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1.
With the socio-economic change from rural to industrial, Spain has experienced an enormous urbanisation boom during the last 20 years. This has produced a concentration of high-rise apartment blocks not only in the big cities but also in medium-sized towns and even within the medieval town centres. More astonishing, compared with Central Europe, seems however, the spatial distribution of the social classes which, with a centre-periphery gradient, still corresponds to the model of the pre-industrial town. The paper investigates the impact of town planning, house building policy, and behavioural aspects on these structural patterns. 相似文献
2.
Pokshishevskiy V. V. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):35-44
While the rise in the proportion of urban dwellers in the Soviet population as a whole has somewhat slowed down, urbanisation has been rapidly continuing in the seventies; it has, however, acquired a certain new character through processes of intensification of urban life. The following of these processes are examined in the paper: concentration of the population in the larger cities, the development of agglomerations and whole systems of urban settlement, the geographical expansion of the large cities' contours. Factors leading to the rise of cities are also undergoing a partial change: their connexion with the growth of material production is becoming more flexible and more mediative; many republican and oblast' capital cities, those centres of administrative, economic-organizational and scientific research functions supported by a highly developed infrastructure are growing more rapidly than other cities. 相似文献
3.
Peter Sjøholt 《GeoJournal》1997,43(4):315-329
The paper will focus on the classification of urban systems over time as an aid in uncovering factors impacting urban growth or decline. Methodologically the point of departure is the Noyelle & Stanback (1983) classification of North American cities, modified by recent advances and the specific Nordic situation. The method will be applied to the Nordic city-system and its restructuration during the 1980s with emphasis on relations between city size, type and growth. The main finding of the empirical case is the nearly ubiquitous growth of the larger diversified cities as a result of the preponderance of the most dynamic services in their production systems. Conversely, typical industrial production centres have generally suffered a decline in relative and partly absolute terms as a consequence of technological restructuring and fewer opportunities for replacing lost manufacturing employment by new service activities. 相似文献
4.
This paper critically evaluates the causes and consequences of changes in population distribution in Zimbabwe during the colonial period and since independence in 1980. Five main aspects of population geography are examined. Firstly, by way on background on contemporary patterns of settlement and land use, the history of tenure policies is outlined. Secondly, the distribution of the African population as revealed in the 1982 census is described and major changes between the census years of 1962, 1969 and 1982 are discussed. Thirdly, changing patterns of settlement and land use within the peasant farming areas (Communal Lands) are examined in the context of increasing population pressures. Fourthly, trends in the growth of the main urban centres and the process of urbanisation of the African population are described. Fifthly, post-independence development policies directed at effecting changes in the distribution of population are discussed with particular reference to the land resettlement programme. The present distribution of population is seen as the product of interacting political, economic and environmental factors, knowledge of which is essential in devising appropriate development strategies to achieve a more equable balance of population and resources. 相似文献
5.
Erika Nagy 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):221-230
In late nineteenth century Hungarian cities there were strong contrasts between the inner ‘urban’ core and the rural periphery
in terms of housing conditions, accessibility and lifestyle. Rural-urban fringe zones in the Great Plain were quite distinctive
because the Turkish period was followed by an outflow of population which resulted in scattered settlement around the urban
centres. The fringe could be regarded simply as a zone of transition, but the differences between urban centres and their
immediate surroundings were gradually reduced through the industrialisation of the larger towns in the communist period. A
study of Szeged examines the expansion of the fringe zone and its gradual urbanisation through the growth of housing as people
have moved out from the centre to live among the rural population which increasingly turned from agriculture to commuting.
Villages on either side of Szeged's administrative boundary accommodated more migrants from the city during the 1980s and
experienced a gradual positive change in the quality of life as people escaped from the decaying residential blocs in the
centre. During the years since 1989 there has been further migration, coupled with a growth of small businesses and a big
improvement in services (shopping, running water, sewage and telecommunications). Further change may be expected in line with
the forces of counterurbanisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Russian cities at a crossroads 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The research project `Changes in the Russian urban system after the dissolution of the Soviet Union' supported by the German
Science and Research Society aims to reveal the impact of change in (1) the national and regional urban network, (2) the type
and condition of Russian cities, and (3) the factors and actors affecting urban development. In this contribution the focus
is made on the first task. The authors argue that visible stabilisation of the Russian urbanisation under crisis and/or under
a new stage involves a good deal of restructuring and qualitative change. The hierarchy of the nation-wide functional centres
is in flux. Within regions `alternative' foci attract industries, capital and people, and compete with regional capitals.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Tamaki Estuary is a large, semi-enclosed water body on the eastern side of the Auckland metropolitan area. The long and relatively narrow channel of the estuary (ca. 17 km in length) is surrounded by an urbanised and industrialised catchment. The catchment is noted for more than 600 industrial premises in addition to a range of other human activities associated with pastoral and urban land-use changes during the last 150 years. The study of seven estuary cores shows that sedimentation rates as well as the sediment coarse fraction have increased with the development of the catchment. Significant enrichments were also found for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the upper part of the cores, compared to the much lower concentrations found below 40-50 cm (considered to represent pristine background levels). Spatial association of contaminants with industrial areas and yacht anchorages, and temporal enrichments associated with the intensive urbanisation and development of the catchment since 1945 indicate that these pollutants are related to anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
8.
The aim of the paper is to investigate the process of spatial agglomeration of innovation and production activities and to assess the extent to which the degree of specialisation or diversity externalities in the area may affect the innovative output in a particular local industry. The analysis is carried out thanks to an original databank on innovation and production activity across 85 industrial sectors and 784 Italian Local Labour Systems, which are groupings of municipalities characterised by a high degree of self-contained flows of commuting workers. According to the global and local indicators of spatial association there are clear signs of spatial correlation in the distribution of innovation activities. The econometric analysis shows that the two types of externalities – specialisation and urbanisation economies – are both effective. Moreover, we find evidence for knowledge spillovers since technological activities of a local industry influence positively innovations of the same sectors in contiguous areas. 相似文献
9.
The Valcea Carpathians are of great value given their scenic attractions combined with specific glacial relief features in
the Parang and rare plant and animal species of Cozia. Complemented by a diverse cultural landscape, with monasteries, vernacular
buildings and pastoral traditions, the area offers a uniquely attractive backdrop for a cluster of spa resorts of international
standing which make Valcea one of Romania's leading tourist regions. Environmental protection is very necessary to regulate
private enterprise in the post-communist era, but financial resources and institutions are insufficient at the present time.
The paper demonstrates how highly-motivated individuals can play a significant role in advocating a more sustainable future
through their own capacities to carry out research and develop personal networks enabling them to extend their influence with
the public at large and also with academic and administrative hierarchies. The Romanian author of this paper is one of a number
of environmental activists in Valcea county who able to promote environmental issues in the absence of effective NGOs.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Raj Bala 《Geoforum》1982,13(3):257-262
This paper deals with the mode of emergence, population size, functional nature and distributional pattern of new towns in India as recorded at the 1971 Census. It was discovered that (i) an overwhelming majority of new towns were not new settlements but expanded villages. The rest owed their status to one of four situations: an independent town is carved out of an existing urban place; neighbouring towns are merged into a new unit; a declassified town in 1961 gets reclassified in 1971; and a new town is built, usually on planned lines; (ii) mode of emergence was the most vital factor in determining demographic attributes; (iii) new towns represented two contrasting tendencies in Indian urbanisation: concentrated urbanisation around metropolitan nodes and dispersed urbanisation in recently developing backward regions. 相似文献
11.
Research into the music industry has for a long time been almost exclusively dominated by a focus on the production of albums and songs. In recent years, however, cities such as Stockholm have seen the growth of a profitable and varied music services industry producing everything from remixes to music marketing strategies. Standing at the forefront of this growth industry are a large number of firms attempting to combine in innovative ways music and ICT. This can take a variety of forms, for instance: selling and distributing music over the internet; web design and computerised advertising services tailored to music products; software design focused on multimedia products and virtual instruments; high-tech post-production and mixing services; and virtual centres and communities of music industry actors. The article will examine these activities within the city in attempt to measure the direction and cohesiveness of the emerging sector. The article concludes by arguing that these type of new industrial synergies tell us much about the way industrial innovations are formed in an interindustry and inter-cluster environment, and the future competitiveness and shape of the music industry. In particular, the article argues that evidence from Stockholm points to the emergence of a post-industrial musical economy. 相似文献
12.
D. Purushotham Mehnaz Rashid Mahjoor Ahmad Lone A. Narsing Rao Shakeel Ahmed E. Nagaiah Farooq A. Dar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,81(3):385-396
Anthropogenic activities in Maheshwaram watershed have deteriorated water, air and soil quality during the last ten years due to rapid urbanisation and industrial development. Maheshwaram watershed experienced drastic changes in land use pattern, being very close to the Hyderabad city. Base-line data was collected during post monsoon season (October-November) of 2010 in Maheshwaram watershed to assess the impacts of change in land use, urbanisation and industrialisation on air, water and soil quality for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Air samples were analysed for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM). Groundwater samples were analysed for pH; EC; TDS; TH; cations, anions and heavy metals viz., Fe, Mn, Al, Si, V, Cr, As, Sr, Rb, Se, Ba, Li, B, Be, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysed data were compared with the National and International Standards and subjected to Factor Analysis (FA) for six chemical variables to assess and characterise hydro-chemical processes. A comparison of the results of groundwater samples with WHO and BIS guidelines show that most of the groundwater samples are heavily contaminated with heavy metals like lead, chromium, nickel, barium, aluminium, boron and selenium, which was quantified and presented in the form of spatial variation diagrams prepared using ArcGIS. 9.3.1. Similarly the results of air samples compared with the Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India guidelines show that most of the air samples for residential, rural and industrial areas are contaminated by SPM and RSPM. 相似文献
13.
Richard E. A. Robertson 《Natural Hazards》1995,11(2):163-191
The Soufriere volcano is a 1220 m high stratovolcano which occupies the northern part of the island of St. Vincent. It is one of the most active centres of volcanism in the Caribbean and has a record of activity dating back to the Pleistocene. Historic eruptions (since 1718) have caused over 1600 deaths and resulted in damage to property valued in excess of 4.8 million USD. In addition, current development plans for the area point towards increased risk of disastrous consequences from future activity at the volcano.All aspects of risk relevant to the volcano, are discussed, with particular emphasis on the manner in which these are perceived and on the question of acceptable risk. A method is presented for use in risk assessment of volcanic hazard and a number of risk zones are defined for the Soufriere volcano. Numerical estimates of the relative loss expected within each zone are obtained from a consideration of the value of property at risk, its vulnerability to the hazardous volcanic events and the expected spatial impact of volcanic events. Such estimates suggest that the northern-most third of the island is at least ten times more at risk than areas further south. The likelihood of death and destruction is extreme in such high risk areas, while the most feasible method of loss reduction is evacuation before an eruption occurs.Formerly at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. 相似文献
14.
Economic geography has been enriched by modern scientific methods based on the ideas of systems analysis, optimisation, and economic-mathematical simulation. A system of models proposed by the Institute of Economics and Organisation of Industrial Production (IEOIP) of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences has as its methodological basis the programme-objective approach. It is national economic criteria that are used for selection of optimum alternatives of interregional proportions, development of each region being appraised according to its contribution to development of national production. For each region, in accordance with the place occupied by it in the territorial division of labour, complex programmes are drawn up, situational analysis being used widely with different probabilities of particular events being taken into account. The system of models of the IEOIP reflects interactions of two hierarchic structures of the economy (production and territory), includes five subsystems (blocks), and covers three main echelons of national economic planning. Two blocks of spatial models are intended for optimisation of schemes of locating productive forces of the nation, particular regions, and parts thereof: territorial-production complexes (TPC), zones of complete assimilation and industrial centres. The optimisation problems of national economy spatial structure, of production and spatial structure of the economy of particular regions are solved in co-operation with national economic models, models of separate sectors and multi-sectoral complexes. The main tool for optimising spatial structure of the national economy and regions are various versions of the intersectoral interregional model and a group of models for optimising creation of TPCs. With the help of these models a series of practical problems has been solved at the IEOIP, the findings of which are a basis for some propositions relating to development of productive forces of the nation, of Siberia as a whole, of particular regions in 1975, 1990, and 2000. 相似文献
15.
This paper assesses the risk to people and property from lava flow hazard in the Vesuvian area of Italy using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The intense urbanisation and dense population near Mt. Vesuvius make the area very hazardous. Due to the large amount of available data, GIS is an essential tool to facilitate risk evaluation and constant monitoring of the zone. This analysis is based mainly on a lava flow hazard map of Mt. Vesuvius, determined from volcanic activity between 1631 and 1944. A land-use zonation map of the area was created in order to show areal distribution of the resources, built-up centres and population. For each of the 17 municipalities in the area, demographic and urban data were entered into the GIS database and linked to each appropriate geographic unit in order to create a set of reference maps at the 1:50 000 scale. The lava flow hazard map was overlain on the land use map, and spatial and numerical information of risk were extracted from the resulting maps. 相似文献
16.
Patrice de Caritat Clemens Reimann Matti Äyräs Heikki Niskavaara Viktor A. Chekushin Vladimir A. Pavlov 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1996,2(2):149-168
The pH, electrical conductance and concentration of six anions and 33 cations were determined in stream waters sampled in 1994 from eight arctic catchments on and adjacent to the Kola Peninsula (Russia, Finland and Norway). The catchments are located at various distances (5–300 km) from the major industrial emissions centres of Monchegorsk, Nikel and Zapoljarniy in Russia. The source of the elements can be (1) natural, marine (sea spray), (2) natural, geogenic (blowing soil/dust, till, bedrock), and/or (3) anthropogenic, industrial (emissions from smelters, dust from mining, etc.), each source showing a distinct signature. The median concentration of many contaminants can vary by up to three orders of magnitude from polluted to remote locations, and the concentration ranges observed in different catchments often do not overlap. This implies that contamination falls sharply with distance from source, but is quite profound and lasting close to the emission centres. Elevated trace metal contents in the most polluted streams indicates that deposited contaminants are transferred to the aquatic ecosystem, and eventually can reach the ocean. 相似文献
17.
The Socialist Republic of Romania, bounded by the Danube, the Carpathians and the Black Sea, is among the central countries of Europe. It is an harmonious blend of Carpathians (1000–2500m) with complex mineral deposits, forests, meadows, mineral springs; the hills and the plateaus, with coal, gas, petroleum, salt and extensive vine and orchard areas; and the plains, the great granary.In Romania, the Carpathians are circular enclosing Transylvania. They are broken up by numerous valleys and inner depression, which accounts for their being populated from the earliest times, and for their linkage of Romanian territory. Romania, which lies at the point of interference between tropical air masses and the main European baric centres, has a continental (Pontic) climate with Mediterranean, oceanic and Baltic influences. The complex climate is reflected in the complexity of the vegetation (steppe, forest steppe, etc.) and of the soils (chernozem, black and podzol ic soils). In addition to the Danube and over 3400 small lakes, Romania has a Black Sea coast with lagoons, beaches and an extensive continental platform.By a judicious use of its own resources, Romania is today among the European states with a modern industrial-agrarian economy. The socialist industrialization has strengthened the leading position of industry and an integrated economy. Industry supplies 70% of the home requirement of machines and appliances. Of the total industrial output, 40% is produced by the machine building and chemical industries. The agricultural use of the country's territory has considerably increased (63% of the surface); irrigation has been extended (1.1 million ha, in 1973); similarly drainage work and the controlling of soil erosion. Wheat and maize are the predominent crops followed by sunflower, sugar beet and forage.From the administrative point of view, there are 39 counties and the municipality of Bucharest, 236 towns (47 of which are municipalities) and 2706 communes (147 of which are suburban). For a more even distribution of the economy and of the net of urban centres, another 300–400 communes will be changed into town centres. Romania, today undergoing a profound process of social-economic transformation, has diplomatic relations with 119 states and promotes economic, and cooperational relations with about 130 states. 相似文献
18.
河流景观生态学已成为河流科学研究与应用的新范式,但国内研究还颇为不足。从河流景观生态学发展的逻辑必然性、主要进程、基本内容与重要理论等方面进行了总结。结果显示,多尺度跨学科整体论河流认识要求和景观尺度上处理河流问题的实践需求共同推动河流景观生态学的迅速发展,其中心议题是河流物理景观系统与生物系统在不同等级尺度上的结构、格局与功能过程,尤其重视物理景观与不同等级生物系统的相互作用关系,对河流景观多尺度等级性、高动态性和有向性等突出性质的认识已取得重要理论发展。指出当前面临5个方面的核心议题亟需取得突破:改进和统一河流景观分类系统、河流景观跨尺度研究、河流景观方法对经典河流生态理论的再认识、河流景观机理与模拟、河流景观对气候变化与区域土地利用/覆被变化的响应研究。 相似文献
19.
20.
Reinhard Stewig 《Geoforum》1974,5(2):47-53
The paper deals with the problem of central place hierarchies in developing countries. If the information collected in the province of Bursa — by means of the questionaire method and in field work — is interpreted from the point of view of services offered in the central place alone, a multi-graded hierarchy is evident. However, the central place-oriented behaviour of the rural population of Bursa province reveals a two-graded hierarchy: towards the respective district centre and towards the provincial capital (Bursa city). The different qualities of services offered in the district centres must be explained in the light of different socio-economic standards in the various regions of the province of Bursa. 相似文献