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1.
One of the characteristics of food safety regulation in China is the separation of agricultural food products (agro-food) from other kinds of food. To this end, a Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products (LQSAP) was enacted to provide for official control at the stage of primary agro-food production. With the enactment and revision of the Food Safety Law, one change in the legislative arrangement is the extension of the scope of this new law to cover the marketing of agro-food and the use of agricultural inputs. However, safety regulation at the stage of primary production of agro-food is still subject to the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. It is also important to note that thee LQSAP refers both to agro-food and to agricultural products for non-human consumption; and that it provides rules both for safety assurance and for quality promotion. In the context of intensified official control to ensure food safety and diverse consumer needs for food of higher quality, a revision of the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products has been initiated. This article describes the goals of this legislation, its institutional arrangements and the directions the revisions are taking in order to provide a better understanding of food safety regulation in China in general and agro-food regulation in particular.  相似文献   

2.
陶伟  蔡浩辉  廖健豪 《地理科学》2020,40(4):637-645
选取元阳哈尼梯田稻作系统为研究对象,基于粮食地理学的农产品生产-消费网络理论,通过深度访谈等方法分析多元主体在本土农业生产消费领域中的策略及行为,解读其中的社会建构现象。研究发现:农业生产领域中多元参与特征显著,优质稻种的人为筛选、种养品种的多样化以及土地流转的推广均为政府、村民和外来企业为实现各自利益而共同协商达成的策略,不同行动者共同利用与改造着农业生产的各种要素;农产品消费领域中,政府和企业逐步承担了农产品商品化的后续工序,国有资本完成农产品的收购、加工与包装,外来商业资本负责建构商品品牌,满足目标消费者的市场需求是他们的共同目标。  相似文献   

3.
Agro-food transnational corporations (TNCs) are pivotal players in the emergent regulatory structures of the East Asian agro-food system, but there has been little explicit concern to account theoretically or empirically for their prevailing socio-spatial practices and strategies. This paper uses the case of Nestlé in South East Asia to make three claims. First, transnational corporate strategy is best understood as comprising an interaction of restructuring processes within the arenas of production, realisation (sales), and reproduction (corporate finance and investment). Second, the analysis of agro-food transnationals in Asia requires elevated attention to the local regulation of food systems. Third, in Nestlé's case at least, the articulation of global strategies with local arenas of production and markets encourages corporate finance to play a key role in the generation of profit. This is evidenced through the extensive use of intra-firm trade and royalty payments (or, related party transactions) by Nestlé in Thailand.  相似文献   

4.
Recent European literature on 'alternative' food networks (AFNs) draws heavily upon an apparently accessible and diverse body of non-conventional food networks in the agro-food sector and whilst researchers frequently refer to individual examples of farmers markets, box schemes, producer cooperatives and community-supported agriculture projects, less attention is given to the methodological processes that facilitate the identification and examination of these networks. From the preliminary stages of a research project focusing on examples of AFNs, 2 this paper examines the process of operationalizing AFNs research and reviews the difficulties associated with identifying, comparing and characterizing AFNs.  相似文献   

5.
降低食物供给的非均衡性是实现“零饥饿”的重要途径。论文在分析1986—2018年全球食物生产时空演变特征的基础上,基于洛伦兹曲线和锡尔系数,对全球与区域食物生产非均衡性及贸易影响进行了测度。结果表明:① 1986—2018年,全球各类食物产量均呈增加趋势,产出结构发生了显著变化,谷物在植物性食物中的比重减小,油料、蔬菜和水果所占比重增加。不同区域和国家食物营养来源具有显著差异,且尺度越小,差异越大。② 谷物、糖料和水果生产的集中程度相对较低,蔬菜、油料、薯类、水产品生产集中程度较高。豆类、蔬菜、油料、糖料和嗜好类人均产量非均衡性呈增加趋势,薯类、水果、畜禽类和水产品的人均产量非均衡性呈降低趋势。人均热量产出非均衡较低,脂肪和蛋白质产出的非均衡性较高。③ 贸易对全球人均食物及营养供给的非均衡性具有显著的降低作用,且其影响程度逐年增加。贸易对糖类、油料和嗜好类非均衡性降低作用最显著,对脂肪供给非均衡性的降低作用较大。制定以营养为导向的食物生产和贸易政策,对提升食物供给均衡性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
This paper focuses on a case study of an 'alternative' food network based in the Abruzzo National Park, Italy, to explore how ideas of sustainable farmland management can be expressed through broader understandings of developing networks of care concerned with local economies and societies, high-quality specialist food products, particular 'traditional' farming practices and livestock breeds, as well as the ecology of a farmed landscape. The scheme allows customers, internationally as well as in Italy, to 'adopt' a milking sheep on a large mountain farm. In return, adopters are sent food products from the farm. The adoption scheme is inter-twined with an agri-tourism project which provides accommodation, runs a restaurant and engages in educational activities. The scheme is the result of the individual initiative of its founder, and is associated with a strongly expressed ethical position concerning the value of sustaining valued local rural landscapes and lifestyles, and the importance of 'reconnecting' urban dwellers with rural areas, farming and 'quality' food production. Yet the localness of the scheme is sustained through wider national and international networks: volunteer and paid workers are drawn from several European countries, funding has been acquired from the EU LEADER programme, and internet and transport technologies are essential in connecting with and supplying an international customer base. The broader economy of care instanced in this case study draws attention to a need to develop strategies for sustainable farmland management constructed around wider programmes of social, economic and cultural, as well as environmental, concern.  相似文献   

7.
李健  宁越敏  汪明峰 《地理学报》2008,63(4):437-448
全球化与生产技术的发展进一步引导了社会生产组织的变革, 新的国际劳动分工深入 到产品内层次, 全球价值链和全球生产网络等开始被纳入诸多学科研究体系, 并更好地解释 了当今全球生产组织的新变化。文章首先从全球生产网络概念及研究综述入手, 探讨了计算 机产业全球生产网络的一般组织框架; 其次, 以价值链- 微笑曲线为对象对计算机产业全球 生产网络的价值分配及空间竞争性进行实证研究, 在此基础上进一步分析计算机产业全球生 产网络中的企业组织及其权力分配关系; 再次, 分析了目前中国计算机产业生产网络价值分 配结构及空间竞争性, 探讨中国大陆计算机产业融入全球生产网络的情况。  相似文献   

8.
“一带一路”生产网络及中国参与程度   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
随着全球化深入发展,全球生产网络已经成为协调和组织全球生产活动最主要的组织平台。共建“一带一路”倡议的提出标志着包容性全球化时代的到来,中国也将更快速、深入地融入全球生产网络中。在此背景下,“一带一路”沿线地区内部是否形成了较强的生产网络联系,中国在其中的参与程度又如何,是一个非常有意义的研究议题。论文基于全球生产网络视角,运用投入产出分析、增加值分解以及网络分析等方法,开展了定量研究。结果表明:① 研究期内,“一带一路”区域内部生产网络联系强度不断提升;② 中国在“一带一路”生产网络价值流动中处于核心和首位地位,且首位优势不断增强;③ 中国获取增加值空间分布上,呈现出东高西低、东南集聚的空间特征,东南亚是中国获取增加值的最主要来源地;④ 中国从“一带一路”沿线国家最终品中获取增加值效率较低,面临着“低端锁定”的困境,价值捕获能力亟待进一步提升。因此,中国应加大空间整合力度,最大化与“一带一路”区域的生产合作,同时进行由增量到提质的发展方式转型,提升增加值获取效率,为中国经济发展找到新的增长点。  相似文献   

9.
农业工业化和“去地化”的生产模式、不透明的流通过程以及膨胀的消费欲望致使饮食系统危机不断,其可持续性成为全球尺度的挑战。当前饮食系统的可持续性研究面临尺度问题,涉及从全球地方的目标转化,以及从地方到全球的经验反馈两个方面。首先,全球尺度的可持续目标宏大包容,但是对地方尺度的差异性缺乏关照。其次,部分西方国家的可持续实践垄断了经验表达,过于重视社区等微观尺度而忽略了其他尺度的潜在作用,引发“尺度陷阱”。本文深入剖析中国、巴西、南非的饮食系统内部各类参与者的可持续性建构,提出全球和地方可持续饮食系统互动的尺度逻辑:① 从全球到地方的目标转化需要兼顾地方差异。中国、巴西、南非各自生成优先的可持续目标,分别针对食品安全、食物原真性和食物浪费、结构性的食物匮乏等问题。这些目标之间充满张力和博弈,不能等同替代。② 从地方到全球的经验反馈需要打破西方经验赋予的微观尺度的优越性,转向跨尺度的实践。发展中国家的可持续实践路径的要义在于发挥饮食系统各类参与者的能动性,调动资源形成有效的跨尺度行动网络。③ 发展中国家的经验表明尺度本身是方法,而不是目的,每个具体的可持续目标与适切的尺度方法匹配。有必要研究建议挖掘多元、差异的可持续模式,更加有针对性地促进当地乃至全球饮食系统的可持续发展。  相似文献   

10.
Global production networks have become the most important organizational platforms for coordinating international production activities, and their evolution patterns profoundly affect value distribution across the world. In this study, we shall firstly carry out an in-depth quantitative research to analyze the patterns and evolution of global production networks, using a long time-sequenced multi-region input-output table and the network analysis approach. Then based on the method of value-added decomposition, we will develop an index system to measure the degree of participation of regions in global production networks. Finally, we will try to identify the factors affecting the degree of participation of countries in global production networks by constructing a regression model. The results show that from 1995 to 2015, the evolution of global production networks measured by input-output linkages experienced four stages: expansion, contraction, re-expansion, and re-contraction. In addition, the core communities of global production networks evolved from two major production communities(Europe and the Americas) to three pillars(Europe, Americas, and Asia) while more segmented communities are mainly affected by geographical proximity. The latter consists of European, North American, South American, African and Asian communities. The evolution of the global production network pattern primarily manifests as a process of cooperation strengthening or weakening among communities, based on changes in the external environment and the need for individual development strategies. Meanwhile, the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom have consistently ranked among the top entities in global production networks, whereas China, Russia, and Southeast Asia have the fastest rises in ranking. In addition, government efficiency, resources endowment, infrastructure conditions and technology levels play important roles in the participation in global production networks.  相似文献   

11.
Global production networks have become the most important organizational plat-forms for coordinating international production activities,and their evolution patterns pro-foundly affect value distribution across the world.In this study,we shall firstly carry out an in-depth quantitative research to analyze the patterns and evolution of global production networks,using a long time-sequenced multi-region input-output table and the network analysis approach.Then based on the method of value-added decomposition,we will develop an index system to measure the degree of participation of regions in global production net-works.Finally,we will try to identify the factors affecting the degree of participation of coun-tries in global production networks by constructing a regression model.The results show that from 1995 to 2015,the evolution of global production networks measured by input-output linkages experienced four stages:expansion,contraction,re-expansion,and re-contraction.In addition,the core communities of global production networks evolved from two major production communities(Europe and the Americas)to three pillars(Europe,Americas,and Asia)while more segmented communities are mainly affected by geographical proximity.The latter consists of European,North American,South American,African and Asian communities.The evolution of the global production network pattern primarily manifests as a process of cooperation strengthening or weakening among communities,based on changes in the ex-ternal environment and the need for individual development strategies.Meanwhile,the United States,Germany,and the United Kingdom have consistently ranked among the top entities in global production networks,whereas China,Russia,and Southeast Asia have the fastest rises in ranking.In addition,government efficiency,resources endowment,infrastructure conditions and technology levels play important roles in the participation in global production networks.  相似文献   

12.
基于全球生产网络的理论框架,利用战略耦合,分析大湾区各城市的战略耦合模式发展及其在全球生产网络中地位与分工的差异,以深入认识粤港澳大湾区的协同发展。研究发现:1)粤港澳三地的战略耦合模式和演变过程均存在本质差异,从属于不同的全球生产网络。香港在发展本土制造业及后来的“前店后厂”的过程中,经历了2次依附耦合到解耦的过程,在金融业上形成互惠耦合模式;而澳门在制造业上经历了2次从依附耦合到解耦的过程,在博彩业上形成了吸收耦合模式。2)珠三角各个城市战略耦合模式也存在显著差异,各城市通过不同的主导产业嵌入到不同的全球生产网络之中。3)在上述2个尺度的战略耦合差异的影响下,大湾区的区域经济没有逐步走向协同,而是出现了起伏的发展过程:各个城市早期由于耦合模式不同而协同较弱,中期由于战略耦合嵌入相同的GPN中而走向协同,后期由于解耦的出现而协同趋势衰减。文章的核心论点认为战略耦合的模式差异,导致各个城市嵌入到经济周期、生产系统、技术结构存在显著差异不同的全球生产网络之中,因此难以实现区域整体协同。  相似文献   

13.
上海计算机产业转移及其对区域经济影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
自2008年全球金融危机之后,全球生产网络重组对中国区域经济的影响日益浮现。上海计算机制造业持续向重庆等地转移,重构了该行业全球生产网络的基本格局。利用上海市投入-产出表以及中国工业企业数据库、企业年报等,采用结构分解等方法分析上海计算机制造业产业变化,结合制造业多样性指数等指标,评估产业转移对区域经济的影响。研究发现:① 上海计算机产业被锁定在全球价值链低端的组装制造环节,2007—2012年,增加值率(增加值与总产出的比值)从7.38%下降为4.29%;劳动者报酬占增加值比例从22.06%上涨为67.97%,推动产业对外迁移。② 受上海市产业转移和国际市场低迷等因素影响,2007—2012年,上海计算机制造业总产出减少了483.9亿元。③ 制造业多样性指数较高的浦东新区受到计算机产业转移的影响较小,制造业多样性指数相对较低且计算机制造业占制造业总产值比例较高的闵行区、松江区在一定时期内仍然面临着计算机产业转移的负面影响。为了降低全球生产网络“去耦合”的冲击,提高区域经济的韧性,上海需要从全球生产网络的成熟产品生产平台转型为新产品研发创新枢纽,提高劳动生产率和产业增加值率,推动产业结构多样化。  相似文献   

14.
张旭  陈彤  戴俊骋 《地理科学》2022,42(2):264-273
利用2012年和2017年《福布斯中国名人榜单》中娱乐明星行动轨迹数据探索中国娱乐传媒产业全球生产网络的空间组织模式。研究发现:① 中国娱乐传媒产业的全球化经历了“产品引进”“产品输出”“对外投资并购与跨国生产”几个阶段,具有明显的内需驱动式全球化特点;② 中国娱乐传媒产业生产网络形成较为明显的“核心-边缘”结构,相较于典型制造业生产网络表现出更加快速的动态演化特征;③ 娱乐传媒产业各类价值活动的地理分布呈现出显著的差异,反映出不同价值环节的需求与各区域平台、资源或市场条件的战略耦合关系;④ 中国娱乐传媒产业的国外活动呈现出向西方发达国家和亚洲邻近国家集聚的趋势,体现出发达国家主导的全球娱乐传媒市场结构以及“地理-文化邻近效应”的作用。  相似文献   

15.
基于UN Comtrade数据库176个国家及地区的83类制造业半成品或成品的贸易数据,运用社会网络分析,构建2001、2006、2011和2016年总体与分产品的全球制造业生产网络,分析不同时期各类网络的拓扑变化特征。随后,基于各网络拓扑指标建立产品内分工全球制造业生产网络的参与度指数,并构建面板数据计量模型,进一步揭示演化背后的作用机理。研究表明:总体看,全球制造业生产网络的成长性与连通性先升后降、凝聚性趋于稳固、层级性具有明显的“马太效应”,这一演化特征受世界各国全球化进程、要素配给、基建水平、地理区位等因素影响。分产品看,生产要素替代性越低、附加值越高的制造业产品生产网络的演化速率较快、参与门槛较高;而生产要素替代性越高、附加值越低的制造业产品生产网络的演化速率较慢、地域关联较强。  相似文献   

16.
There has been particular interest in 'alternative' food over the last 10 years, with many policymakers and researchers throughout the Minority World following a growing number of consumers and producers in supporting organic farming and a host of 'alternative' food networks. To date, there has been a tendency for theory and policy to emerge somewhat divorced from the grounded practices and experiences of producer-suppliers themselves within these networks. Urging a shift from 'alternativity' to 'sustainability' as a more critical and valuable tool to analyse food networks, this paper draws upon in-depth ethnographic research with small-scale producer-supplier case studies in south Wales and southern Ontario. In so doing it explores often overlooked voices and stories within sustainable food discourses. Focusing on the value of farmer-led understandings and responses, the paper highlights important implications for policymakers and consumers and outlines future research on sustainable food networks.  相似文献   

17.
王念  程昌秀  林耿 《地理学报》2022,77(10):2599-2615
利用可比净出口指数、贸易集中度指数、Hilbert曲线、时空多元模式可视化、岭回归等方法,对1992—2020年中国农产品贸易结构演化进行分析,并解释其与粮食安全的关系。结论认为:① 1992—2020年中国农产品贸易总体格局发生了转变,表现为对国际进口的依赖显著增强,猪肉、牛肉、玉米、高粱、油菜籽等众多农产品由出口转变为进口状态。快速增长的进口直接增加了国内食物的供应,提升了粮食安全水平。② 农产品进口呈现产品结构和空间结构双集中的叠加效应,这种效应使得重点农产品进口极易受美国、澳大利亚等少数国家贸易政策变化的不利影响;在出口方面,农产品集中度较小,随着与“一带一路”等地区国家贸易的发展,地理集中度也显著降低。较低的集中度有利于稳定出口的经济效益,保障出口部门农业生产的稳定性。③ 中国农业生产出现部分进口产品生产规模压缩的趋势,加上高度集中的进口结构,将使得国内农业生产与粮食安全保障在面对外部冲击时更加脆弱。建议在坚持贸易开放的同时,优化农产品的生产和贸易结构,引导形成合理的农业种植格局。  相似文献   

18.
马恩朴  蔡建明  郭华  林静  廖柳文  韩燕 《地理学报》2021,76(10):2343-2359
受城市化、地域功能分化、生产要素优化配置和交通网络快速扩展等因素影响,区域之间资源要素的流动已成为区域可持续发展的内在需求。在这种背景下,人类与地理环境互动模式的网络化就要求地理学研究采取全程耦合范式,即将区域内部、区域与周边区域、以及非邻接区域之间的人地互动同时纳入考虑。食物系统作为衔接乡村与城市、以及产地与全球消费市场的产业链和价值链,是开展人地系统近远程耦合研究的重要切入点。基于这种认识,本文在论证理论研究内在依据及外在条件的基础上,将食物系统的构成要素与远程耦合框架相结合,建立“城市化驱动下食物系统近远程耦合的理论框架”并论述该理论框架的具体内涵。以拓展理论框架中的前沿领域为基本导向并结合国家重大战略需求,本文进一步明确了食物系统耦合研究的基本问题和4个亟待突破的优先研究方向。其中,基本问题是食物域的格局特征、时空演化及其动力机制。4个优先方向则包括:耦合社会经济文化变迁与生物地球化学循环的供应链网络人地互动研究;食物系统近远程耦合效应及其调控策略研究;基于食物系统的城乡融合与长效脱贫机制研究;以及面向公共卫生安全的食物系统跨区域、多层次治理研究。本文最后设计了食物系统耦合研究的一般技术路径,研究结果可为进一步的案例实证提供理论支撑和研究思路参考。  相似文献   

19.
郑智  刘卫东  宋周莺  黄梦娜 《地理研究》2020,39(12):2653-2668
在全球生产网络时代背景下,“一带一路”沿线国家间生产网络的形成和发展对于“一带一路”倡议的进一步推进有着重要意义。“一带一路”倡议提出以来,国内外对其有着诸多误解以及曲解,建立有利于“一带一路”实施的话语体系同样至关重要。本文运用投入产出、增加值分解以及网络分析等方法,对“一带一路”生产网络演化过程以及中国通过生产网络对“一带一路”沿线国家的经济带动作用开展定量研究,结果表明:① 1995—2015年,“一带一路”沿线国家生产网络联系不断加强。② 生产网络结构发生重大变化,重心转移和一体化趋势并存。③ 中国通过生产网络合作对“一带一路”沿线国家经济贡献不断加大,有效地带动了区域经济的发展。④ 中国对“一带一路”沿线国家经济贡献量分布呈现出南北高,中间低的地理格局。“一带一路”沿线国家加强生产网络合作是激活后发优势,凸显比较优势以及共同应对外部经济风险的有效方法,同时“一带一路”学术话语体系的建设仍然任重道远,需要多学科的共同努力。  相似文献   

20.
马海涛  周春山  刘逸 《地理研究》2012,31(6):1057-1065
网络演化是演化经济地理学研究的重要内容和新近热点之一。在当前的理论探讨中主要强调路径依赖和惯例对网络演化的强化作用,对于信任这个关键要素缺乏深入探讨。本文通过深度访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对比金融危机前后广东省纺织服装行业生产网络的空间结构,揭示信任与生产网络演化之间的互动机制。研究发现:信任是维系生产网络稳定性的基本要素之一,信任的强弱程度主要受合作类型(市场关系)、地理接近(空间关系)和社会文化接近根植性(社会关系)等因素影响。金融危机作为一种负面外部冲击,重构了广东省服装行业的生产网络。在这个过程中,较强信任关系的网络连结(潮汕地区)得以保留,并在危机过后进一步强化;而部分较弱信任关系的网络连结(珠三角地区)发生断裂,且在经济回暖之后被潮汕地区的网络所取代。  相似文献   

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