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1.
Rapid and significant advances in issues relevant to weather modification have been made in the
last decade in China due to high water resource stresses and severe weather hazards induced by climate
change. This paper reported some progress in aspects of theoretical modeling, field experiment and
cloud-seeding tools, as well as research projects regarding weather modification during the ten years
from 1997 to 2007.
More advanced theoretical models such as cloud models with bin-microphysics and
glaciogenic and hygroscopic seeding processes, and mesoscale cloud-resolving models with AgI-seeding
processes have been developed to study seeding-induced changes of cloud structure and precipitation
as well as to understand critical issues in association with weather modification. More advanced
cloud-seeding tools such as mobile ground-based launching system of AgI-rockets and aircraft-based
AgI-flares have been developed and used in operation. Several important projects aimed at exploring
weather modification techniques and their applications have been conducted during this period. 相似文献
2.
在抗旱、防雹、生态环境保护和重大活动气象保障等国家和地方重大需求的推动下,2008—2018年我国人工影响天气技术和应用得到快速发展。在气溶胶粒子、云（雾）物理垂直结构和降水形成机理等方面,开展了大量科学试验研究,取得了重要成果,建立了国家级人工影响天气实时业务数值预报模式,提高了对作业云特征和演变过程的预报能力,对作业方案的科学设计具有重要作用。在机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪、多通道微波辐射计、X波段偏振雷达、雨（雾）滴谱仪、先进火箭作业系统等核心关键技术装备的国产化研发方面也取得重要进展,研制成功国产机载云粒子测量系统、地基多通道微波辐射计和立体播撒火箭作业系统,并应用于业务,提高了作业条件监测识别和地基作业能力。建立了空中国王、新舟60等型号的先进飞机探测和作业平台,大幅度提高了作业飞行高度、续航时间和空中作业能力。在电离、飞秒激光、声波等人工增雨新技术领域开展了理论和实验探索研究,在飞秒激光诱导降雪机理实验和数值模拟等方面取得了重要进展。 相似文献
3.
云降水物理与人工影响天气研究进展(2008～2012年) 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
本文回顾和总结了近5年(2008～2012年)云降水物理与人工影响天气主要研究进展,并讨论了目前存在的主要问题和亟待解决的关键科学问题.内容涉及可分辨云数值模式及模拟研究、云降水的观测与遥感反演研究、气溶胶对云降水的影响及人工影响天气相关的数值模式、观测试验研究等.提高对云降水形成过程、时空结构与演变机理的深入认识,对揭示大气水循环、气候变化过程,提高天气精细化预报、大气云水资源开发利用及气象防灾减灾的能力,具有十分重要的作用. 相似文献
4.
设计并实现人工影响天气飞机作业实时监测移动应用系统（TEAM）,对飞机作业实时监测并可视化与共享,以解决飞机作业监测中作业信息采集渠道多样、标准不统一、共享范围小、飞机内外场交流渠道不畅等业务问题。TEAM基于人工影响天气飞机作业实时监测的移动应用平台框架（RMPF-WMA）构建并在移动终端上实现。该框架包括海事卫星、北斗卫星双链路传输、安全加固体系和分层策略,可作为数据和移动终端技术实现的标准化解决方案。TEAM基于HTML5混合开发模式与Ionic/Angular JS开发,提高开发效率和终端运行性能。TEAM实时可视化显示飞机准备情况、轨迹、播撒动态以及飞行简报、通知,提升飞机作业各环节沟通效率和共享覆盖度。全国人工影响天气作业飞机中,TEAM可实时监测并实现信息共享的飞机占总数的80%以上,应用于东北、华北、西北、西南、中部等多个区域日常飞机作业监测和重大应急服务一线指挥。移动应用程序响应迅速,运行稳定,作业监测和可视化效果良好。 相似文献
5.
李林涛 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2016,74(1):103-113
概述了全球气候模式中云的垂直重叠的处理方法及其辐射物理过程的最新研究进展。从云垂直重叠模型的构造、模型在气候模式中的实现方式,得到与观测一致的云重叠结构所采用的数据和方法、重叠云的辐射传输等方面,给出了针对这一国际研究难点问题的最新研究进展。关于气候模式中云的垂直重叠问题的研究至今已取得了许多成果,表现在:重叠模型上有了更为科学的描述形式(如指数衰减重叠);重叠云的辐射传输也有了更快速的处理方法(如蒙特卡洛独立柱近似)并被广泛应用;连续的三维云遥感观测(如CloudSat/CALIPSO)和云分辨尺度的三维云模式的发展为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了丰富的观测资料和模式数据。但是,气候模式中现有的云重叠结构处理及其辐射传输方法还远不够完善,仍然存在很多没有解决的问题需要在未来进行探索。 相似文献
6.
In this research,a novel dual-model system,one-dimensional stratiform cold cloud model(1DSC) coupled to Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model(WRF-1DSC for short),was employed to investigate the effects of cloud seeding by silver iodide(AgI) on rain enhancement.Driven by changing environmental conditions extracted from the WRF model,WRF-1DSC could be used to assess the cloud seeding effects quantitatively.The employment of WRF-1DSC,in place of a one-dimensional two-moment cloud seeding model applied to a three-dimensional mesoscale cloud-resolving model,was found to result in massive reduction of computational resources.Numerical experiments with WRF-1DSC were conducted for a real stratiform precipitation event observed on 4-5 July 2004,in Northeast China.A good agreement between the observed and modeled cloud system ensured the ability of WRF-1DSC to simulate the observed precipitation process efficiently.Sensitivity tests were performed with different seeding times,locations,and amounts.Experimental results showed that the optimum seeding effect(defined as the percentage of rain enhancement or rain enhancement rate) could be achieved through proper seeding at locations of maximum cloud water content when the updraft was strong.The optimum seeding effect was found to increase by 5.61% when the cloud was seeded at 5.5 km above ground level around 2300 UTC 4 July 2004,with the maximum AgI mixing ratio(X s) equaling 15 ng kg 1.On the other hand,for an overseeded cloud,a significant reduction occurred in the accumulated precipitation(-12.42%) as X s reached 100 ng kg 1.This study demonstrates the potential of WRF1DSC in determining the optimal AgI seeding strategy in practical operations of precipitation enhancement. 相似文献
7.
8.
中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究, 在过去的40多年中, 围绕人工增雨技术与外场试验、雹云物理与人工防雹、雾结构观测与人工消雾、云的宏观结构与云图、云降水模式与数值模拟、云物理室内实验与催化剂及催化技术等方面开展了大量的研究工作, 取得了丰硕的研究成果, 很多研究成果在我国人工影响天气业务实践中已经得到广泛的应用, 发挥了实际效益。 相似文献
9.
Summary The three-dimensional mesoscale cloud-resolving model ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System) was used to investigate the
dispersal of an inert seeding agent within a cumulonimbus (Cb) cloud developing from two different initial states. In this
paper, we stress the influence vortices in the cloud have on seeding agent dispersion. If a strong directional ambient wind
shear is present in the lowest layer, a vortex pair formed at the flanks of the simulated cloud. Following the velocity field,
a considerable amount of the injected seeding agent would be thrown out to the rear of the cloud, where both updrafts associated
with vortices and downdrafts occurred. After a short time the agent was present only in the cloud periphery. If the Cb cloud
developed under conditions where directional ambient wind shear did not exist, seeding agent dispersion would be quite different.
In this case, almost all the seeding agent was transported into the main updraft, while the residence time of the agent within
the cloud was longer due to the weaker cloud dynamics. Therefore, we must pay attention to whether or not the cloud contains
vortices when we make the decision where to seed. This is necessary in order to minimize the loss of seeding material. 相似文献
10.
11.
Mladjen Ćurić Dejan Janc Vladan Vučković Nemanja Kovačević 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2009,105(3-4):157-165
Successful seeding of clouds in weather modification experiments essentially depends on the seeding time and dynamics, amount of seeding material and location of the initial seeding area. In the present study, we focus on the influence of the initial seeding zone location on the transport of seeding agent material into the target cloud. In addition, the inadvertent transport of seeding material is analysed. During weather modification activities, a lot of seeding material can be transferred far from the seeding zone in a downwind direction. The primary motivation for this research was to prove this statement. We use a three-dimensional, mesoscale cloud-resolving model to achieve our goal. We performed sensitivity tests with respect to the distance between the mass centres of the initial seeding area and the cloud. Different seeding scenarios are analysed. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) For distances between the mass centres of the initial seeding area and the cloud below 2.5 km, all seeding agent material would be activated after a short time. For distances above 10 km, most of the seeding agent would remain inactivated, because horizontal transport of the seeding agent becomes more important than transport induced by the main updraft. For these scenarios, the seeding agent is injected in the cold peripheral part of the cloud. (2) Sensitivity tests show that the inactivated seeding agent would remain close to the seeding area if the seeding is performed below cloud base. This effect occurs even for large distances between the seeding area and the target cloud (>20 km) due to low-level convergence. Thus, this seeding method suppresses the inert seeding material from being transferred far from the seeding zone. (3) The complete seeding material stays inactivated if the seeding is performed between the ?8 and ?12°C isotherms in front of the increased reflectivity zone. As a consequence, it would be transferred far from its initial area. The cloud would not be able to capture the seeding agent even during its greatest lateral extent. 相似文献
12.
数值模式越来越多地应用于人工影响天气业务工作中。文中着眼北京地区人工影响天气业务对数值模式预报的需求,结合地基作业的特点,初步进行了碘化银（AgI）冷云催化数值模式在人工影响天气业务中的应用试验。试验采用同化了多种观测资料的北京睿图快速更新和多尺度分析预报系统-临近子系统（RMAPS-ST,Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System-Short Term）的预报结果做为初始场,运用耦合了冷云催化模块的中尺度数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting Model）进行冷云催化数值试验,催化模块添加在Morrison双参数微物理方案中,考虑了水汽在人工冰核上的凝华核化、凝结冻结和接触冻结核化过程,模拟范围覆盖北京地区所有的地面作业站点以及华北人工影响天气飞机作业区域。业务试验包括运行对照试验以判定具有催化潜力的地基作业站点及催化信息、进行预催化模拟和实际作业后的催化模拟。个例应用显示,冷云催化数值模式的业务试验可以预判未来一定时段内人工影响天气相关物理量场的变化及作业效果,可为前期人工影响天气地面作业方案的制定提供参考,后期可进行实际作业信息输入进行催化模拟,对比验证与分析可以改进和优化流程算法,不断提升制定地面作业方案的科技水平。 相似文献
13.
华南冷锋云系的人工引晶催化数值试验 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
在对华南2004年3月31日~4月1日的冷锋降水天气过程进行正确模拟的基础上, 通过向云中引入人工冰晶研究了催化效应, 结果表明: 催化使地面雨量在催化后30 min开始增加, 80 min时达到峰值, 120 min时减小到最小值。被催化的云团随着自然雨带逐渐向东南方向移动, 并且催化云影响其周围的云团, 造成了催化的下风方域外效应, 使催化效果可以延长到催化后10个小时, 随着自然云的消散而结束。人工冰晶的引入, 使得大量过冷雨滴快速转变为霰粒, 霰粒通过淞附云水和碰并雨滴过程增长, 使降水提前发展, 之后霰粒的融化使地面雨量增加。大量冻结潜热的释放, 使云中温度增加, 上升速度增强, 说明 “静力催化作用” 和 “动力催化作用” 是相互关联不可割裂的。在云体发展早期冷云降水过程还没有启动之前引入人工冰晶的催化效果优于云体发展接近成熟时的催化效果, 而只由催化剂量的不同造成的增雨差异较小。 相似文献
14.
Convective processes affect large-scale environments through cloud-radiation interaction, cloud micro- physical processes, and surface rainfall processes. Over the last three decades, cloud-resolving models （CRMs） have demonstrated to be capable of simulating convective-radiative responses to an imposed large-scale forcing. The CRM-produced cloud and radiative properties have been utilized to study the convective- related processes and their ensemble effects on large-scale circulations. This review the recent progress on the understanding of convective processes with the use of CRM simulations, including precipitation processes; cloud microphysical and radiative processes; dynamical processes; precipitation efficiency; diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection; local-scale atmosphere-ocean coupling processes; and tropical convective-radiative equilibrium states. Two different ongoing applications of CRMs to general circulation models （GCMs） are discussed： replacing convection and cloud schemes for studying the interaction between cloud systems and large-scale circulation, and improving the schemes for climate simulations. 相似文献
15.
A cloud-resolving mesoscale model with a two-moment microphysical scheme has been used. The software package for cloud seeding and two categories of precipitation elements (graupel and frozen raindrops) are incorporated in the model. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cloud droplet concentration on hail suppression effectiveness. The concentration level of cloud droplets is prescribed in the model. We performed sensitivity tests of precipitation amounts (rain and hail) on the cloud droplet concentration in unseeded and seeded cases. We demonstrated for the unseeded case that increasing the concentration of cloud droplets created a reduction in rain accumulation, while the amount of hail accumulation increased. It is necessary to understand whether natural diversity in the cloud droplet concentration can affect the effectiveness of hail suppression. For operational cloud seeding activities, it would be helpful to determine whether it is possible to suppress hail if we know the optimal level of concentration for cloud droplets. Our study showed that hail suppression effectiveness had the greatest influence on lowering cloud droplet concentration levels; suppression effectiveness decreased as the cloud droplet concentration increased. 相似文献
16.
《中国气象科学研究院年报》2011,(1):39-45
2011年,云降水物理与人工影响天气研究主要在暖云数值模式研制及模拟、云物理过程对降水影响、冰雹物理过程、效果检验、南方冻雨的微物理过程以及华北气溶胶特征等方面取得如下研究成果。 相似文献
17.
Levin et al. (referred here as LHA) made a sweeping conclusion that cloud seeding has been ineffective in Israel. They claimed that the results of the Israel-2 experiment could be fully ascribed to synoptic bias. However, the cross over analysis of Israel-2 has shown the same already in 1990 by Gabriel and Rosenfeld. While LHA only showed differences in the 850 hPa winds being stronger in the north seeded days of Israeli-2, Rosenfeld and Farbstein had already shown quantitatively in 1992 that this synoptic bias explains less than half of the indicated seeding effect in the north. Furthermore, accepting that a cross over design protects against synoptic bias means that the highly positive and statistically significant indicated seeding effect in Israeli-1, which was based on a cross-over design, cannot be explained by such synoptic bias. Instead, LHA completely ignored the Israeli-1 experiment.LHA's evaluation of the operational seeding used implied assumption that amounted to historical comparisons that have already been shown to be invalid, especially for the Israeli situation due to the decreasing trend of target–control ratio, especially over the eastern upper Galilee. For all of the above reasons, the conclusion of LHA that cloud seeding is ineffective in Israel is not supported by the data.Given the uncertainties, both physical and statistical, the Israeli water authority has embarked on the Israeli-4 randomized cloud seeding experiment, which is aimed at testing the hypothesis that cloud seeding might be affecting mainly the precipitation in the orographic clouds developing over the hills in the catchment of the Jordan River. 相似文献
18.
气溶胶影响云和降水的机理和观测研究进展 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
气溶胶对云和降水的影响,对于气候系统、大气环境以及水循环至关重要。气溶胶粒子作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云的微物理过程,进而影响雨、雪、雹和其他形式的降水。近年来,在理解气溶胶的化学成分,气溶胶微物理特性以及气溶胶作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云降水等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于气溶胶的概念、来源以及气溶胶的直接和间接效应进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在气溶胶影响云和降水的机理研究方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用卫星、地面观测设备、机载探测设备等对气溶胶和云进行遥感观测和直接观测所获得的观测事实并讨论了其可能的物理机制,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
19.
2014年春季华北两次降水过程的人工增雨催化数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在WRF中尺度模式中耦合了中国气象科学研究院发展的CAMS（Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences）云微物理方案,并在CAMS方案中增加了直接播撒冰晶（S1方案）和播撒碘化银催化剂（S2方案）两种云催化方案。利用此模式,对2014年我国华北干旱期间开展飞机增雨作业的两次降水过程（个例1:5月9～10日;个例2:5月10～11日）进行了云催化数值模拟研究,分析了催化对降水和云物理量场影响,对比了S1和S2方案催化效果的异同。结果表明,在云层适当部位播撒催化剂,两种催化方案均会达到增雨效果,催化会引起云中各水凝物的明显变化,并导致催化区域温度、垂直速度的变化。个例1中,S2方案的催化影响范围要大于S1方案,在播撒区下游地区,S2方案催化效果要强于S1方案;而个例2中两方案催化效果没有表现出显著差异。S1和S2方案的催化效果在不同个例中表现不同,其重要原因在于两种催化方案的催化机制差异以及云系动力条件、水汽条件的不同。通过采用适当的催化剂量,在其他催化设置条件相同的情况下,S1和S2方案可以取得相似的催化效果,但需注意由于二者催化机制的差异,在一些具体云系条件下,二者的催化效果会有一定差异。当实际人工增雨作业采用碘化银催化剂时,相应的催化模拟研究使用S2方案更为适合。 相似文献
20.
碘化银播撒对云和降水影响的中尺度数值模拟研究 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
通过在WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 中尺度天气数值模式中引入碘化银与云相互作用过程, 建立了中尺度播撒碘化银数值模式。研究了碘化银播撒对于中尺度对流天气过程中云和降水的影响, 研究了不同播撒部位、 播撒时间和播撒剂量情况下碘化银的扩散、 传输及其对云中水成物和降水量的影响。研究结果表明, 碘化银在云中的扩散传输过程与播撒的位置有很大关系, 在最大上升气流区播撒的碘化银能随着气流更快地扩散到云体上部过冷水含量丰富的区域, 播撒在云上层入流区和云下层入流区的碘化银扩散到云中过冷水区需要时间更长, 同时有大部分停留在云体边缘。碘化银能与云中过冷水相互作用, 消耗过冷水使云中冰晶数浓度明显增加, 从而使霰粒子转化减少, 过冷水更多地转化为雪粒子, 过冷水凝结释放出潜热使上升气流增强, 促进了对流发展。由于雨水含量的增加, 地面降水也出现增加。碘化银播撒率对地面降水量影响很大, 当播撒率为0.6 g/s时, 播撒对降水的影响时间超过4小时, 增雨的效果更好。播撒率为0.1 g/s时增雨效果不明显, 当播撒率为1.2 g/s 时, 对总降水可能出现抑止作用。对比碘化银播撒率为0.6 g/s时12小时地面增雨量, 在云上层入流区播撒碘化银试验中, 地面增雨量比对最大过冷水含量区的催化试验提高了48.7%, 最大上升气流区播撒试验增雨效果最好, 地面增雨量比在最大过冷水区域播撒提高了72.1%。 相似文献