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1.
Successful design of soil liner and covers for landfills and waste impoundments involves selection of liner material and assessment
of chemical compatibility of the liner material. In this work locally available materials with different mineralogy have been
evaluated from the viewpoint of liner application. Many local soils may not meet the requirements of liner material; often
it is necessary to amend these soils with commercially available processed bentonite. Clay liners may be attacked by chemical
waste or leachate, concentrated organic chemicals can attack compacted clay effectively destroying the characteristics of
liner material. Thus the main aim of this work has been to assess the suitability of different types of locally available
materials for their potential use as liners for waste containment facilities. The materials studied are kaolinitic red earth,
illite and fly ash. Based on literature survey and experimental work in this laboratory, 20% by weight of bentonite has been
chosen for amending selected materials. Addition of 20% bentonite to selected liner material improved the hydraulic conductivity
and adsorption capacity of the amended mixture but, reduced the volume stability. To improve the volume stability of the amended
material and to have better resistance towards chemicals attack, stabilizing the amended mixture with 1% by weight of lime
has been considered. The relative advantages and disadvantages of four materials namely; red earth with 20% bentonite, illite
with 20% bentonite, fly ash with 20% bentonite and illite alone, stabilized with 1% by weight of lime were brought out. The
chemical compatibility of the materials to electrolyte solution (0.5 N NaCl), alkaline solution (0.5 N NaOH), acid (0.5 N
HCl) and organic fluid (CCl4) has been studied. The relative efficiency of the selected materials with selected pore fluids was compared. 相似文献
2.
Sanjeev Kumar Sanjay Mishra Manoj Mohanty Bernard R. Schmitt Prashanth Vaddu 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(4):1009-1020
Within the last few years several studies have been completed to evaluate strength, stiffness, and durability properties of
pulverized coal combustion (PCC) bottom ash mixed with various admixtures. Studies have shown that strength and stiffness
of PCC bottom ash mixed with sodium bentonite changes with the increase in the curing period. Researchers have concluded that
this change is due to the chemical composition of the bottom ash and bentonite. In order to understand the reasons for the
change in characteristics of bottom ash-bentonite mixtures with time, the strength and structural characteristics of bottom
ash-bentonite mixtures cured for various periods was evaluated. Results of the strength testing showed increase in strength
and stiffness of the mixtures with curing period. The results of structural analysis using environmental scanning electron
microscopy show development of fibrous elements which may cause increase in the unconfined compressive strength and stiffness
of the mixtures with the curing period. Selected results from this study are presented herein. 相似文献
3.
Swelling behavior of expansive soil has always created problems in the field of geotechnical engineering. Generally, the method used to assess the swelling potential of expansive soil from its plasticity index, shrinkage limit and colloidal content. Alternative way to evaluate swelling behavior is from its expansive index (EI) and swelling pressure value. The present study investigates the reduction of EI and swelling pressure for kaolinite and bentonite clay when mixed with various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash used were 0–50 % by weight. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the swelling properties of expansive soil with the addition of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The reduction in EI ranged approximately from 10 to 50 and 4 to 49 % for kaolinite and bentonite clay, respectively. Also the maximum swelling pressure of kaolinite and bentonite clay decreased approximately 93 and 64 %, respectively with the addition of various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. Standard index properties test viz., liquid limit, plastic limit and linear shrinkage test were conducted to see the characteristics of expansive soil when mixed with less expansive sand and fly ash. Also, for these expansive soils one dimensional consolidation test have been conducted with sand and fly ash mixtures and the results were compared with pure kaolinite and bentonite clay. 相似文献
4.
粉煤灰的非饱和抗剪强度是准确分析非饱和状态灰坝的稳定性所必需的,但目前对其研究积累较少。通过控制不同压实度、不同基质吸力、不同净围压对粉煤灰进行一系列非饱和土三轴试验,探讨压实度和基质吸力对粉煤灰应力?应变关系曲线和强度参数的影响。研究结果表明,基质吸力较低时粉煤灰的应力?应变曲线没有峰值,呈硬化型;基质吸力逐渐增大时应力?应变曲线有明显的峰值,呈软化型;压实度越大,非饱和粉煤灰试样的应力?应变曲线的软化特征越明显,总黏聚力和内摩擦角均越大;非饱和粉煤灰的总黏聚力随着基质吸力的增大而逐渐增大,增大速率逐渐变缓,最后趋于稳定;不同基质吸力粉煤灰试样的内摩擦角变化不大,并且都近似等于饱和试样的内摩擦角;随着基质吸力的增大,吸力内摩擦角对粉煤灰试样的抗剪强度的贡献越来越小。研究得出的非饱和粉煤灰的抗剪强度特性对灰坝的设计和稳定性分析具有理论意义和工程实用价值。 相似文献
5.
通过控制恒温恒湿箱的温湿度工作参数,改变膨胀土试样的蒸发路径,实现饱和膨胀土在不同脱湿速率下的不均匀收缩,结合有荷膨胀率试验和直接剪切试验,研究膨胀土不均匀收缩方式下胀缩特性和强度特性。试验结果表明,脱湿速率越小,膨胀土的胀缩性越大,剪切强度越高;对比不同收缩方式,均匀收缩下膨胀土的收缩与膨胀变形和剪切强度均大于不均匀收缩下的收缩与膨胀变形和剪切强度。造成这些差异的主要原因是不均匀收缩试验中水分蒸发的路径不同,沿深度方向的含水率不同,基质吸力不同,引起的应变也不同,这种不均匀性改变了原有膨胀土的均一性,限制了膨胀土胀缩特性和强度特性的发挥。 相似文献
6.
The soil fabric plays an important role in complex hydromechanical behaviour of the expansive soils. This article addresses the influence of the wetting and drying paths on the soil fabric of compacted bentonite and silt mixtures at two different initial dry densities corresponding to loose and dense states. To obtain the hydric response of the soil, two suction imposition techniques were used: osmotic technique for the suction range less than 8.5 MPa and the vapour equilibrium or the salt solution technique for the suction range between 8.5 and 287.9 MPa. Additionally, the soil fabric analysis was performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nitrogen gas adsorption (BET) techniques. The dense samples produced cumulative swelling strains during the suction cycles, while shrinkage was observed for the loose samples. The suction cycles induced an equilibrium state indicative of the elastic behaviour of the samples. The soil fabric analysis showed that regardless of the soil's initial state (loose or dense), the samples obtained the same soil fabric at the equilibrium state. The experimental results illustrated also the existence of an elastic void ratio (e0el) where the compacted soils at this state present an elastic hydric behaviour during the successive suction cycles. 相似文献
7.
Zhong-Sen Li Assia Benchouk Feth-Ellah Mounir Derfouf Nabil Abou-Bekr Said Taibi Hanène Souli Jean-Marie Fleureau 《Acta Geotechnica》2018,13(1):51-71
The main objective of this paper is to examine how different engineering soils react to environmental variations and to provide correlations to characterize their behaviour under null external mechanical stress. Two French and two Algerian soils with liquid limits ranging from 36 to 112 were prepared under both slurry and Proctor compaction conditions, and then subjected to drying–wetting paths with suction controlled from several kPa to several hundreds of MPa. Experimental results are presented in five diagrams to show globally and simultaneously the shrinkage–swelling, saturation–desaturation and water retention characteristics. A reasonable consistency was observed between the oedometric and drying curves of slurry, confirming the equivalence between hydraulic loading (suction) and mechanical loading (consolidation stress) on the volume change behaviour of different soils. As an intrinsic parameter of soil nature, liquid limit was found to have a significant influence on the shrinkage limit, air-entry suction and compressibility of both slurry and compacted samples. For that reason, correlations between these characteristics and liquid limit were set up, providing a good basis for a first estimation of the drying–wetting curves. At the micro-scale, new experimental results were obtained: either on drying or wetting path, the micro-pores were almost unaffected, whereas, when matrix suction increased from 0.1 to 8 MPa, the volume of macro-pores decreased to quasi-closure. At last, the analogy between the compaction and drying–wetting curves, and the comparison of different methods to determine the water retention curve were addressed. Such analogies and comparisons contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of mechanical stress and suction. 相似文献
8.
全吸力范围南阳膨胀土的土-水特征曲线 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
膨胀土的失水收缩、吸水膨胀过程分别对应着土-水特征曲线的脱湿和吸湿阶段。土-水特征曲线对于研究非饱和土的水力与力学特性有着重要作用。用压力板法（吸力范围0～1.5 MPa）、滤纸法（吸力范围0～40 MPa）和蒸汽平衡法（吸力范围3～368 MPa）,分别对南阳膨胀土进行了土-水特性试验,得到全吸力范围内的土-水特征曲线。试验结果表明：初始孔隙比大致相同土样的土-水特征曲线,在低吸力范围内脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线具有明显的滞回现象。当吸力大于300 MPa时,土-水特征曲线的滞回效应基本消失,即脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线基本重合。滤纸法所测出的土-水特性落在主脱湿和主吸湿曲线的滞回圈内。当吸力等于367.54 MPa时,含水率仅为0.325%,几乎近于0。孔隙比随着吸力的变化规律中,不仅受到吸力大小的影响,还受到吸力历史和吸力路径影响;孔隙比与吸力关系中,相同吸力时吸湿路径的孔隙比要比脱湿路径的大;在吸力低范围,吸湿路径与脱湿路径的孔隙比相近。孔隙比与饱和度关系因吸力路径的不同也存在着明显的滞回效应,接近饱和时趋近一致。变吸力情况条件下,饱和度随着孔隙比的增加而增加,蒸汽平衡法得出的孔隙比与饱和度的关系具有明显的线性关系,而压力板法做出来的低吸力范围内的线性关系不明显。 相似文献
9.
开展3种不同温度作用下粉土的持水特征曲线（SWRC）试验,测量脱湿过程中土体的体积变化,修正体变对体积含水率的影响。试验结果表明,在减湿过程中粉土体积发生明显收缩,孔隙比由0.675降低到0.645左右,不同温度作用下的最终孔隙比相差仅为0.003,说明粉土的变形对温度不是很敏感;温度对粉土持水性能影响显著,粉土的进气值随着温度的升高而降低;基质吸力为50 kPa时,不同温度下粉土持水性能差异达到最大值,20 ℃、30 ℃、40 ℃时的体积含水率分别为0.397、0.361和0.338;粉土的体积含水率随温度越高逐渐减小,但彼此之间的差异随着温度升高而逐渐减弱。孔隙中水的物理特性以及水、气的赋存状态是不同温度下粉土持水性能存在差异的主要原因 相似文献
10.
Hongyang Ni Jiangfeng Liu Jingna Guo Diansen Yang Yonggui Chen 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(12):1619-1633
In this study, a solid–liquid–gas coupled equation was established to simulate water retention characteristics of highly compacted GMZ bentonite. Then, modelling results were compared with laboratory test results. Results indicate that GMZ bentonite has a strong moisture expansion (or a limit drying shrinkage) characteristic. The control equation can simulate the water absorption and deformation characteristics very well at high relative humidity (or low suction). Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) observation reveals the course grain soil texture of the surface under low relative humidity (RH), while the surface of GMZ bentonite becomes smooth (more fine-grained soil texture) as RH increases. Differences were found between the porosities calculated by macroexperiment results and microscopic observations with ESEM method. This is because only the interaggregate pores can be observed by ESEM photographs. Additionally, we find that the simulated effective porosities are close to the results calculated by microscopic tests, while the effective porosity is considered as the main flow channel of flow. Further, the intrinsic permeability, the effective water and gas permeability are calculated based on the proposed model. The modelling results coincide well with the laboratory experimental results and support the reliability of the proposed model. 相似文献
11.
Feasibility of using fly ash,lime, and bentonite to neutralize acidity of pore fluids 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Acidic groundwater resulting from the poorly planned use of acid sulfate soils has become a major environmental issue in coastal Australia over the last several years. Use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) designed to generate alkalinity by promoting sulfate reduction has recently become popular as an alternative solution to this problem. However, recent studies have also revealed that the long-term performance of such PRBs can be significantly undermined by chemical precipitation and clogging of pore space, which would decrease the buffer capacity and hydraulic conductivity of the reactive material. This study seeks to explore the feasibility of using bentonite in addition to lime and fly ash to form mixtures with a high buffer capacity and permeability that would enable groundwater flow through PRBs over a substantial period of time. A series of laboratory experiments, including buffer capacity and leaching tests, were performed on different mixtures of fly ash with lime and bentonite using acidic fluids of low pH. It was found that the ability of such mixtures to neutralize acidic fluids was mostly controlled by the content of lime. Laboratory data also showed that an addition of bentonite to lime—fly ash mixtures could decrease the buffer capacity of soil. Compaction tests indicated that the presence of bentonite would increase the dry density of mixtures at the optimum moisture content. A series of hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out to study changes in the coefficient of permeability of lime—fly ash mixtures with different contents of bentonite permeated with acidic liquids. The obtained results revealed that the coefficient of permeability of the specimens tended to increase over a period of time, likely due to the changes in the diffuse double layer of bentonite particles. 相似文献
12.
The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of the initial water content and dry density on the
soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted Lias-clay. The initial conditions after compaction (initial
water content and initial dry density) have been chosen on the basis of three Proctor tests of different compaction efforts.
According to the eight chosen initial conditions clay samples have been compacted statically. The relation between total suction
and water content was determined for the drying path starting from the initial conditions without previous saturation of the
specimens. A chilled-mirror dew-point hygrometer was used for the suction measurements. For the investigation of the shrinkage
behavior cylindrical specimens were dried to desired water contents step-by-step without previous saturation. The volume of
the specimens was measured by means of a caliper. Based on the test results the influence of different initial conditions
on the soil suction and the shrinkage behavior is analyzed. The soil–water retention curves obtained in terms of the gravimetric
water content are independent of the initial dry density. At water contents above approximately 11–12.5% a strong influence
of the compaction water content is observed. At smaller water contents, the soil–water retention curve is independent of the
compaction water content. The results of the shrinkage tests show that the influence of the compaction dry density on the
shrinkage behavior is negligible. Similar to the drying behavior of saturated samples a primary and a residual drying process
could be distinguished. The primary drying process is strongly influenced by the initial water content. In contrast, the rate
of the volume change of the residual drying process is unaffected by the initial water content. 相似文献
13.
Snehasis Tripathy Kanakapura S. Subba Rao 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2009,27(1):89-103
Laboratory cyclic swell–shrink tests were carried out on compacted expansive soil specimens to study in detail the effect
of changes in shrinkage pattern on the swell–shrink behaviour of compacted expansive soils. Compacted soil specimens were
allowed to swell and either shrank fully or partially shrank to several predetermined heights in each cycle. The tests were
carried out at a surcharge pressure of 50 kPa. The test results revealed that shrinkage of compacted saturated soil specimens
to predetermined height in each shrinkage cycle provides similar conditions as that of the controlled suction tests with an
increasing number of swell–shrink cycles. The water content of soil specimens and hence soil suction was found to remain nearly
constant for each pattern of shrinkage. For soil specimens equilibrated to a given swell–shrink pattern, suction at the end
of shrinkage cycles was changed from a higher suction to a lower suction, and also from a lower to a higher suction. The experimental
results showed that there may be an immediate equilibrium state attained by the soil in terms of swell–shrink potential if
suction at the shrinkage cycles was less than the past suction; otherwise, the equilibrium state was accompanied by fatigue
of swelling. The volumetric deformation of the soil specimen subjected greater shrinkage was found to be much larger than
the corresponding vertical deformation. The compressibility index of microstructure, κm, was determined for several shrinkage patterns. It is shown that κm is heavily influenced by suction at the end of shrinkage cycles. 相似文献
14.
Jiang-Feng Liu Hong-Yang Ni Yong-Gui Chen Yu Wu Shuai-Bing Song Xu-Lou Cao Wen-Bo Bao Hai Pu Xian-Biao Mao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(16):583
In this study, water retention tests under free swelling conditions were performed to investigate the water intake (or loss) behaviour of compacted GMZ bentonite. First, the water retention characteristics were investigated, and then the microscopic pore structure was observed by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results indicate that GMZ bentonite has a strong swelling (or a limited shrinkage ability) due to water intake (loss). The suction behaviour of GMZ bentonite is similar to MX80 bentonite and FEBEX bentonite. We also find that the confinement conditions can affect the suction behaviour of the material, especially at high relative humidity (RH). Additionally, a mathematic model can fit the mass change data very well. Microscopic tests show that the granular sensation of GMZ bentonite is obvious for a sample at low RH. With the increase in RH, the surface of GMZ bentonite becomes more smooth. The differences in the porosities calculated by the macroscopic and microscopic tests can be attributed to image resolution. The inter-laminar pores and intra-aggregate pores cannot be observed by the ESEM method. In addition, ESEM observation can provide an intuitive basis for the further research of the seepage property of GMZ bentonite. 相似文献
15.
In the present study, influence of wetting–drying cycles on swelling pressures of sand–bentonite mixtures used in the construction
of sanitary landfills to have an impermeable liner was investigated before and after lime treatment of the mixtures. Swelling
pressure tests were conducted to see if the swelling pressures were affected by wetting–drying cycles. First series of specimens
were prepared as a mixture of sand and bentonite only. In the first series of specimens, sand was mixed with bentonite in
various proportions with their optimum water contents and compacted by using standard proctor energy. In the second series
of the specimens, lime in various proportions was added to the mixtures of sand–bentonite. Then, the sand–bentonite mixtures
stabilized by lime were compacted with the standard proctor energy at their optimum moisture contents. Five wetting–drying
cycles were performed on each specimen and values of swelling pressures were measured at the end of each cycle. Results of
swelling pressure tests indicated that the swelling pressure is decreased when lime is added to the mixtures. In addition,
decrements were observed on swelling pressures by wetting–drying cycles. The results of the experiments of this investigation
showed that the beneficial effect of lime stabilization to control the swelling pressures was partly lost by the wetting–drying
cycles. However, the test results indicated that the swelling pressures of the specimens made of sand–bentonite mixtures stabilized
by lime were lower than the swelling pressures of the specimens made of only sand–bentonite mixtures. 相似文献
16.
Behzad Fatahi Thu Minh Le Behnam Fatahi Hadi Khabbaz 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(5):1421-1435
In this study, effects of two types of geofibers, namely polypropylene and recycled carpet, on three dimensional shrinkage properties of cement treated kaolinite and bentonite clays are investigated. Cement treated clay specimens were prepared with cement contents of 5, 10, and 15 % by weight of dry soil for kaolinite samples, and 30, 40 and 50 % for bentonite samples. To investigate and understand the influence of different fiber types and contents, three different percentages of fiber content (i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 % polypropylene fibers; and 0.5, 0.75 and 1 % carpet fibers) were adopted. The results of shrinkage tests on 126 cylindrical samples of cement treated clay with various cement and fiber contents were analysed to understand the relationships between these parameters and the shrinkage percentage of treated soil. Results of this study indicate that combination of cement and fiber is effective in reducing the volume change of clayey soils undergoing drying process. In the applied ranges of cement and fiber contents, the influence of cement addition on the shrinkage reduction is more significant than the addition of fibers for the treated kaolinite. However, addition of fibers in curtailing the shrinkage of bentonite clay is more significant than the cement addition. 相似文献
17.
Pozzolanic fly ash as a hydraulic barrier in land fills 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The liner plays an important role in controlling migration of contaminants present in the leachate in waste containment systems such as land fills and impoundments. Although questions have been raised about the performance of clay liners, they are increasingly used singly or as double liners in disposal sites. Though the clay liners possess many advantages such as low permeability and large attenuative capacity, they also possess high shrinkage potential and hence can crack under unsaturated conditions causing instability and increase in leakage rates. Further, the permeability of the clay linear can increase due to clay–pollutant interaction. This study examines the potential of pozzolanic fly ash as a hydraulic barrier in land fill. The behaviour of three different types of fly ashes, showing a range of physical properties and chemical composition from three different sources are reported in the study. Geotechnical properties, needed to evaluate the use of fly ashes as barriers, such as shrinkage, compaction, permeability, consolidation and strength characteristics are reported. The results show that fly ashes possess low shrinkage and hence do not crack. Compacted fly ashes undergo very little volume changes. They also show that pozzolanic fly ashes develop good strength properties with time. Pozzolanic fly ashes containing sufficient lime develop strength even without addition of lime. Non-pozzolanic fly ashes do not develop strength even on addition of lime. Fly ashes generally consist of silt size particles and consequently possess high permeability. However, pozzolanic fly ashes with lime exhibit low permeability on curing because of the formation of gelatinous compounds which block the pores. Thus, pozzolanic fly ashes appear to be promising for construction of liners to contain alkaline leachate. 相似文献
18.
Expansive clay buffers in radioactive waste disposal designs experience cyclic drying and wetting paths during different stages of their design life. Clayey soils subjected to these processes develop swelling and shrinkage deformations, which give rise to the accumulation of compression or expansion strains during suction cycles. Experimental studies were undertaken using oedometer tests on an artificially prepared bentonite-sand mixture (80% bentonite by dry mass). In order to study these processes and to identify the most important features controlling soil behaviour, several wetting-drying cycles with suctions ranging between 130 and 4 MPa were applied using vapour equilibrium technique and covering a wide range of overconsolidation ratios (OCR). The tested samples showed cumulative shrinkage strains along the successive cycles, which became more significant at increasing vertical net stresses (low OCR values). However, no accumulation of expansion strains was detected at elevated OCR values. Test results were interpreted and predicted within the context of an elastoplastic model proposed by Alonso et al., 1999, [Alonso, E.E., Vaunat, J., Gens, A., (1999). Modelling the mechanical behaviour of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 54, 173-183.] which takes into account the accumulation of strains. A good correspondence between measured soil response and model predictions was observed. The paper also presents the methodology to derive the constitutive parameters. 相似文献
19.
Setianto Samingan Agus Yulian Firmana Arifin Snehasis Tripathy Tom Schanz 《Acta Geotechnica》2013,8(2):155-165
This paper presents results of an experimental work to determine a relationship between swelling pressure and suction of heavily compacted bentonite–sand mixtures. For comparison, tests were also carried out on heavily compacted bentonite specimens. A series of swelling pressure tests were performed using multi-step constant-volume method where suction of the specimens tested was reduced in a stepwise manner toward a zero value. The suction reduction was induced using vapor equilibrium and axis-translation techniques. It is shown that compacted specimens did not exhibit any collapse upon suction decrease and exhibited maximum swelling pressures at zero-equilibrium suction. The development of swelling pressure with decreasing suction of the specimens showed threshold suctions below which a further reduction in suction yields an increase in the swelling pressure of the same magnitude. The magnitude of threshold suction was found to be a function of bentonite content in compacted specimens. 相似文献
20.
纯膨润土中掺入一定比例的石英砂,可以有效地提高工程屏障的热传导特性、力学强度和长期稳定性,并可降低屏障系统的工程造价; 但同时也会改变混合物的土水特征。本文采用水汽平衡法和渗析法吸力控制技术,开展了不同温度(20℃、40℃和60℃)、恒体积条件下,高压实GMZ01膨润土-石英砂混合物(7:3)试样的持水特性试验。结果表明,体积与吸力恒定时,高压实高庙子膨润土-砂混合物的含水量随温度升高而减少,但温度影响幅度取决于吸力水平; 低吸力范围内,混合物的饱和度大于1,其原因可能是由于混合物中结合水密度大所引起的; 基于Frendlund常温方程的万敏模型,能够拟合考虑温度影响的GMZ01膨润土-砂混合物土水特征曲线。 相似文献