋势,并同时进行定量化模拟预测,评价海底土动剪切模量衰减曲线的归一化特征。研究结果表明：(1)共振柱试验得到的原状海底土剪切波速与周边海域已有海底土剪切波速测试结果吻合良好;(2)相比起陆地土,海洋土在小应变范围内归一化动剪切模量G/Gmax衰减得更慢,阻尼比增长得也更慢;(3)通过引入临界剪应变,不同土类和埋深对应的海底土小应变动剪切模量衰减曲线可以进行归一化。研究成果对合理开展海洋工程场地地震动反应分析评价具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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针对一种金属橡胶支座,研究其剪切性能。进行3种压应力下的拟静力试验,分析竖向压力和水平剪切变形对支座剪切性能的影响;以试验数据为基准,建立支座剪切性能与压应力之间的相关性经验公式,提出能够近似模拟试验曲线的三线性恢复力模型。试验研究表明,随着支座剪切变形的增大,支座等效刚度及耗能增大,等效阻尼比减小,屈服力基本保持不变,滞回曲线由梭形逐渐变为反S型,当剪切应变大于25%时支座出现刚度硬化现象;随着支座压应力增大,支座的耗能、屈服力、等效刚度及等效阻尼比均增大。 相似文献
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土体剪切波速是进行土层地震反应分析的动力学参数，对场地地震动参数确定具有重要意义。基于地质地貌分析，将大同盆地划分为5类典型地质单元。对盆地1429个钻孔剪切波速资料进行分析，探讨VS30与VS20的相关性，研究土体埋深、岩性、地质单元、标贯击数及密实度等地质特征对VS的影响，并基于地质单元、剪切波速比、密实度系数及第四系上部覆盖层厚度相关性分析给出土体VS30预测模型。研究结果表明，基于典型地质特征的VS30预测模型拟合优度R2>0.90，预测精度很高，对于离散性较大、直接拟合估算较差及无剪切波速场地来说，以区分地质单元及土体类型的方式进行VS30分解预测是良好的研究思路。首次在区分地质单元及土体类型的前提下提出剪切波速比及密实度系数，并将其与第四系上部覆盖层厚度综合应用于VS30预测研究。研究结果可为大同盆地城市防震减灾规划、震害预测、区域性地震安全评价提供重要技术支撑。 相似文献
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含细粒土体相对于纯净砂在自然界中分布更为广泛,其地震液化灾害在上世纪70年代之后逐渐成为研究热点,然而关于其液化判别,一直以来都只是在砂土方法的基础上,稍作调整。本文对比了美国NCEER推荐的基于标贯试验的Seed方法和基于剪切波速试验的Andrus和Stokoe方法,以历史地震数据检验方法,结果显示剪切波速方法对含细粒土体过于保守,并且细粒含量越高,对非液化点越不可靠。通过建立两个方法 3组细粒含量下液化临界曲线上的剪切波速与标贯击数相关关系,得出临界剪切波速随细粒含量增加而减小的趋势没有临界标贯击数那么迅速。剪切波速试验为小应变无损测试,对含细粒土土颗粒间胶结力较为敏感,而液化状态为大应变破坏阶段,土体胶结力基本丧失,因此对胶结较强的含细粒土体,剪切波速指标与液化难以建立唯一联系。另外,中国规范剪切波速液化判别方法存在误导,由于判别式已经用黏粒含量修正,因此,V_(s0)经验系数应统一只取砂土数值。 相似文献
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剪切波速是评估无黏性土力学性质的重要参数。为探究现行剪切波速液化判别方法不适用于砾性土场地的原因,利用自主研发的无黏性土剪切波速与相对密度联合测试系统,以汶川地震液化场地实测资料为参考,通过对福建标准砂和花岗岩圆砾按比例混合配制不同含砾量的砾性土试样在控制相对密度下的K0状态剪切波速试验,研究其含砾量对含砾无黏性土的剪切波速影响规律。试验结果表明:相对密度相同的砾性土剪切波速大于砂土,二者剪切波速比值与砾性土的含砾量成指数函数关系,两者比值最大为1.4;对于砾性土试样,在含砾量40%-60%间存在阀值,当含砾量小于该值,剪切波速随含砾量的增加明显增大,当含砾量大于该值,剪切波速的增长趋势放缓。试验研究指出了现行剪切波速判别方法不适用于砾性土场地的原因,揭示了含砾量与砾性土剪切波速的相互关系,提出了相同相对密度砾性土相对砂土的剪切波速修正公式,为建立新的判别方法提供了理论基础,也为岛礁珊瑚吹填土等宽级配无黏性新工程材料的性能研究拓展了技术手段。 相似文献
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The liquefaction behavior and cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of reconstituted samples of non-plastic silt and sandy silts with 50% and 75% silt content are examined using constant-volume cyclic and monotonic ring shear tests along with bender element shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements. Liquefaction occurred at excess pore water pressure ratios (ru) between 0.6 and 0.7 associated with cumulative cyclic shear strains (γ) of 4% to 7%, after which cyclic liquefaction ensued with very large shear strains and excess pore water pressure ratio (ru>0.8). The cyclic ring shear tests demonstrate that cyclic resistance ratio of silt and sandy silts decreases with increasing void ratio, or with decreasing silt content at a certain void ratio. The results also show good agreement with those from cyclic direct simple shear tests on silts and sandy silts. A unique correlation is developed for estimating CRR of silts and sandy silts (with more than 50% silt content) from stress-normalized shear wave velocity measurements (Vs1) with negligible effect of silt content. The results indicate that the existing CRR–Vs1 correlations would underestimate the liquefaction resistance of silts and sandy silt soils. 相似文献
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Bender element (BE) tests of saturated sand have increased interest to researchers currently. However, the measurement of small strain modulus from BE tests shows large difference between saturated and dry conditions. In this study, BE tests of a type of clean sand (Fujian sand) and two types of natural sands (Hangzhou sand and Nanjing sand) were performed. For the purposes of comparison, resonant column (RC) test and torsional shear (TS) test were also carried out on the same specimen. The factors that influence the determination of the travel time of shear wave in BE tests are discussed and a reliable method for the determination of the shear-wave velocity is obtained. It is found that the shear-wave velocities Vs of saturated Fujian sand (clean sand) and Hangzhou sand (natural sand) obtained from BE tests are 5–10% greater than those obtained from RC and TS tests. However, the Vs of saturated Nanjing sand (natural sand) obtained from BE, RC and TS tests show good agreement with a maximum difference of about 3%. Sands with various fines contents were also tested in an attempt to explain the differences between the two saturated natural sands. Biot׳s theory accounting for the dispersion of shear wave was employed to interpret the results of BE tests. The results indicate that the fines content of natural sand plays an important effect on the hydraulic conductivity, which affects the relative motion between soil particles and fluid when a high frequency shear wave propagates in the specimen. Based on this, a method for the determination of small strain shear modulus in BE test was proposed for both saturated clean sands and natural sands. 相似文献
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A series of undrained cyclic direct simple shear tests, which used a soil container with a membrane reinforced with stack rings to maintain the K0 condition and integrated bender elements for shear wave velocity measurement, were performed to study the liquefaction characteristics of gap-graded gravelly soils with no fines content. The intergrain state concept was employed to categorize gap-graded sand–gravel mixtures as sand-like, gravel-like, and in-transition soils, which show different liquefaction characteristics. The testing results reveal that a linear relationship exists between the shear wave velocity and the minor fraction content for sand–gravel mixtures at a given skeleton void ratio of the major fraction particles. For gap-graded gravelly sand, the gravel content has a small effect on the liquefaction resistance, and the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of gap-graded gravelly sands can be evaluated using current techniques for sands with gravel content corrections. In addition, the results indicate that the current shear wave velocity (Vs) based correlation underestimates the liquefaction resistance for Vs values less than 160 m/s, and different correlations should be proposed for sand-like and gravel-like gravelly soils. Preliminary modifications to the correlations used in current evaluations of liquefaction resistance have thus been proposed. 相似文献
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Comparing shear-wave velocity profiles inverted from multichannel surface wave with borehole measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jianghai Xia Richard D. Miller Choon B. Park James A. Hunter James B. Harris Julian Ivanov 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3)
Recent field tests illustrate the accuracy and consistency of calculating near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). S-wave velocity profiles (S-wave velocity vs. depth) derived from MASW compared favorably to direct borehole measurements at sites in Kansas, British Columbia, and Wyoming. Effects of changing the total number of recording channels, sampling interval, source offset, and receiver spacing on the inverted S-wave velocity were studied at a test site in Lawrence, Kansas. On the average, the difference between MASW calculated Vs and borehole measured Vs in eight wells along the Fraser River in Vancouver, Canada was less than 15%. One of the eight wells was a blind test well with the calculated overall difference between MASW and borehole measurements less than 9%. No systematic differences were observed in derived Vs values from any of the eight test sites. Surface wave analysis performed on surface data from Wyoming provided S-wave velocities in near-surface materials. Velocity profiles from MASW were confirmed by measurements based on suspension log analysis. 相似文献
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Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil: large hammer penetration test and shear wave velocity approach 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ping-Sien Lin Chi-Wen Chang Wen-Jong Chang 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(9-10):675
Gravelly soil is generally recognized to have no liquefaction potential. However, liquefaction cases were reported in central Taiwan in the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake and in the 1988 Armenia earthquake. Thus, further studies on the liquefaction potential of gravelly soil are warranted. Because large particles can impede the penetration of both standard penetration test and cone penetration test, shear wave velocity-based correlations and large hammer penetration tests (LPT) are employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of gravelly soils. A liquefied gravelly deposit site during the Chi-Chi earthquake was selected for this research. In situ physical properties of soil deposits were collected from exploratory trenches. Instrumented LPT and shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements were performed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance. In addition, large-scale cyclic triaxial tests on remolded gravelly soil samples (15 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height) were conducted to verify and improve LPT-based and Vs-based correlations. The results show that the LPT and shear wave velocity methods are reasonably suitable for liquefaction assessment of gravelly soils. 相似文献
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Based on the liquefaction performance of sites with seismic activity, the normalized shear wave velocity, Vs1, has been proposed as a field parameter for liquefaction prediction. Because shear wave velocity, Vs, can be measured in the field with less effort and difficulty than other field tests, its use by practitioners is highly attractive. However, considering that its measurement is associated with small strain levels, of the order of 10−4–10−3%, Vs reflects the elastic stiffness of a granular material, hence, it is mainly affected by soil type, confining pressure and soil density, but it is insensitive to factors such as overconsolidation and pre-shaking, which have a strong influence on the liquefaction resistance. Therefore, without taking account of the important factors mentioned above, the correlation between shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance is weak.In this paper, laboratory test results are presented in order to demonstrate the significant way in which OCR (overconsolidation ratio) affects both shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance. While Vs is insensitive to OCR, the liquefaction resistance increases significantly with OCR. In addition, the experimental results also confirm that Vs correlates linearly with void ratio, regardless of the maximum and minimum void ratios, which means that Vs is unable to give information about the relative density. Therefore, if shear wave velocity is used to predict liquefaction potential, it is recommended that the limitations presented in this paper be taken into account. 相似文献
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Ultrasonic compressional (V
p
) and shear (V
s
) velocities have been measured on artificial sand-clay mixtures. The measurements were carried out in a drained triaxial load cell using a pulse transition method. The measuring device was equiped with a waveform storage facility. The investigated mixtures consisted mainly of kaolinite and quartz sand. Some mixtures also contained Na-montmorillonite, illites or quartz-flour. The acoustic behaviour was observed during a pressure increase up to 72 MPa vertical and 36 MPa horizontal pressure. At a given pressure,V
p
andV
s
in pure sand turned out to be similar to those in pure kaolinite. As predicted by the sand-clay model of Marion (1990), a velocity maximum corresponds to a minimum in total porosity. This porosity minimum marks the transition from a clayey sand to a sandy clay. It is not only reflected in bothV
p
andV
s
, but also in the quality of the received pulse. The effective tension of the received signal during 20µs after the first arrival, was used as an indication for P-wave pulse attenuation. This apparent attenuation decreases with increasing clay content and increases with increasing porosity. It is shown that clay mineralogy does not measurably affect wave velocities in clayey sands. 相似文献
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The application of the simplified method for evaluating the liquefaction potential based on shear wave velocity measurements has increased substantially due to its advantages, especially for microzonation of liquefaction potential. In the simplified method, a curve is proposed to correlate the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) with overburden stress-corrected shear wave velocity (Vs1). However, the uniqueness of this curve for all types of soils is questionable. The objective of this research is to study whether the correlation between CRR and Vs1 is unique or not. Besides, the necessity of developing the soil-specific correlations is also investigated. Based on laboratory test data, a new semi-empirical method is proposed to establish the soil-specific CRR–Vs1 correlation. To validate the proposed method, a number of undrained cyclic triaxial tests along with bender element tests were performed on two types of sands. Similar experimental data for six other types of sands reported in the literature was also compiled. Applying the proposed method, soil-specific CRR–Vs1 correlation curves were developed for these eight types of sands. It is shown that the correlation is not unique for different types of sands and the boundary curve proposed in the available simplified method can only be used as an initial estimation of liquefaction resistance. Finally, using the results of this study as well as previous ones, a chart is suggested to be used in engineering practice showing the conditions for which a detailed soil-specific CRR–Vs1 correlation study needs to be performed. 相似文献
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Understanding the soil–structure interaction (SSI) mechanism is crucial in the seismic design of nuclear power plant (NPP) containment systems. Although the numerical analysis method is generally used in seismic design, there is a need for experimental verification for the reliable estimation of SSI behavior. In this study a dynamic centrifuge test was performed to simulate the SSI behavior of a Hualien large-scale seismic test (LSST) during the Chi-Chi earthquake. To simulate the soil profile and dynamic soil properties of the Hualien site, a series of resonant column (RC) tests was performed to determine the model soil preparation conditions, such as the compaction density and the ratio of soil–gravel contents. The variations in the shear wave velocity (VS) profiles of the sand, gravel, and backfill layers in the model were estimated using the RC test results. During the centrifuge test, the VS profiles of the model were evaluated using in-flight bender element tests and compared with the in-situ VS profile at Hualien. The containment building model was modeled using aluminum and the proper scaling laws. A series of dynamic centrifuge tests was performed with a 1/50 scale model using the base motion recorded during the Chi-Chi-earthquake. In the soil layer and foundation level, the centrifuge test results were similar to the LSST data in both the time and frequency domains, but there were differences in the structure owing to the complex structural response as well as the material damping difference between the concrete in the prototype and aluminum in the model. In addition, as the input base motion amplitude was increased to a maximum value of 0.4g (prototype scale), the responses of the soil and containment model were measured. This study shows the potential of utilizing dynamic centrifuge tests as an experimental modeling tool for site specific SSI analyses of soil–foundation–NPP containment system. 相似文献