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岩溶洼地地下水渗透流在一定的渗透压力作用下,通过洼地土层过滤后沿碳酸盐岩溶蚀裂隙网络或孔隙下渗补给岩溶管道或地下河等深层岩溶水,便会产生离子导电岩土层的自然极化现象和自然电场,这种自然电场的研究方法可用于洼地浅层岩溶水的探测。研究结果表明,陇瑞洼地浅层岩溶发育带产生的自然电场实测值的平面等值线在洼地中心部位上出现了场幅值-60～-80 mV、带宽约40 m的带状异常,异常带由北至南呈似“S”状分布;自然电位梯度实测值的平面等值线在岩溶发育带顶部在地面投影中心线附近出现由负值向正值过度的“零值”异常带,“零值”异常带平面分布位置的变化指示了洼地浅层岩溶发育的平面差异与变化。以第18测线为例,陇瑞洼地浅层岩溶自然电位在剖面上分布满足位函数分布特征,即自然电位在浅层岩溶带顶部（615/18测点附近）取得极小值,在极小值的两侧由于逐渐远离岩溶发育带自然电位幅值逐渐减弱,直至趋近于零;自然电场梯度在浅层岩溶带顶部（615/18测点）附近出现由负值向正值过度的“零点”异常,呈似中心对称曲线。水文地质监测钻孔在不同深度揭露了浅层溶洞、溶隙和断层破碎带,从而验证了自然电场法探测岩溶洼地浅层岩溶水资源的有效性。 相似文献
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数字高程模型可以定量描述地貌,而基于峰丛洼地实体的岩溶地貌量化统计方法目前尚未确立。文章在1:50 000地质测量的基础上,将西南岩溶区地质填图试点地区的地层重新划分组合为火山岩层组、碎屑岩层组、灰岩层组、白云岩层组、泥灰岩层组、灰岩碎屑互层层组、白云岩碎屑岩互层层组7种层组类型;基于1:50 000数字地形图构建了研究区数字高程模型（DEM）,通过空间分析技术建立了区域洼地锥峰DEM,以岩溶层组为统计单元,分析出各个单元的锥峰洼地数字特征,并定义锥峰洼地发育系数（k）,量化峰丛洼地发育程度,将研究区地貌划分为5种地貌类型:峰丛洼地（k＞8.5）,锥峰洼地极为发育;峰丛谷地（1.9＜k≤8.5）,锥峰较为发育,洼地中等发育;丘岭谷地（0.9＜k≤1.9）,锥峰弱发育,洼地极少发育;溶蚀中山（0＜k≤0.9）,锥峰、洼地极少发育;侵蚀中山（k=0）,发育冲沟,无岩溶形态发育。 相似文献
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滇东南丘北区峰丛—洼地地貌形态特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云贵高原东南部丘北区为峰丛—洼地岩溶组合地貌。利用统计分析方法考察了该区48个岩溶洼地及峰体的形态参数特征;利用分形理论方法计算了不同高程的等高线和地表水系的分维数。结果表明:（1）洼地的平均边数为5.6,平均周长3.4km,平均面积0.8km2;（2）洼地的加深和扩大近于同步,原始地面对后期溶蚀面的发育起控制作用;（3）峰丛—洼地的形态分形特征对岩溶演化具有很好的响应关系,可溶岩区等高线分维数平均为1.30,非可溶岩区为1.16,地表水文网分维数为1.07,反映岩溶区地形变化复杂,地下水文网较发育,岩溶发育程度较高;（4）研究区岩溶发育仍处于幼年至壮年期,将继续缓慢发育。 相似文献
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通过对陕西汉中天坑群岩溶地质遗迹的广泛调查和分析,确定了宁强禅家岩、南郑小南海、西乡骆家坝和镇巴三元四个天坑群集中分布区,从地层岩性、地貌、构造等方面总结了汉中天坑群形成地质条件和分布规律,研究认为二叠纪－三叠纪巨厚的碳酸盐岩地层为天坑（群）发育的物质基础,断裂、褶皱构造是天坑（群）形成的控制条件,特别是次级构造决定了天坑发育的具体位置,新构造抬升及湿热的气候为天坑的形成提供了岩溶动力。汉中天坑群水平上呈带状成群分布,垂向上差异较大,1 000~2 000 m居多的空间分布特征。岩溶天坑的形成经历了四个阶段的演化过程。 相似文献
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乌江下游岩溶地貌形态特征初探——以重庆武隆及其邻近地区为例 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
乌江下游为典型的亚热带岩溶中山峡谷地貌,主要以大型的岩溶峡谷、天生桥和大 的天坑以及大型溶洞、地下河及丰富多彩的次生沉积物为特征。本文主要分析了乌江下游的 岩溶个体形态特征及层状地貌面的岩溶形态组合特征,探讨了乌江下游岩溶地貌的演化过程,认为:（1）乌江下游地区的层状地貌分为两级夷平面、一级溶蚀面、五级水平溶洞和三 级阶地;（2）不同地区岩溶形态特征有明显差异:在鄂西期地面上,地面完整性较好,以低矮的峰丛和平坝、大的浅洼地相组合。山原期地面,不同地区岩溶形态组合特征有所差别: 在水系裂点以下地区,主要以峰丛-峡谷组合为主;河流裂点以上的上游地区,地面保存相对完整,为锥状峰丛、深洼地景观。盆地期溶蚀面以峰丛-槽谷、谷地为主。（3）乌江下游岩溶地貌的形成,经历了鄂西期、山原期、盆地期和峡谷期地貌演化阶段,并形成鄂西期、山原期岩溶夷平面、盆地期溶蚀面和深切峡谷。 相似文献
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为了解粤北岩溶区土壤酸化的空间分异特征,选择华南酸雨区的岩溶槽谷地貌和峰丛洼地地貌土壤为研究对象,对土壤pH数据进行空间插值预测,采用参数最优地理探测器分析岩溶槽谷地貌与峰丛洼地地貌中土壤酸化的空间特征及关键驱动力。结果表明:（1）区内土壤pH范围为4.62~8.19,主要以弱酸性（5.5≤pH <6.5）和酸性（4.5≤pH<5.5）为主。在不同地貌类型中,pH<6.5的土壤样品占比顺序为:岩溶槽谷（61.0%）< 峰丛洼地（69.2%）<非岩溶区（75.0%）;（2）岩溶区小生境复杂多样,在酸雨影响下,成土母质可能是研究区内控制土壤pH的关键因子,而土壤pH空间分异格局可能是多因子共同作用的结果;（3）坡度对土壤pH空间分异的影响仅次于成土母质,表现为土壤pH随坡度的增加而升高,且其与成土母质的交互作用对研究区内土壤pH空间分异的解释力最大。区内土壤酸化防治建议:（1）根据成土母质和坡度因子进行分区分类,并在岩溶槽谷和非岩溶区内设定土壤酸化重点监测区,进行精准防治;（2）除了对酸雨的防控外,还应该重视诸如氮肥使用、工业和矿业活动等外源性因素对土壤的影响。 相似文献
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为了解海拔4 000 m以上高原夷平面灰岩裸露的山体岩溶作用发育情况及表现形式,文章以云南香格里拉石卡山为例,结合高海拔宇宙射线选址,对此问题进行了现场调查和初步研究。结果发现,在海拔4 000 m以上面积约2.4 km 2 高原面场地范围内,石炭系灰岩中发育了118个以上落水洞、陡崖可见6个近水平溶洞。高密度电法探测结果显示,岩溶以低电阻率为特点:地表落水洞在50~60 m深度上连成一体,100~180 m深度低阻区范围更大。研究区地下水系统处于大气降水垂直入渗补给区,上游（西部）灰岩和下游（东部）泥岩阻隔影响到水的径流路径和排泄形式,地表明显积水洼地12处,泉水点10个。地下水埋藏较浅,排泄快。这些岩溶发育特征为该场地规划利用提供了地质依据。 相似文献
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Sinkhole distribution in a rapidly developing urban environment: Hillsborough County, Tampa Bay area, Florida 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Sinkhole formation in Florida is a common event. The Florida karst plain is significantly altered by human development and sinkholes cause considerable property damage throughout much of the state. We present in this paper a morphometric analysis of karst depressions in the Tampa Bay area, and the relation with the known distribution of sinkholes. We selected the Tampa Bay area because it is particularly susceptible to the evolution of karst depressions in relation with development of the built-up environment. Karst depressions were mapped from the 1:24,000 USGS topographic maps and a morphometric analysis was performed by using parameters such as shape, circularity index, perimeter, area, length, width, and orientation. Maps showing the distribution of depression density, and the sectors with greatest areas of karst depression were produced using a GIS. These results were compared with data compiled from the database of sinkhole occurrences in Florida maintained by the Florida Geological Survey. Our analysis demonstrates that the distribution of new sinkhole occurrences differs from the distribution of existing sinkholes, indicating that there are processes acting today that are influencing karst landscape formation that are different from those acting in the past. 相似文献
12.
Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessments in karst areas allow calculation of the potential sinkhole risk and the performance
of cost-benefit analyses. These estimations are of practical interest for planning, engineering, and insurance purposes. The
sinkhole hazard assessments should include two components: the probability of occurrence of sinkholes (sinkholes/km2 year) and the severity of the sinkholes, which mainly refers to the subsidence mechanisms (progressive passive bending or
catastrophic collapse) and the size of the sinkholes at the time of formation; a critical engineering design parameter. This
requires the compilation of an exhaustive database on recent sinkholes, including information on the: (1) location, (2) chronology
(precise date or age range), (3) size, and (4) subsidence mechanisms and rate. This work presents a hazard assessment from
an alluvial evaporite karst area (0.81 km2) located in the periphery of the city of Zaragoza (Ebro River valley, NE Spain). Five sinkholes and four locations with features
attributable to karstic subsidence where identified in an initial investigation phase providing a preliminary probability
of occurrence of 0.14 sinkholes/km2 year (11.34% in annual probability). A trenching program conducted in a subsequent investigation phase allowed us to rule
out the four probable sinkholes, reducing the probability of occurrence to 0.079 sinkholes/km2 year (6.4% in annual probability). The information on the severity indicates that collapse sinkholes 10–15 m in diameter
may occur in the area. A detailed study of the deposits and deformational structures exposed by trenching in one of the sinkholes
allowed us to infer a modern collapse sinkhole approximately 12 m in diameter and with a vertical throw of 8 m. This collapse
structure is superimposed on a subsidence sinkhole around 80 m across that records at least 1.7 m of synsedimentary subsidence.
Trenching, in combination with dating techniques, is proposed as a useful methodology to elucidate the origin of depressions
with uncertain diagnosis and to gather practical information with predictive utility about particular sinkholes in alluvial
karst settings: precise location, subsidence mechanisms and magnitude, and timing and rate of the subsidence episodes. 相似文献
13.
The Crestatx aquifer is the main source of water supply to the Bay of Alcudia, one of the largest resorts on the island of
Majorca (Spain). This water has been used since the 1970s using several pumping wells, which draw an annual volume of 1.5 hm3. The seasonal exploitation of this karstic aquifer causes a substantial cone of depression with great variations in the piezometric
level (up to 120 m) and dynamic water levels of down to 87 m below sea level. At the end of the 1990s, several sinkholes and
subsidence depressions started being detected in a highly karstified area. Twenty subsidence and sinkhole morphologies have
been inventoried in an area measuring 70,000 m2, with diameters up to 23 m and depth more than 15 m. The intense and continuous rainfall during recent years (2008–2010)
has considerably accelerated the process, increasing the dimensions of existing sinkholes and the appearance of new morphologies.
By means of electrical tomography techniques, a ground study was carried out. Numerous cavities have been identified in the
upper 30 m. Using a map of the surface morphologies and the geophysical profiles, we can determine that the propagation and
orientation of the sinkholes lie along three main directions: N30°E, N130°E and N60°E. The first is the most relevant, which
is parallel to the main tectonic structures in the area. The interpretation of the electrical profiles has enabled us to identify
the potentially most unstable areas, which is an effective tool to assess risk in the area, as there are roads and a housing
development nearby. The high, but discontinuous, exploitation of the aquifer is considered the main trigger for these sinkholes
and subsidence depressions, as it causes large variations of pressure and accelerates the dissolution process in the underlying
rock. 相似文献
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On June 3, 2010, a series of karst sinkholes occurred at Jili village surrounded by Gui-Bei highway, Wu-Ping highway and Nan-Liu High-Speed Railway in Laibin, Guangxi, China. The straight-line distances from an large sinkhole pit, 85 m in diameter and 38 m in depth, to the above mainlines are 200, 600 and 500 m, respectively. Several investigation methods including geophysical technology, borehole and well drilling, groundwater elevation survey and hydrochemistry analysis of groundwater were used to study the formation mechanisms of these sinkholes. Based on the results, the spatial distribution of the Jili underground river was confirmed with a strike of SN along the middle Carboniferous limestone bedrock and the Quaternary deposits controlled the sinkhole formation. In addition, both historical sinkhole events and analysis of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring data installed in the underlying karst conduit system indicate that sinkholes in this area are more likely induced by extreme weather conditions within typical karst geological settings. Extreme weather conditions in the study area before the sinkhole collapses consisted of a year-long drought followed by continuous precipitation with a daily maximum precipitation of 442 mm between May 31 and June 1, 2010. Typical geological conditions include the Jili underground river overlain by the Quaternary overburden with thick clayey rubble. Especially in the recharge zone of the underground river, a stabilized shallow water table was formed in response to the extreme rainstorm because of the presence of the thick clayey rubble. When the underground conduit was flooded through the cave entrance on the surface, air blasting may have caused the cave roof collapse followed by formation of soil cavities and surface collapses. Borehole monitoring results of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring show that the potential karst sinkhole can pose threats to Shanbei village, the High-Speed Railway and the Wu-Ping highway. Local government needs to be aware of any early indicators of this geohazard so that devastating sinkholes can be prevented in the future. The results also suggest that groundwater–air pressure monitoring data collected both the Quaternary deposits and the bedrock karst system provide useful indicators for potential sinkhole collapses in similar karst areas where sinkholes usually occur during rainy season or karst groundwater level is always under the rockhead. 相似文献
15.
An understanding of what influences sinkhole formation and the ability to accurately predict sinkhole hazards is critical
to environmental management efforts in the karst lands of southeastern Minnesota. Based on the distribution of distances to
the nearest sinkhole, sinkhole density, bedrock geology and depth to bedrock in southeastern Minnesota and northwestern Iowa,
a decision tree model has been developed to construct maps of sinkhole probability in Minnesota. The decision tree model was
converted as cartographic models and implemented in ArcGIS to create a preliminary sinkhole probability map in Goodhue, Wabasha,
Olmsted, Fillmore, and Mower Counties. This model quantifies bedrock geology, depth to bedrock, sinkhole density, and neighborhood
effects in southeastern Minnesota but excludes potential controlling factors such as structural control, topographic settings,
human activities and land-use. The sinkhole probability map needs to be verified and updated as more sinkholes are mapped
and more information about sinkhole formation is obtained. 相似文献
16.
鄂西岩溶槽谷区洼地的水位响应特征及产流阈值估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以湖北省兴山县黄粮镇刘家坝和龙湾两处岩溶洼地作为研究对象,利用其降雨、水文和土壤水等监测数据,探讨灌入式补给条件下洼地汇流的水位响应特征和产流特点,并基于降雨量和洼地内明渠流量的关系,采用数学拟合方程,估算两处洼地的降雨产流阈值,进而分析了影响产流阈值的因素。结果表明:降雨强度增大,产流阈值减小;土壤前期含水率越大,越有利于坡面产流;落水洞和岩溶泉水位与降雨有较好的同步响应关系,水位变化曲线随雨强大小分别表现出“陡升陡降”和“缓升缓降”的特点;刘家坝和龙湾洼地的产流阈值分别为7.4 mm和10.6 mm。 相似文献
17.
John Wall DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl Karl W. Wegmann Norman S. Levine 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):729-749
Karst depression catalogs are critical to assessing the hydrology and geohazards of an area; yet, the delineation of these features within a landscape can be a difficult, time-consuming and subjective task. This study evaluates the efficacy of karst depression inventorying using an automated fill-difference method operating on high-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). The resulting catalog is compared with existing karst depression inventories for two low-development areas of the USA, Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) and Apalachicola National Forest (ANF), where karst depressions have been mapped previously using a manual closed-contour approach. The automated fill method captures 93 and 85 % of these previously mapped karst depressions at MACA and ANF, respectively. Field observations and topographic analysis suggest that the omitted features were likely misclassified within the existing catalogs. The automated routine returns 797 and 3377 additional topographic depressions, at MACA and ANF, respectively, which are not included in the existing catalogs. While the geology of ANF is mostly homogenous Quaternary deposits, the newly identified, typically smaller-scale depressions found within MACA tend to be disproportionally located in non-carbonate-dominated formations, where the development of karst may be restricted by geologic heterogeneity. Within both areas, the size distributions of the two inventories are statistically identical for features larger than ~103 m2 in area or ~3 m in depth. For individual depressions captured by both methods at MACA, the automated fill-difference routine tends to return a slightly larger estimate of depression size and aggregate small depressions into larger ones. Conversely, at ANF, some low-relief depressions may be disaggregated by the fill-difference technique, with a trend toward smaller estimated depression areas when the automated method is employed. The automated fill-difference method, operating on high-resolution lidar-derived DEMs, can reproduce and expand the existing inventories of karst depressions, while minimizing false detections that may be inherent within pre-existing catalogs. 相似文献
18.
湖南宁乡大成桥充水矿山疏干区岩溶系统水气压力监测及突变特征 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
湖南煤炭坝煤矿是我国著名的大水矿山,开采标高已降至-400 m,每小时排水量11 000 m3。长期的疏干排水,已形成面积达219.19 km2的地下水降落漏斗。以往的调查资料表明,矿山疏干诱发的岩溶塌陷主要发生在疏干开始、地下水位下降到基岩面附近、矿坑发生突水突泥灾害等3个阶段,在疏干区应该无诱发因素导致岩溶塌陷的发生。但近年来煤炭坝煤矿疏干区大成桥的岩溶塌陷特征表明,尽管相关部门采取了一系列处置措施,但岩溶塌陷仍然频繁发生。为了进一步揭示该地区岩溶塌陷发育规律,使处置决策更加科学化,作者所在团队选择大成桥为典型区,通过岩溶系统地下水气压力监测,分析诱发岩溶塌陷的动力来源及其变化规律。结果表明,疏干区岩溶管道裂隙系统中水气压力突变现象极为明显,年最大变幅达54.72 m,瞬时水气压力变化速率最大为70.6 cm/min,造成这一现象的主要原因是气爆、地下洞穴（溶洞、土洞）垮塌。 相似文献
19.
J.P. Galve J. Bonachea J. Remondo F. Gutirrez J. Guerrero P. Lucha A. Cendrero M. Gutirrez J.A. Snchez 《Engineering Geology》2008,99(3-4):185
A preliminary sinkhole susceptibility analysis has been carried out in a stretch 50 km2 in area of the Ebro valley alluvial evaporite karst (NE Spain). A spatial database consisting of a sinkhole layer and 27 thematic layers related to causal factors was constructed and implemented in a GIS. Three types of sinkholes were differentiated on the basis of their markedly different morphometry and geomorphic distribution: large subsidence depressions (24), large collapse sinkholes (23), and small cover-collapse sinkholes (447). The susceptibility models were produced analysing the statistical relationships between the mapped sinkholes and a set of conditioning factors using the Favourability Functions approach. The statistical analyses indicate that the best models are obtained with 6 conditioning factors out of the 27 available ones and that different factors and processes are involved in the generation of each type of sinkhole. The validation of two models by means of a random-split strategy shows that reasonably good predictions on the spatial distribution of future dolines may be produced with this approach; around 75% of the sinkholes of the validation sample occur on the 10% of the pixels with the highest susceptibility and about 45% of the area can be considered as safe. 相似文献
20.
Morphometric analysis of sinkholes in a karst coastal area of southern Apulia (Italy) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Salento, the southern portion of Apulia region (SE Italy), is a narrow and elongated peninsula in carbonate rocks, with prevailing low coastlines, locally interrupted by high rock cliffs. The long stretches of low coasts are marked by typical karst landforms consisting of collapse sinkholes. As observed in many other karst coastal settings worldwide, development of sinkholes may be particularly severe along the coasts, where both natural and anthropogenic processes contribute to accelerate the dissolution of carbonate rocks and subsidence processes, even influencing the coastline evolution. Following a previous study, where the main features of sinkholes at Torre Castiglione (Taranto province) were investigated and described, and a preliminary susceptibility map produced, at the light of updated data and elaborations in the present paper we perform a detailed morphometric analysis on the sample of identified sinkholes. The main morphometric parameters generally used for sinkhole characterization have been considered in this study: shape of the sinkhole, azimuth and length of maximum and minimum axes, depth, elongation ratio, and distance from the shorelines. Each of them is described, both as individual parameter and in conjunction with the others, in the attempt to identify the main factors controlling development of sinkholes in the area, and their evolution as well. With regard to this latter aspect, beside simple morphometry of the sample of sinkholes at Torre Castiglione, we also focused our attention on the likely relationships existing between distribution and shape of the sinkholes and the tectonic discontinuities. To investigate the matter, a three-stage analysis has been carried out in this study by means of: field measurements of the fractures bounding the sinkholes, field measurement of the long axes azimuth of the elongated sinkholes, comparison of the previously described sets with the strikes of the main regional geological structures. The obtained results show, in addition to the coincidence of the main regional discontinuity systems with the major axis of elongated sinkholes, a clear control exerted by development and evolution of the sinkholes on the formation of coastal inlets and bays. Eventually, the approach here presented may be applied in other karst coastal sinkhole-prone areas, to gain new knowledge on the genesis and evolution of coastal sinkholes, and to properly evaluate the hazard they pose to the anthropogenic environment. 相似文献