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1.
1概况1995年是广东省强对流天气灾害较严重的一年,3月15日至8月13日,全省共有13个强对流日(未包括强降水),先后有57个站次出现雷雨大风、冰雹、龙卷风等强对流天气。强对流天气的影响遍及全省各地,尤以珠江三角洲地区为甚。据统计,1995年广东省受强对流天气袭击,共损坏房屋72200多间,倒塌2390多间,造成526人受伤,35人死亡,直接经济损失9.8亿多元。2几次主主的强对流天气过程2.1首次大范围的强对流天气过程3月15日,由于受锋面低槽影响,本省北部的阳山、乳源、连山等地降了冰雹,五大的冰雹直径达到12毫米,这是本年度广东省…  相似文献   

2.
利用鲁中地区2001—2016年伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的所有强对流天气个例共106次进行分析,总结其气候特征,并通过箱须图的形式研究了分类强对流天气相关环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。结果表明:2001—2016年强对流天气分布呈山区多、平原少、中部多、北部和西南部少的特点;6月和6月中旬是主要月份和旬份;地面辐合线是最主要触发机制类型;雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的地面和850 hPa的平均温度露点差,0~1 km和0~3 km垂直风切变,SWEAT指数、LI指数、K指数、风暴相对螺旋度、高度指数等环境参数各有不同的最低阈值;鲁中地区易发生强对流天气的0 ℃层高度为4.1 km左右;对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,其融化层高度比0 ℃层高度低0.6 km左右。根据以上环境参数的分布特征、高低空垂直风切变的强弱变化可对3类强对流天气进行一定程度的区分。  相似文献   

3.
针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。  相似文献   

4.
针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。  相似文献   

5.
针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65 dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征.VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系.  相似文献   

6.
林志强 《广东气象》1997,(2):41-41,37
1概况1996年广东省的强对流天气季节自3月16日开始至9月14日结束,历时近6个月,全省先后有110个站次出现雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气(根据各地气象台站的正规WS报资料),比1995年的57个站次约增加了一倍。本文所统计的强对流天气是指2~9月份雷达开机联防探测期间,省内各测站观测到冰雹、龙卷风或)17m/s的雷雨大风(实际上,其它月份也未曾出现过上述天气)。21996年几次主要的强对流天气过程2.1灾情最严重的一次强对流天气过程4月18~19日,在锋面低槽的影响下,广东省西南部和珠江三角洲等地区,遭受了一次严重强对流天气的袭击,…  相似文献   

7.
《高原气象》2021,40(4):898-908
冰雹是一种致灾性较强的强对流天气,但在气象业务工作中对其进行快捷、准确的预警和预报仍有一定的难度。本文基于C波段雷达回波资料,构建并应用随机森林模型对冰雹及其伴随强对流天气进行了分类识别及预报。结果发现,随机森林模型对训练集(2008-2017年)中四类冰雹天气(冰雹、冰雹大风、冰雹短强、冰雹大风短强)的平均命中率(Probability of Detection,POD)为90.2%,平均空报比率(False Alarm Ratio,FAR)为11.1%。对于2018-2019年的独立样本测试集,模型的平均POD和FAR则分别为72.8%和34.7%。因此,本文构建的随机森林模型较为理想。应用模型和风暴单体识别与跟踪产品(Strom Cell Identification and Tracking,SCIT)对未来15~60 min的强对流天气进行预报,结果表明四类冰雹天气的平均POD为74.8%,平均临界成功指数为60.8%,平均FAR为24.4%。因此,利用C波段雷达产品,随机森林模型能高效、自动化且较为准确地分类预警、预报冰雹及其伴随强对流天气,可应用于天气预报业务工作。  相似文献   

8.
孙妍  王晓明 《吉林气象》2012,(1):12-15,30
运用1971-2010年的短时暴雨、雷雨大风天气资料,1960-2010年的冰雹天气资料,统计分析了吉林省强对流天气的时间、地域分布特征,结果表明:吉林省强对流天气多在春、夏季出现,并多集中在午后13-19时,其中短时暴雨和雷雨大风出现在平原的次数大于山区,而冰雹在山区出现平均次数大于平原地区。  相似文献   

9.
利用江西省2002--2007年局地强对流天气过程的多普勒天气雷达产品资料,通过统计分析多普勒天气雷达最大反射率因子、垂直积分液态含水量及其密度、三体散射和中气旋等产品特征,对江西省突发性局地强对流天气的临近预报预警进行研究。结果认为,江西突发性局地强对流天气主要出现在春季和夏季,夏季突发性局地强对流风暴的伸展高度普遍比春季高。最大反射率因子≥55dBz可以作为局地强对流天气预警的临界指标,≥60dBz可以作为局地冰雹预警的临界指标;VIL密度≥2.8g/m^3可以作为局地强对流天气预警的临界指标,≥3.2g/m^3可以作为局地冰雹预警的临界指标,≥4.0g/m^3可以作为较大冰雹预警的临界指标。三体散射是大冰雹的有效判据。风暴内出现中气旋特征,应立即发布强对流天气预警。很多突发性局地强风暴不一定会出现中气旋特征报警,在这种情况下应通过分析径向速度产品来判断中气旋特征。  相似文献   

10.
曾心  赵慧 《广西气象》1990,11(2):30-33
本季主要天气气候特点是:光照少,雨日多,雨量充沛,冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气活动频繁。  相似文献   

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The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO3 radicals with HCOOH/HCOO and CH3COOH/CH3COO have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO3 was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S2O 8 2– ) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO 4 ) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO3 was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO3 with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk 1=(3.3±1.0)×105 l mol–1 s–1 andk 2=(5.0±0.4)×107 l mol–1 s–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k 1(T)=(3.4±0.3)×1010 exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol–1 s–1 andk 2(T)=(8.2±0.8)×1010 exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol–1 s–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO3 with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k 3=(1.3±0.3)×104 l mol–1 s–1 andk 4=(2.3±0.4)×106 l mol–1 s–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k 3(T)=(4.9±0.5)×109 exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol–1 s–1 andk 4(T)=(1.0±0.2)×1012 exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol–1 s–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO and CH3COO compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH3COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO3 in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO3 reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO3 with HCOO may present a dominant loss reaction of NO3 in atmospheric droplets.  相似文献   

14.
Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge n –logJ n logK(T n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge n logJ n +logK(T n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.
Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge n –logJ n logK(T n ) that also the formula loge n logJ n +logK(T n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).

Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge n –logJ n logK(T n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge n logJ n +logK(T n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).
  相似文献   

15.
Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO 4 2– : 84.2, NO 3 : 28.1, Cl: 86.3, NH 4 + : 45.5, Ca2+: 63.3, Mg2+: 27.0, K+: 3.4, Na+: 69.0 µ eq l–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO 4 2– /NO 3 exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl and Na+, ex-SO 4 2+ and ex-Ca2+, NO 3 and ex-Ca2+, and NH 4 + and ex-SO 4 2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl and Na+ with Ca2+ was observed. The relationship of H+ with (ex-SO 4 2– + NO 3 ) - (ex-Ca2+ + NH 4 + ) indicated positive correlation.  相似文献   

16.
Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above ground level, νval, and the large-scale flow velocity, νlar, are between νvallar ≈ 0.1 and νvallar ≈ 1. The νvallar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from νvallar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m−1 to νvallar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m−1. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the νvallar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The νvallar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (νvallar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (νvallar ≈ 0.8). Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002  相似文献   

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Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO3 radicals and O3 with the C7-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH2=CHC(=CH2)CH2CH2CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH2=CHC(CH3)=CHCH2CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm3 molecule–1 s–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10–17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10–17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10–17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10–17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO3 radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonNamias abgeleiteten Formel zur Konstruktion sogenannter Trendkarten an Hand 20 ausgewählter Höhenkarten in der Zeit vom November 1955 bis Mai 1956 ergab eine vollkommene Bestätigung der vonNamias für Amerika angegebenen Korrelationskoeffizienten und des Faktors der entsprechenden Regressionsgleichung für den mitteleuropäischen Raum, obwohl die Untersuchungen sich auf die 850 mb-Topographie bezogen zum Unterschied vonNamias, der die 700 mb-Fläche zugrunde legte. Durch eine sinngemäße Kombination der in der synoptischen Praxis üblichen Konstruktionsmethode für 24 stündige Vorhersagekarten mit statistischen Überlegungen über die Abweichungen vom Normalwert gelingt die Ableitung einer Prognosenformel für eine dreitägige Mittelkarte, die als Grundlage für mittelfristige Wetterprognosen (Halbwochenprognosen) Verwendung findet. Die Formel weist gegenüber der Trendformel vonNamias den Vorteil auf, daß sie mit praktisch derselben Treffergenauigkeit einen wesentlich größeren Vorhersagezeitraum erfaßt.
Summary Using 20 different contour charts during the period from November 1955 to May 1956 the formula for the construction of socalled trendcharts, primarily derived byNamias, has been verified for Central Europe though the investigations were based upon data from the 850 mb-level instead of the 700 mb-level used byNamias. Through a combination of the synoptic method for construction of forecast maps 24 hours in advance with statistic considerations about the departure from normals a formula is finally derived for a forecast of a three day mean chart. This formula has been successfully used for an extended forecast half week in advance. The described method shows an essential improvement upon theNamias procedure since a much greater forecast period can be obtained with almost the same accuracy.

Résumé La formule établie parNamias en vue de construire les cartes d'évolution a fait l'objet d'un examen critique fondé sur la discussion de vingt cartes d'altitude de la période de novembre 1955 à mai 1956. Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation données par cet auteur pour l'Amérique du Nord ainsi que le coefficient de l'équation de régression correspondante ont été confirmés pour l'espace européen, bien que les topographies étudieés n'aient pas été les mêmes (850 mb au lieu de 700 mb). Combinant les méthodes usuelles de construction des cartes de prévision de vingt-quatre heures à des critères statistiques d'écart à la normale, l'auteur établit une formule de prévision destinée à calculer une carte moyenne de trois jours servant de base à la prévision à moyenne échéance. Cette formule présente sur celle deNamias l'avantage d'atteindre une plus longue période de prévision avec une égale exactitude.


Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Ficker zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

20.
Zusammenfassung Für eine Reihe von Atmosphärenmodellen, die untereinander gleiche Temperaturschichtung und konstante relative Feuchtigkeit, aber verschieden hohe Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im festen Niveau haben, wird der NettostrahlungsstromE in 400 mb und am Boden durch Berechnungen in den bekannten Strahlungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Es läßt sich zeigen, daßE 400 (E B ) als Funktion der Temperaturt 400 (t B ) und der Feuchtigkeit bzw. des Taupunktes 400 ( B ) dargestellt werden kann [Abb. 1 und 3, Gl. (1) und (3)], ählich, wie das für die effektive Strahlung des BodensE B bereits früher durch die Formeln vonÅngström, Brunt u. a. geschehen ist. Wolkenschichten können durch Korrektionsfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Abweichungen zwischen den so gewonnenen Strahlungssummen und den durch Planimetrieren im Strahlungsdiagramm berechneten sind im Durchschnitt kleiner als 3,5% (11%), für die Differenz E=E 400E B sind sie kleiner als 6%.
Summary For a series of model atmospheres which have the same stratification of temperature and constant relative humidity but different temperatures and humidities at a fixed level, the net radiation fluxE at 400 mb and at the surface are determined by computations in the well known radiation charts. It is shown thatE 400 (E B ) can be represented as a function of the temperaturet 400 (t B ) and humidity resp. dew point 400 ( B ) [Fig. 1 and 3, formula (1) and (3)], in a similar manner as the outgoing radiationE B is already approximated by the formulae ofÅngström, Brunt, a. o. Cloud layers may be accounted for by correction factors. The differences between the radiation fluxes found in this way and those computed by integration in a radiation chart are in the average smaller than 3.5% (11%); with E=E 400E B , the differences are smaller than 6%.

Résumé Pour plusieurs modèles de l'atmosphère qui ont la même structure par rapport à la température et une humidité relative constante, mais à un niveau fixe des températures et humidités différentes, on calcule à l'aide de diagrammes de radiation connus le flux net de radiationE pour 400 mb et au sol. On peut montrer queE 400 (E B ) peut être représenté comme fonction de la températuret 400 (t B ) et de l'humidité, resp. du point de rosée 400 ( B ) [Fig. 1 et 3, formules (1) et (3)], tout comme cela a déjà été fait pour la radiation effective au solE B grâce aux formules d'Ångström, deBrunt et d'autres. Par un facteur de correction on tient compte des couches de nuages. Les écarts entre les sommes de radiation ainsi obtenues et celles calculées à l'aide des diagrammes de radiation sont en moyenne plus petits que 3,5% (11%), la différence E=E 400E B ne dépasse pas 6%.


Mit 4 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

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