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1.
The atmospheric stable boundary layer (SBL) with a low-level jet is simulated experimentally using a thermally stratified wind tunnel. The turbulence structure and flow characteristics are investigated by simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature fluctuations and by flow visualization. Attention is focused on the effect of strong wind shear due to a low-level jet on stratified boundary layers with strong stability. Occasional bursting of turbulence in the lower portion of the boundary layer can be found in the SBL with strong stability. This bursting originates aloft away from the surface and transports fluid with relatively low velocity and temperature upward and fluid with relatively high velocity and temperature downward. Furthermore, the relationship between the occurrence of turbulence bursting and the local gradient Richardson number (Ri) is investigated. The Ri becomes larger than the critical Ri, Ricr = 0.25, in quiescent periods. On the other hand, the Ri number becomes smaller than Ricr during bursting events.  相似文献   

2.
In the period June–July 1992, four Doppler sodars were operated simultaneously in Rome and the surrounding area. The data have been used to investigate the contributions from sea breeze events to the local low-level circulation. Three days in which synoptic-scale pressure gradients were weak have been selected. A number of characteristics of the sea breeze are examined including the onset and cessation of the phenomenon, the behavior of the wind speed, and the depth of the density flow. The time propagation of the events and the influence of orography are obtained from a comparison between the data at different sites. The low-level circulation in the early morning is associated with the land breeze and appears to be enhanced by a mountain wind from the surrounding hills. The observed behavior of the vertical velocity field associated with the sea breeze is consistent with model predictions.  相似文献   

3.
风电场流场特性及风机布局数值模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
针对风电场流场特性研究对风力机工作性能提高的重要意义,采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法在单机风力机模拟验证的基础上,对某风电场单风力机和三种布局条件下的风电场流场特性进行了数值模拟研究。考察了不同布局条件下风电场速度、叶轮表面压力以及湍流涡的分布特性。结果表明：叶轮后方尾流效应明显,速度损失随着相对距离的增加而逐渐减小,风力机处中心尾流速度比率最低降为0.4;当相对距离超过4 d后,风速可恢复为初始速度的90%以上;尾流速度与涡流粘性呈负相关性;三风力机平行布置时,各风力机尾流速度比率基本一致;三风机组在错落布置时,尾流效应对下游风力机工作性能影响较小,错落角度越大,尾流损失越小。  相似文献   

4.
多普勒天气雷达下击暴流图像识别   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
杜牧云  肖艳娇  吴涛 《气象科技》2015,43(3):368-372
以下击暴流具有的低层显著辐散特征为基础,引入图像识别中的连通区识别技术,开发出了应用于多普勒天气雷达的下击暴流图像识别算法。首先通过设置的速度阈值将径向速度进行二值化处理,然后运用8邻域法寻找速度大值区,并采用距离、夹角和正、负速度差值等条件进行约束对正、负速度大值区进行配对,最后对未成功配对的速度大值区进行邻近区域的二次匹配,从而识别出下击暴流区域。利用多个下击暴流个例实测的多普勒雷达数据对该算法进行了测试,结果表明该算法对一些较小尺度的下击暴流,尤其对受环境风场影响而具有不对称辐散特征的下击暴流有良好的识别效果。  相似文献   

5.
The so called Upper Río Negro Valley in Argentina is one of the most important fruit and vegetable production regions of the country. It comprises the lower valleys of the Limay and Neuquén rivers and the upper Negro river valley. Out of the 41,671 cultivated hectares, 84.6% are cultivated with fruit trees, especially apple, pear and stone fruit trees. Late frosts occurring when trees are sensitive to low temperatures have a significant impact on the regional production. This study presents an analysis of air flow characteristics in the Upper Río Negro Valley and its relationship with ambient air flow. To such effect, observations made when synoptic-scale weather patterns were favorable for radiative frosts (light wind and clear sky) or nocturnal temperature inversion in the lower layer were used. In the Negro river valley, both wind channeling and downward horizontal momentum transport from ambient wind were observed; in nighttime, very light wind events occurred, possibly associated with drainage winds from the nearby higher levels of the barda. In the Neuquén river valley, the prevailing effect appeared to be forced channeling, consistent with the results obtained in valleys where the synoptic scale wind crossed the axis of the valley. In the Limay river valley, the flow was observed to blow parallel to the longitudinal valley axis, possibly influenced by pressure gradient and forced channeling.  相似文献   

6.
Stochastic wind forcing of ocean gyre circulations is examined using the ideas of generalized linear stability theory applied to the barotropic vorticity equation of a idealized ocean. The barotropic vorticity equation is linearized about a time-evolving basic state flow, and the spatial patterns of stochastic surface wind stress curl that are optimal for increasing the variability of the ocean are computed. The most disruptive pattern of stochastic forcing is found to be insensitive to: measures of variance, the optimization time, the temporal decorrelation time of the stochastic forcing, the time evolution of the basic state flow, the stability of the basic state flow, basin size, gyre symmetry, and the presence of bathymetry. In addition, the most disruptive pattern of wind stress curl is reminiscent of that which would be associated with individual large-scale weather systems in the atmosphere, and changes in the amplitude of the atmospheric teleconnection patterns. The response of a nonlinear model to stochastic forcing described by the optimal patterns is examined, and the dynamics of the response discussed.  相似文献   

7.
Six levels of simultaneously sampled ultrasonic data are used to analyse the turbulence structure within a mixed forest of 13 m height on a steep slope (35°) in an alpine valley. The data set is compared to other studies carried out over forests in more ideal, flat terrain. The analysis is carried out for 30-min mean data, joint probability distributions, length scales and spectral characteristics.Thermally induced upslope winds and cold air drainage lead to a wind speed maximum within the trunk space. Slope winds are superimposed on valley winds and the valley-wind component becomes stronger with increasing height. Slope and valley winds are thus interacting on different spatial and time scales leading to a quite complex pattern in momentum transport that differs significantly from surface-layer characteristics. Directional shear causes lateral momentum transports that are in the same order or even larger than the longitudinal ones. In the canopy, however, a sharp attenuation of turbulence is observed. Skewed distributions of velocity components indicate that intermittent turbulent transport plays an important role in the energy distribution.Even though large-scale pressure fields lead to characteristic features in the turbulent structure that are superimposed on the canopy flow, it is found that many statistical properties typical of both mixing layers and canopy flow are observed in the data set.  相似文献   

8.
We have analyzed eddy covariance data collected within open canopy to investigate the influence of non-flat terrain and wind direction shear on the canopy turbulence. The study site is located on non-flat terrain with slopes in both south-north and east-west directions. The surface elevation change is smaller than the height of roughness element such as building and tree at this site. A variety of turbulent statistics were examined as a function of wind direction in near-neutral conditions. Heterogeneous surface characteristics results in significant differences in measured turbulent statistics. Upwind trees on the flat and up-sloping terrains yield typical features of canopy turbulence while upwind elevated surface with trees yields significant wind direction shear, reduced u and w skewness, and negligible correlation between u and w. The directional dependence of turbulence statistics is due that strong wind blows more horizontally rather than following terrain, and hence combination of slope related momentum flux and canopy eddy motion decreases the magnitude of Sk w and r uw for the downslope flow while it enhances them for the upslope flow. Significant v skewness to the west indicates intermittent downdraft of northerly wind, possibly due to lateral shear of wind in the presence of significant wind direction shear. The effects of wind direction shear on turbulent statistics were also examined. The results showed that correlation coefficient between lateral velocities and vertical velocity show significant dependence on wind direction shear through change of lateral wind shear. Quadrant analysis shows increased outward interaction and reduced role of sweep motion for longitudinal momentum flux for the downslope flow. Multi-resolution analysis indicates that uw correlation shows peak at larger averaging time for the upslope flow than for the downslope flow, indicating that large eddy plays an active role in momentum transfer for the upslope flow. On the other hand, downslope flow shows larger velocity variances than other flows despite similar wind speed. These results suggest that non-flatness of terrain significantly influences on canopy-atmosphere exchange.  相似文献   

9.
风沙流中风速廓线的数值模拟与实验验证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
如何描述风沙流中被风沙运动改变了的风速廓线是风沙相互作用研究中的关键问题之一.该文中将跃移风沙流视为一种颗粒拟流体,将跃移颗粒对气流产生的阻力用颗粒流的阻力系数来表达,建立了描写两场相互作用的数学模型.颗粒流的阻力系数采用了前人在液态流化床研究中得出的阻力系数表达形式,通过引入一个修正系数,使其适用于风沙流(气-固两相流).将风沙边界层划分为跃移颗粒所产生的阻力不可忽略的内边界层和跃移颗粒阻力可以忽略但受内边界层影响的外边界层,分别建立了内边界层和外边界层的风速廓线表达式.应用所建立的数学模型,根据由风洞实验测定的跃移风沙流的浓度分布和速度分布资料,计算了跃移风沙流中的风速廓线,并与风洞实测结果进行了对比.结果表明,计算风速廓线与实测风速廓线吻合得比较好,在半对数图上均为上凸的曲线,有别于无风沙运动时的直线.跃移边界层外风速分布可较好地用对数函数来描述.对风沙流中风速廓线的进一步分析证实了风沙物理学奠基人Bagnold在其早期观测风沙流中的风速廓线时提出的"结点现象"(Bagnold结),该结点的高度随风速的增大而升高,随颗粒粒径的增大而降低.根据数值模拟和模拟实验,可以认为有风沙运动的动床剪切风速是综合反映风场与跃移层以及地表之间相互作用的物理量.  相似文献   

10.
We investigate the spatial characteristics of urban-like canopy flow by applying particle image velocimetry (PIV) to atmospheric turbulence. The study site was a Comprehensive Outdoor Scale MOdel (COSMO) experiment for urban climate in Japan. The PIV system captured the two-dimensional flow field within the canopy layer continuously for an hour with a sampling frequency of 30 Hz, thereby providing reliable outdoor turbulence statistics. PIV measurements in a wind-tunnel facility using similar roughness geometry, but with a lower sampling frequency of 4 Hz, were also done for comparison. The turbulent momentum flux from COSMO, and the wind tunnel showed similar values and distributions when scaled using friction velocity. Some different characteristics between outdoor and indoor flow fields were mainly caused by the larger fluctuations in wind direction for the atmospheric turbulence. The focus of the analysis is on a variety of instantaneous turbulent flow structures. One remarkable flow structure is termed ‘flushing’, that is, a large-scale upward motion prevailing across the whole vertical cross-section of a building gap. This is observed intermittently, whereby tracer particles are flushed vertically out from the canopy layer. Flushing phenomena are also observed in the wind tunnel where there is neither thermal stratification nor outer-layer turbulence. It is suggested that flushing phenomena are correlated with the passing of large-scale low-momentum regions above the canopy.  相似文献   

11.
In the approaches used to predict the dispersion of discrete particles moving in a turbulent flow, the effects of crossing trajectories due to gravity (or any other external force field) are generally accounted for by modifying the integral time scales according to the well-known analysis of Csanady (J Atmos Sci 20:201–208, 1963). Here, an alternative theoretical analysis of the time correlation of the fluid velocity fluctuations along a particle trajectory is presented and applied in a turbulent shear flow. The study is carried out in the frame of three-dimensional Langevin-type stochastic models, where the main unknowns are the drift tensor components rather than the conventional integral time scales of the fluid seen by the particles. Starting from a model for the space-time velocity covariance tensor of the turbulence under the assumption of homogeneous shear flow, the various components of the time correlation tensor of the fluid seen are expressed in the asymptotic case of large mean relative velocity (between the particles and the flow) compared to the particle velocity fluctuations. In order to provide comparison with the generally used expressions arising from isotropic turbulence assumption, we examine also the conventional integral time scales of the fluid seen in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the mean relative velocity. The most prominent deviations from isotropic turbulence are observed when the external force field is in the direction of the mean velocity gradient: in this case the loss of correlation in the mean flow direction is significantly lower than expected in a uniform flow, an observation that is in qualitative agreement with the few available data.  相似文献   

12.
一种自动多普勒雷达速度退模糊算法研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
肖艳姣  万玉发  王珏  王斌  王志斌 《高原气象》2012,31(4):1119-1128
提出了一种能解决孤立风暴、高切变和强台风等情况下速度模糊问题的自动多普勒雷达速度退模糊算法。该算法首先通过搜索最弱风区,第一次确定的最多两组初始参考径向和参考速度库,其中使用了相邻仰角初始参考径向应具有方位连续性的约束条件,剔除假零速度线引起的不恰当备用初始径向;然后从初始参考径向和参考速度库开始,对其周围邻近的速度库进行连续性检查,如果当前库的径向速度与参考速度的差值大于给定阈值就对其进行纠正;完成两次全方位径向退模糊处理后,算法进行径向和方位方向的强风切变检查,如果还有强风切变存在,那么通过搜索弱风切变区中有效速度库最多的径向,第二次确定一组退模糊的初始参考径向和参考速度库,再重复前面的退模糊过程,这有利于远离雷达的孤立风暴的速度退模糊。在多次退模糊过程中,判断速度模糊的标准由紧到松,切变阈值由小到大,以确保用于后面退模糊处理的参考速度的可靠性。利用我国S波段多普勒天气雷达观测的龙卷、飑线、孤立强风暴及台风等事件的1 000多个体扫资料对该算法进行了测试和评估,结果表明,速度退模糊准确率>99.5%。对于孤立风暴、高切变及强台风等复杂情况下的速度退模糊来说,新算法要优于我国新一代天气雷达业务退模糊方案。  相似文献   

13.
低空风切变是影响航空器起飞和着陆安全的重要因素,利用多普勒天气雷达径向速度数据,从风的空间和时间变化上对低空风切变的识别进行了研究,并利用一次飑线过程和一次低空急流过程的资料对识别算法进行了验证。识别算法的核心是分别计算二维合成风切变、垂直风切变和时间风切变。在计算二维合成风切变时,先利用风切变强度因子自适应地选择拟合“窗口”的大小,再利用最小二乘线性拟合方法,得到水平风切变。结果表明:自适应多尺度最小二乘法得到的合成风切变,在低空风切变识别效果、切变连续性和边缘数据处理等方面都优于我国多普勒天气雷达的PUP合成风切变;垂直风切变反映了雷达径向速度的高低空配置情况;时间风切变可提供径向速度随时间的变化情况。算法还可应用于民航机场低空风切变的识别和预警。   相似文献   

14.
纸质记录曲线的识别和数字化是图像处理和模式识别领域的一项重要内容, 是对气象档案馆保存的气象纸质曲线资料数字化的有效方法。该文研究并构建了电接风向风速自记纸数字化处理系统, 该系统主要包括4个处理阶段:自记纸图像的输入、图像预处理、自记曲线的分割、曲线的跟踪和识别。其中, 自记纸图像的输入应用TWAIN (Toolkit Without An Interesting Name, 无注名工具包协议) 标准来设计, 对记录曲线的跟踪识别, 该文提出的基于灰度积分投影的分段线性插值算法, 取得了很好的识别效果。  相似文献   

15.
The influence of mesoscale circulations induced by urban-rural differential surface sensible heat flux and roughness on convective boundary-layer (CBL) flow statistics over an isolated urban area has been examined using large-eddy simulation (LES). Results are analyzed when the circulations influence the entire urban area under a zero background wind. For comparison, the CBL flow over an infinite urban area with identical urban surface characteristics under the same background meteorological conditions is generated as a control case (without circulations). The turbulent flow over the isolated urban area exhibits a mix of streaky structure and cellular pattern, while the cellular pattern dominates in the control case. The mixed-layer height varies significantly over the isolated urban area, and can be lower near the edge of the urban area than over the rural area. The vertical profiles of turbulence statistics over the isolated urban area vary horizontally and are dramatically different from the control case. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) sources include wind shear, convergence, and buoyancy productions, compared to only buoyancy production in the control case. The normalized vertical velocity variance is reduced compared to the control case except in the central urban area where it is little affected. The low-level flow convergence is mainly responsible for the enhanced horizontal velocity variance in the central urban area, while wind shear is responsible for the additional local maximum of the horizontal velocity variance near the middle of the CBL outside the central area. Parameterizations in the prognostic equation for TKE used in mesoscale models are evaluated against the LES results over the isolated urban area. We also discuss conditions under which the urban-induced circulations occur and when they may affect the entire urban area. Given that urban-induced circulations can influence the entire urban area within hours for an urban area of a realistic size, it is inappropriate to directly apply empirical relations of turbulence statistics derived under horizontally-homogenous flow conditions to an urban area.  相似文献   

16.
Large-eddy simulations were performed of a neutrally-stratified turbulent flow within and above an ideal, horizontally- and vertically-homogeneous plant canopy. Three simulations were performed for shear-driven flows in small and large computational domains, and a pressure-driven flow in a small domain, to enable the nature of canopy turbulence unaffected by external conditions to be captured. The simulations reproduced quite realistic canopy turbulence characteristics, including typical ramp structures appearing in time traces of the scalar concentration near the canopy top. Then, the spatial structure of the organised turbulence that caused the scalar ramps was examined using conditional sampling of three-dimensional instantaneous fields, triggered by the occurrence of ramp structures. A wavelet transform was used for the detection of ramp structures in the time traces. The ensemble-averaged results illustrate that the scalar ramps are associated with the microfrontal structure in the scalar, the ejection-sweep structure in the streamwise and vertical velocities, a laterally divergent flow just around the ramp-detection point, and a positive, vertically-coherent pressure perturbation. These vertical structures were consistent with previous measurements made in fields or wind tunnels. However, the most striking feature is that the horizontal slice of the same structure revealed a streamwise-elongated region of high-speed streamwise velocity impacting on another elongated region of low-speed velocity. These elongated structures resemble the so-called streak structures that are commonly observed in near-wall shear layers. Since elongated structures of essentially similar spatial scales were observed in all of the runs, these streak structures appear to be inherent in near-canopy turbulence. Presumably, strong wind shear formed just above the canopy is involved in their formation. By synthesis of the ensemble-averaged and instantaneous results, the following processes were inferred for the development of scalar microfronts and their associated flow structures: (1) a distinct scalar microfront develops where a coherent downdraft associated with a high-speed streak penetrates into the region of a low-speed streak; (2) a stagnation in flow between two streaks of different velocities builds up a vertically-coherent high-pressure region there; (3) the pressure gradients around the high-pressure region work to reduce the longitudinal variations in streamwise velocity and to enhance the laterally-divergent flow and lifted updrafts downstream of the microfront; (4) as the coherent mother downdraft impinges on the canopy, canopy-scale eddies are formed near the canopy top in a similar manner as observed in conventional mixing-layer turbulence.  相似文献   

17.
贺兰山地区沙尘暴沙尘起动和垂直输送物理因子的综合研究   总被引：37，自引：2，他引：37  
牛生杰  章澄昌 《气象学报》2002,60(2):194-204
根据 4a来在贺兰山两侧沙漠和沙地测站积累的微气象和沙尘谱观测资料 ,结合有关文献 ,综合分析了沙尘起动和垂直输送的物理机制 ;讨论了强风的动力作用、近地面不稳定层结的热力作用和沙尘物质源特征 ;概述了不同尺度天气系统中上升运动特征 ,沙尘的沉降末速计算、沙漠地表的湍流输送特征和垂直速度资料、沙漠地表的超绝热梯度出现的频率和强度及逆湿现象 ,沙漠和沙地的沙尘粒度、地表性质和沙土含水率对起动风速的影响。  相似文献   

18.
A method using balloons as tracers for measuring mean wind velocity in street canyons or mountain valleys has been developed. Tests of the method with numerical experiments showed that the method reproduced an assumed wind field quite well provided that the buoyancy component of the balloon velocity was larger than the downward velocity component of the wind. Tests of the method with measurements of wind velocity in a street canyon of downtown Chicago showed that the method yielded flow patterns quite similar to photographic results of flow visualization of phisical simulations by other investigators. However, no direct measurements of wind velocity were available for quantitative comparison.  相似文献   

19.
Three-dimensional wind velocity components were measured above and within a uniform almond orchard. Turbulent statistics associated with the turbulent flow inside the canopy are examined in detail. Turbulence in an almond orchard is characterized by relatively high turbulent intensities and large skewness and kurtosis values. These results indicate that the frequency distribution of wind velocity components is non-Gaussian. Conditional sampling of the turbulent measurements show that large, infrequent sweeps provide the predominant mechanism for tangential momentum stress in the canopy crown. Deep inside the canopy, a secondary wind maximum and small, but positive, tangential momentum stresses are observed.  相似文献   

20.
Several observational and modeling studies indicate that the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is inversely related to the Eurasian snow extent and depth. The other two important surface boundary conditions which influence the ISMR are the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) to a large extent and the Indian Ocean SST to some extent. In the present study, observed Soviet snow depth data and Indian rainfall data for the period 1951–1994 have been statistically analyzed and results show that 57% of heavy snow events and 24% of light snow events over west Eurasia are followed by deficient and excess ISMR respectively. Out of all the extreme monsoon years, care has been taken to identify those when Eurasian snow was the most dominant surface forcing to influence ISMR. During the years of high(low) Eurasian snow amounts in spring/winter followed by deficient(excess) ISMR, atmospheric fields such as temperature, wind, geopotential height, velocity potential and stream function based on NCEP/NCAR reanalyses have been examined in detail to study the influence of Eurasian snow on the midlatitude circulation regime and hence on the monsoon circulation. Results show that because of the west Eurasian snow anomalies, the midlatitude circulations in winter through spring show significant changes in the upper and lower level wind, geopotential height, velocity potential and stream function fields. Such changes in the large-scale circulation pattern may be interpreted as precursors to weak/strong monsoon circulation and deficient/excess ISMR. The upper level velocity potential difference fields between the high and low snow years indicate that with the advent of spring, the winter anomalous convergence over the Indian region gradually becomes weaker and gives way to anomalous divergence that persists through the summer monsoon season. Also the upper level anomalous divergence centre shifts from over the Northern Hemisphere and equator to the Southern Hemisphere over the Indian Ocean and Australia.  相似文献   

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