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1.
The general effects of the Eleni V oil spill on fisheries and intertidal organisms are described. There appears to have been little damage except by direct smothering. Oil hydrocarbon concentrations have been followed in a small intertidal population of mussels (Mytilus edulis) at Corton beach. Although the area became visually clean of oil, hydrocarbon concentrations in mussel flesh remained high 12 months after the spill and depuration rates in the laboratory were very slow. Shrimps (Crangon crangon) exposed to a water extract of beached Eleni V oil for 42 days showed no ill effects and little uptake of hydrocarbons. At the North Harbour site, where beached oil has not been disturbed, it appears that the fauna, used to oil contamination from other sources, has been little affected by the additional Eleni V oil.  相似文献   

2.
The Castillo de Bellver incident resulted in the loss of between 160 000 and 190 000 t of crude oil. Not only was this the largest spill to date in South Africa, but it occurred near an area of great ecological sensitivity, and in the vicinity of important commercial fishing grounds. Despite this, observations during the spill and on subsequent surveys indicated that environmental damage was minimal. This can only be attributed to the favourable direction of the wind, which caused the slick to move offshore and into the Benguela current, thus allowing for its natural dispersion. Some concern remains over oil still trapped in the sunken stern section.  相似文献   

3.
To determine the impact of genetic toxicity caused by the Hebei Spirit oil spill on December 7, 2007, we measured DNA damage in the blood cells of striped beakperch in vitro after exposure to extracts from sediments in the Taean area. The objective of this study was to investigate temporal changes of toxic effects caused by residual PAHs in the sediments up to 18 months after an oil spill. In conclusion, DNA damage had reduced over this 18-month period; that is, the sediments recovered quickly from the oil pollution. In addition, statistically significant correlations between PAHs and DNA damage were observed. Because the comet assay is sensitive to DNA damage induced by genotoxic substances from the polluted sediments, the comet assay can be considered a useful tool as a biomarker in investigating genetic toxicity in environmental monitoring and elucidating the recovery of oil pollution after oil spill as well.  相似文献   

4.
Time series changes in chlorophyll a concentration before and after the Hebei Spirit oil spill that occurred in December 2007 were analyzed using NCEP wind and SeaWiFS/MODIS ocean color data. Prevailing southwesterly winds and northeast/southwestward tidal currents pushed the oil towards Korea’s West Sea coast of Taean. After the oil spill, daily chlorophyll a concentration decreased about 45-50% compared to the normal condition before the oil spill, and this decrease continued for about two weeks. Monthly mean chlorophyll a concentration in December 2007 was lower compared to the average value for the same month between 1998 and 2007, but, in October and November 2007 before the spill and in January-February 2008 after the spill, the concentration value was higher than average for the same period between 1998 and 2007.  相似文献   

5.
A comparison was made between the development of Dentalium eggs, spawned by animals, collected before and after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Development of eggs from animals collected before the oil spill was significantly better than development of eggs from animals collected after the oil spill. It is suggested that development is affected by oil hydrocarbons, accumulated during oogenesis in the lipidrich phases of the oocytes.  相似文献   

6.
This study determined effects of an oil spill on subtropical benthic community production and respiration by monitoring CO2 fluxes in benthic chambers on intertidal sandflats during emersion before and after an accidental spill. The oil spill decreased sediment chlorophyll a concentrations, altered benthic macrofaunal community, and affected ecological functioning by suppressing or even stopping microalgal production, increasing bacterial respiration, and causing a shift from an autotrophic system to a heterotrophic system. Effects of the oil spill on the macrofauna were more severe than on benthic microalgae, and affected sedentary infauna more than motile epifauna. Despite the oil spill’s impact on the benthic community and carbon metabolism, the affected area appeared to return to normal in about 23 days. Our results suggest that the prompt response of benthic metabolism to exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons can serve as a useful indicator of the impact of an oil spill.  相似文献   

7.
A massive oil spill affected approximately 215 km of coastline as a result of the grounding and subsequent explosion of the supertanker Urquiola at the entrance to the harbour at La Coruña, Spain, on 12 May 1976. A total of 99–100 000 tons of Persian Gulf crude oil was lost, most of which burned, but an estimated 25–30 000 tons washed ashore. Over 2000 tons of dispersants were applied to the oil at sea. Land-based clean-up and control methods were largely inadequate to combat the spread of oil, and were ineffective at preventing large scale environmental damage.  相似文献   

8.
A statistical oil spill response model is developed and validated by means of actual oil slick observations reported during the Prestige accident and trajectories of drifter buoys. The model is based on the analysis of a database of hypothetical oil spill scenarios simulated by means of a Lagrangian transport model. To carry out the simulations, a re-analysis database consisting of 44-year hindcast dataset of wind and waves and climatologic daily mean surface currents is used. The number of scenarios required to obtain statistically reliable results is investigated, finding that 200 scenarios provide an optimal balance between the accuracy of the results and the computational effort. The reliability of the model was analyzed by comparing the actual data with the numerical results. The agreement found between actual and numerical data shows that the developed statistical oil spill model is a valuable tool to support spill response planning.  相似文献   

9.
The fate and effects of the spill of Eleni V heavy fuel oil in May 1978 have been followed at two sites; one a heavily-polluted area subject to mechanical clean-up and one an undisturbed site where oil remains. At the first site the mechanized clean-up, and re-sorting of beach material by winter storms, has left the area visually clean of oil. However, near-shore and interstitial waters still contain high concentrations of Eleni V hydrocarbons 12 months after the spill. At the undisturbed site there has been very little change in the appearance and chemical composition of the oil during this period.  相似文献   

10.
The spatiotemporal distributions of dissolved and/or dispersed oil in seawater and pore water were monitored on site by fluorometric detection method after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. The oil concentrations in intertidal seawater, 15 days after the spill, were as high as 16,600 μg/L and appeared to decrease below the Korean marine water quality standard of 10 μg/L at most sites 10 months after the spill. Fluorometric detection of oil in pore water was introduced to eliminate the effects of grain size for the quantification of oil in sediments and to better explain spatial and temporal distribution of oil pollution at sandy beaches. The fluorescence detection method was compared with the conventional laboratory technique of total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis using gas chromatography. The method of fluorescence detection of oil was capable of generating results much faster and more cost-effectively than the traditional GC technique.  相似文献   

11.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,81(1-2):282-287
Natural abundance carbon isotope analyses are sensitive tracers for fates and use of oil in aquatic environments. Use of oil carbon in estuarine food webs should lead to isotope values approaching those of oil itself, −27‰ for stable carbon isotopes reflecting oil origins and −1000‰ for carbon-14 reflecting oil age. To test for transfer of oil from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill into estuarine food webs, filter-feeding barnacles (Balanus sp.) and marsh mussels (Geukensia demissa) were collected from Louisiana estuaries near the site of the oil spill. Carbon-14 analyses of these animals from open waters and oiled marshes showed that oil use was <1% and near detection limits estimated at 0.3% oil incorporation. Respiration studies showed no evidence for enhanced microbial activity in bay waters. Results are consistent with low dietary impacts of oil for filter feeders and little overall impact on respiration in the productive Louisiana estuarine systems.  相似文献   

12.
On 26 October, 1977, the tanker Tsesis grounded in the Swedish archipelago, 65 km south of Stockholm (northern Baltic proper, 59°N, 18°E). The Tsesis carried 17575 t of No. 5 fuel oil. The total spill was estimated as being somewhat more than 1000 t, of which about 600–700 t were recovered, thus leaving about 300 t in the environment. The spill occurred only about 5 km east of the Askö Laboratory, a marine ecological station, which made a relatively fast sampling response possible. The effects on the pelagic ecosystem were studied for 1 month following the spill. Severe effects were recorded only in the immediate vicinity of the wreck where zooplankton biomass declined substantially during the first few days after the spill. Within 5 days the zooplankton biomass was re-established. Oil contamination of zooplankton was recorded for over 3 weeks. It is suggested that an increased phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the impacted area was due to decreased zooplankton grazing rates. Increased bacterial numbers and the oil degradation pattern indicated a rapid bacterial degradation of hydrocarbons in the water column. Sediment traps positioned in the area demonstrated the importance of sedimentation as a pathway for removal of oil from the water column. During the second week after the spill, 0.7% of sedimented material was petroleum hydrocarbons. Using sediment trap data, a total sedimentation of 30–60 t of oil was estimated in the impacted area (42 km2). This corresponds to 10–15% of the unrecovered oil.  相似文献   

13.
An estimated 10–20 000 seabirds were killed by a very small oil spill off the coast of North Norway in March 1979. Despite the fact that over 90% of these were Brunnich's Guillemots Uria lomvia, the breeding population of this species was not considered to have been seriously threatened by this spill. On the other hand, this episode did illustrate how extremely vulnerable certain seabird species are to oil.  相似文献   

14.
After the Hebei Spirit oil spill incident (7th December, 2007) in the west coast of Korea, contamination of biliary PAH metabolite and hepatic biomarkers in a pelagic and a benthic fish was monitored for 1 year. Concentrations of 16 PAHs and alkylated PAHs in fish muscle were highest (22.0 ng/g d.w. for 16 PAHs and 284 ng/g d.w. for alkylated PAHs) at 5 days after the spill and then decreased rapidly to background levels at 11 months after the spill. Fish from the oiled site had elevated biliary PAH metabolite concentrations immediately after the spill; these declined steadily in both species, but were still above reference site concentrations 2 months after the spill. Oiled-site fish showed hepatic CYP 1A induction whose trend closely followed those of biliary PAH metabolite concentrations, implying continuous exposure to PAHs. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was not related to oil exposure.  相似文献   

15.
On 27 February 1979 the tanker Antonio Gramsci grounded off Ventspils (USSR) in the Baltic Sea. Some 5000–6000 t of crude oil were spilled, and drifted towards the archipelago of Stockholm (Sweden) and Åland (Finland). About 500 t oil was mechanically recovered in the Åland area. The effects of the oil on the littoral communities were studied for two months after the spill, and for the benthic community the long-term changes were recorded for three years. The immediate effects were small in the uppermost littoral (the Cladophora belt), but in the lower littoral (the Fucus belt) severe effects were recorded. Meiofaunal densities decreased in crustacean and mollusc species, but remained stable for the total community. Macrofaunal long-term changes could not be linked to the oil spill. Thus the effects of the oil were rather small, although a large area was contaminated.  相似文献   

16.
In 2002, 13 years after the Exxon Valdez spill, mussels and clams were examined for lingering oil exposure and damage. Known oil patches were sampled at four locations, and compared to nearby reference areas (same bay), and were also compared to "hot reference" sites to verify the methods used (Cordova harbor and fresh diesel spill at Port Chalmers). Passive samplers deployed for a month at the sites, along with tissue samples, confirmed that the oiled sites were oiled (fingerprinting back to Exxon Valdez oil) and that reference sites were clean. The highest PAH loads were detected in sub-surface interstitial waters at oiled sites. Exposure at the surface was generally low level, and probably intermittent. DNA damage was assessed in blood cells using sensitive comet analyses. DNA strand breakage was detected in both mussels and clams, with the highest level of damage detected at "hot reference" sites of Cordova harbor and Port Chalmers. Bioavailability and DNA damage at the oiled sties was low, indicating there has been substantial progress in recovery from the spill 13 years before, yet low level bioavailability and damage were still detectable.  相似文献   

17.
Crude oil spills, Hebei Spirit in South Korea, is considered as one of the worst environmental disasters of the region. Our understanding on activation of oil-degrading bacteria and resilience of microbial community in oil contaminated sites are limited due to scarcity of such event. In the present study, tidal flat sediment contaminated by the oil spill were investigated for duration of 13 months to identify temporal change in microbial community and functional genes responsible for PAH-degradation. The results showed predominance of previously known oil-degrading genera, such as Cycloclasticus, Alcanivorax, and Thalassolituus, displaying significant increase within first four months of the accident. The disturbance caused by the oil spill altered the microbial community and its functional structures, but they were almost restored to the original state after 13 months. Present study demonstrated high detoxification capacity of indigenous bacterial populations in the tidal flat sediments and its resilience of microbial community.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The formation of stable sea water-in-crude oil emulsions after an oil spill was first reported after the Torrey Canyon wreck in 1967. The problem of handling this stable water (65%)-in-oil (35%) emulsion rather than oil is evidenced in the additional expensive on-site storage requirement as well as the handling difficulty with the viscous semi-solid emulsion. This paper details the results of an R&D program that has established the mechanism for the formation of this emulsion. This insight enabled a specific effective chemical demulsifier to be formulated. A treatment technique was devised that entails injecting the demulsifier into the oil spill emulsion as it is skimmed from the water surface. The emulsion is then rapidly separated into water-free oil and a clean-water phase that can be decanted back into the sea. Full-scale tests were successfully conducted by JBF Scientific Corp. using two types of commercial JBF DIP skimmers in a small concrete lined pond.  相似文献   

20.
Many oil and HNS spill accidents occur in the waters surrounding the Korean Peninsula because Korea is one of the biggest trading partners in the world. In this study, we analyzed the oil and HNS spill accidents that occurred between 1994 and 2005 and created risk matrices to assess these accidents. The worst scenarios of future oil and HNS spill accidents were established, and the maximum spill amounts were estimated using historic accident data and a correlation from IPIECA. The maximum spill amounts are estimated to be between 77,000 and 10,000 tons of oil and HNS, respectively. One third of the spill materials should be removed using recovery equipment within three days of the spill event, according to the national measure plan. The capability of recovery equipment to remove spill materials can be estimated, and the equipment should then be prepared to mitigate the harmful effects of future oil and HNS accidents on humans and marine ecosystems.  相似文献   

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