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1.
从北极国家的北极政策剖析北极科技发展趋势   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
何剑锋  张芳 《极地研究》2012,24(4):408-414
由于气候变化影响、地区经济潜力、以及地缘政治意义,北极迅速成为北极各国乃至北半球国家关注的焦点。自2006年底以来,挪威、俄罗斯、美国、加拿大、芬兰、冰岛、瑞典和丹麦等北极八国陆续推出了新的北极政策。各国在阐述北极主权、资源利用、生态环境保护、社会经济发展和原住民权利的同时,强调了科学研究和科技发展在当地生态环境保护和经济可持续发展中的重要作用,并对科研优先领域进行了不同程度的阐述,以引导各国的北极科技发展并服务于自身的北极权益。本文依据北极各国新近发布的北极政策,综合分析北极科技发展重点和趋势,同时结合我国已有的北极考察和合作基础,提出了我国的北极科技发展建议。  相似文献   

2.
In 1994, support for European Union (EU) membership was highly variable across Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The “no” vote was strongest in rural areas eligible for substantial EU subsidies. Moreover, the majority voted against EU membership in Norway. To explain these outcomes, this article focuses on the ways in which local and national differences mediated interpretations of the issues raised during the campaign. The analysis highlights important forces shaping northern Europe today and their implications for the EU in the years ahead.  相似文献   

3.
北冰洋面积约1 300×104 km2,周边国家对200 M（海里）大陆架及专属经济区的划界现状及对200 M外大陆架的诉求,对于我们参与北极科考具有十分重要的参考意义。大陆架与专属经济区的划界,美国与苏联已签署协定,美国国会已批准,但前苏联和俄罗斯未批准,这直接导致两国的海域争议不断。俄罗斯与挪威也已签署协议。美国与加拿大之间未签署协议,争议区超过7 000 M2。丹麦与加拿大已签署协议,完成划界,但存在汉斯岛的主权争议。挪威与丹麦及挪威与冰岛已完成划界。根据《联合国海洋法公约》第76条规定,北冰洋周边国家拥有确定北冰洋200 M外大陆架的权利。俄罗斯和挪威已提交200 M外大陆架划界方案,挪威对南森海盆西部的划界方案已得到大陆架界限委员会原则同意,但俄罗斯方案仍有很大的争议。作为《斯瓦尔巴条约》的签署国,斯瓦尔巴协定区,我们有权进入;因美国没有签署《联合国海洋法公约》,阿拉斯加北部大陆架及200 M外的楚科奇海台,都是我们进行科考的选择。此外,也可以通过国际合作,参与不同海域的科考和研究。  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of the study was to analyse how cross-border commuting differed from intranational commuting in Sweden, and how cross-border mobilities affected spatial integration. The authors analysed patterns and spatial flows of cross-border commuting by comparing them with characteristics of intranational commuting. In the article, they explore the assumption that the border constitutes an ‘engine’ for work-related mobility, which affects processes of spatial integration in cross-border areas. The empirical material comprised data from surveys of commuting from the Swedish county of Värmland to Norway and commuting within Värmland. The findings showed that cross-border commuting shared common features with intranational commuting, including how the frequency of commuting was dependent on distance. The motives for commuting differed, and the reasons for working in Norway were economic rather than professional. In terms of spatial integration, cross-border commuting was mainly one-directional, from Sweden to Norway, while leisure mobility and migration tended to be in the opposite direction. The authors conclude that the border region is characterised by integration through specialisation, which involves a permanent state of ‘transient’ mobility. Thus, a win-win situation can be distinguished, in which the border serves as a resource and an ‘engine’ for cross-border integration, mobility and economic activities.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

The study objective is to assess why official statistics give the impression that Norway has low levels of innovation compared to other Nordic countries. The author examines innovation practices in Denmark and Norway to demonstrate that this is not the case. The results reveal that official statistics are misleading and that Norway has a high level of innovation but spends relatively less on scientific research. A further finding is that in Finland and Sweden innovation is heavily based on science and technology, whereas Denmark and Norway are clearly more pragmatic and base their innovation more on a ‘doing, using, and interacting’ (DUI) post-science, technology, and innovation (STI) approach. Additionally, in Denmark systems are led by small and medium-sized enterprises, whereas in Norway they are led by large enterprises. The author discusses the explanations for such differences in national and regional ‘innovation systems’ among countries that appear to outsiders to have a lot in common. He concludes that, by contrast, the ‘insiders’ are aware that they are quite distinctive societies that are evolving notably divergent developmental pathways. A key and probably controversial conclusion is that in the contemporary post-specialisation and post-cluster era the DUI systems have advantages over the STI-led ones.  相似文献   

6.

In the county of Finnmark, northern Norway, Veiki moraines have been observed by air photo interpretation in the Gaissane mountain area ( Figs. 1 and 2 ). Veiki moraines in Fennoscandia have earlier been described mainly from northern Sweden and some sites in northern Finland. In the areas where Veikimoraines are found in Finnmark, northern Norway, some special erosion landforms also exist. At several places, the cover of basal till has been removed within well-defined patches, often with a size of 400-500 r m in cross-section. The material seems to have been stripped off and transported away, probably as a frozen layer incorporated in the glacier, and then deposited by ablation in the present positions of the Veiki moraines.  相似文献   

7.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):323-329
Abstract

The geopolitics of the Cold War is illustrated by the diplomatic ties between countries, particularly the two superpowers and their respective allies. Specifically, the location of embassies abroad and those hosted by countries are examined to determine what they reflect about larger geopolitical issues. This article grew out of class projects used in introductory human geography courses to teach place name, library, writing, analytical, computer, and cartographic skills. The global patterns of embassy locations for all countries are first examined and then the particular patterns of the United States, the Soviet Union, and NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. A comparison between the location of U.S. and Soviet embassies shows that the Cold War was geographically visible only for “minor” states. The Warsaw Pact countries were ideologically more unified in the location of their embassies than the NATO countries. With the collapse of Cold War geopolitics, embassy locations are already changing, signaling major transformations to a New World Order. Geographers will need to monitor these newly emerging patterns and teach their students how to examine them.  相似文献   

8.
阿尔泰山冰川系统结构、近期变化及趋势预测   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
地跨中、俄、哈、蒙四国的阿尔泰山共有冰川面积约1 700 km2,其中中国约280 km2,俄罗斯及哈萨克斯坦约880 km2,可作为统一的冰川系统进行研究.本文首先应用中国及前苏联冰川编目数据分析了本系统冰川的结构特征.表明本区冰川平衡线约为2 983 m,为中国的小型冰川(平均面积0.8 km2)作用区.应用最新的...  相似文献   

9.
The author analyses the state powers steering biofuel development in two European Union (EU) Member States: Finland and Sweden. The different biofuel developments of these countries are approached through the concept of assemblages, which allows analysis of how the spatiality of national development is constituted in relation to the increasingly global development of biofuels. The approach illustrates how national policies implemented by Finland and Sweden are multiscaled in their origins and mediated by the agents of these assemblages. Materials in the study consist of EU and national policy documents, and 16 interviews from the key biofuel agents in Finland and Sweden. The author explains the differentiation of national biofuel assemblages through their distinguishing topologies, advocacy groups, and the properties of national policy instruments. The results demonstrate how Finnish and Swedish policies have influenced national biofuel developments. The EU's biofuel policies have diverging impacts nationally as they are translated into the specific patterns of biofuel production, consumption, and trade. Consequently, the agents of biofuel assemblages affect the transference of biofuel policies that originate from multiple scales into the national policy frameworks of the Member States.  相似文献   

10.
During the project “Nordic Reference Soils” 13 different soils from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were selected in order to represent i) soils covering the main areas of the Nordic area, ii) soils from the different climatic regions, and iii) environmental sensitive soils. The 13 Nordic Reference Soils provided an excellent basis for the evaluation of the WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Resources) performance under Nordic conditions. Classification according to the WRB poses considerable problems. These concern podzolized soils, cultivated soils, and the acid sulfate soils. Only three out of the seven podzolized soils are allocated in taxons reflecting that they were podzolized. Four out of the nine cultivated soils were exposed to substantial anthropogenic impact, resulting in man-made Mollic A-horizons, which is not reflected in the classification. The WRB-classification of the soils is compared with the FAO and Soil Taxonomy classification. This highlighted some of the classification problems. This paper will propose changes to the WRB in order to improve the performance of the system for Nordic soils.

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 100: 15–26  相似文献   

11.
An integrated program, “Microbiological and ecological responses to global environmental changes in polar regions” (MERGE), was proposed in the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008 and endorsed by the IPY committee as a coordinating proposal. MERGE hosts original proposals to the IPY and facilitates their funding. MERGE selected three key questions to produce scientific achievements. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in terrestrial, lacustrine, and supraglacial habitats were targeted according to diversity and biogeography; food webs and ecosystem evolution; and linkages between biological, chemical, and physical processes in the supraglacial biome.MERGE hosted 13 original and seven additional proposals, with two full proposals. It respected the priorities and achievements of the individual proposals and aimed to unify their significant results. Ideas and projects followed a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach. We intend to inform the MERGE community of the initial results and encourage ongoing collaboration. Scientists from non-polar regions have also participated and are encouraged to remain involved in MERGE.MERGE is formed by scientists from Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, Uruguay, USA, and Vietnam, and associates from Chile, Denmark, Netherlands, and Norway.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT. The Soviet War Memorial in Treptow, Berlin, was an important emblem of political power and ideology during and after the cold war. Designed as the Soviet Union's premiere extraterritorial battlefield shrine, the site combines a veterans' cemetery with a large‐scale memorial complex celebrating the Soviet victory in World War II. The monument was intended for use in Soviet military commemorative activity and became a key sacred space in the Cult of the Soviet War Dead, but its location in Berlin meant that it served other political purposes. By avoiding definitive statements on key issues the memorial attained a semantic flexibility that enabled it to remain a focal point of commemorative activity for decades. The memorial continues to play a part in contemporary Berlin, though the political overtones are now overshadowed by its role as a shrine to the war dead.  相似文献   

13.
Previous studies of postage stamps noted their importance in promoting national identity and the objectives of the state. Neglected in this literature by geographers and others is a discussion of stamp themes and issues during political and economic transitions. A content analysis of issues during the Soviet Union's last three years and Russia's first three years revealed some significant changes. The Soviet Union issued many stamps and sets on a wide variety of topics, including nature, folk items and legends, international ties, and ideology. Russia issued fewer stamps: Nature was important, but religion and issues that promoted Russia's heritage replaced ideology and international themes. Early Russian stamps evoked an “inward” worldview that promoted a nascent nationalism. In its final years the Soviet Union noted evidence of these changes in priorities and themes with issues that depicted Soviet environmental disasters or honored the individuals killed in the failed Russian coup attempt in August 1991.  相似文献   

14.
This paper analyzes Hungary's export linkages of the interwar and Cold War periods using gravity model and historical analyses. Hungary is a useful example of former Soviet satellites because it combines relative political stability (since 1956) and experimentation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) during the 1970s and 1980s. Historical analysis reveals seven events since World War I that changed Hungary's trade patterns. Gravity model analysis for 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1985 shows the dramatic cleavage of the “Iron Curtain,” the effect of the NEM, and particularly strong and weak linkages for Hungarian trade that may result from historical legacies, complementarity, or specific political contacts.  相似文献   

15.

This paper analyzes Hungary's export linkages of the interwar and Cold War periods using gravity model and historical analyses. Hungary is a useful example of former Soviet satellites because it combines relative political stability (since 1956) and experimentation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) during the 1970s and 1980s. Historical analysis reveals seven events since World War I that changed Hungary's trade patterns. Gravity model analysis for 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1985 shows the dramatic cleavage of the “Iron Curtain,” the effect of the NEM, and particularly strong and weak linkages for Hungarian trade that may result from historical legacies, complementarity, or specific political contacts.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The courtyard is a space that existed before, during, and now after the Soviet period in Russian urban history. Noting the change in the courtyard's formerly hegemonic position on daily trajectories illustrates both Harvey's and Lefebvre's suggestions for uncovering the way that spaces articulate social values. A particularly revealing case study occurs in the struggle over including courtyards in a Chinese developer's project for a new multi-use district outside St. Petersburg. A brief history of the courtyard in Soviet planning allows subsequent analysis of the ways in which the city administration, the Chinese design team, and Russian planners deployed the courtyard as a spatial code for social meaning in design discussions. Examining the change in function and conceptualization of the courtyard shows how different groups in post-Soviet Russia seek to retain or redeploy concepts of the “collective” as they attempt to remake St. Petersburg as a successful “world” city.  相似文献   

17.
This study evaluates interannual variations and trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum in Finland during 1961–2011, and their connections to well known atmospheric circulation patterns. Changes in summer (June–August) climate partially explain changes in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum over Finland, which naturally decreased from south to north. On a national scale, growing season warmed and became wetter during 1961–2011, as growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 5.01 ± 3.17°C year–1 and 1.39 ± 0.91 mm year–1, respectively. The East Atlantic pattern was the most influential atmospheric circulation pattern for variations in growing season daily temperature sum (rho = 0.40) across Finland and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern was most influential for growing season daily precipitation sum variability (rho = –0.54). There were significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum throughout Finland during 1961–2011. Increased growing season daily temperature sum was mainly observed in northern, central, western, eastern and coastal areas of south‐western Finland. This warming was positively associated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north, centre and south, but negatively associated with the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in eastern Finland. Increased GSP mostly occurred in southern, eastern, western, central, northern and north‐western Finland. These wetting trends were positively correlated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north and negatively correlated with the Polar pattern in the south and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the east, west, centre and north‐east of Finland. The overall agroclimatic year‐to‐year variability in Finland between 1961 and 2011 was mostly linked to variations in the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns.  相似文献   

18.
Digital image analysis and SPOT XS satellite data recorded on 1 August 1991 were used to monitor vegetation in the border region between Enontekio municipality, Finland, and Kautokeino municipality, Norway. A supervised classification on the red wave length channel was undertaken using training areas for maximum likelihood classifier to produce seven spectral land cover classes. The classification revealed great differences in vegetation between Finland and Norway. The largest difference was the lack of Cladinalichens on the Finnish side of the border. The area on the Finnish side is used for grazing all year round, while the area on the Norwegian side is a winter range only. According to official data for the local reindeer population, the average annual grazing pressure (head/area/time) is higher on the Norwegian side of the reindeer fence. The Finnish grazing practice is believed to have a detrimental impact on the vegetation, and has lead to pasture land degradation.  相似文献   

19.
b
As a supplement to seismic profiling surveys, crustal thicknesses have been estimated for 11 Fennoscandian seismograph stations equipped with three-component long period instruments, using the so-called spectral ratio technique of Phinney. The largest Moho depths, of the order of 45 km, were found for stations located in the north-east areas of Norway and Sweden and in Finland, with a local maximum in the Bothnian Bay. The coastal area of south-east Norway and Zealand, Denmark exhibit crustal thicknesses in the range 28–33 km. The agreement between our results and those obtained by conventional refraction profiling is good, when this comparison is restricted to profiles of lengths 300 km or more, and when the associated crustal thickness estimate is averaged over the central parts of the profiles in question. Also, a comparison between our results and other available geophysical information gives that the oldest tectonic provinces of the Baltic Shield also are characterized by relatively modest heat flow, and exhibit the greatest crustal thicknesses. Post-glacial uplift data and large wavelength free air gravity data appear to be uncorrelated with crustal thickness. The same partly applies to Bouguer gravity anomalies, thus implying that the isostatic compensation mechanism in Fennoscandia is of both Airy and Pratt type.  相似文献   

20.
<湿地科学>的创刊是标志中国湿地科学发展的重要里程碑.通过从学科理论、学科体系和学术交流平台建设等3个方面探讨湿地科学建设与发展的有关问题.首先,回顾作者多年来从事沼泽湿地的研究历程,从对早期研究普遍沿用但不适用于中国沼泽的一些国外理论产生质疑,到在大量国内外比较研究和实践基础上提出关于沼泽发育多模式理论、沼泽区域分异规律、沼泽生态系统的性质、沼泽分类与沼泽生态建设等基本问题的新的理论和观点,指出新学科理论建设的重要意义.其次,目前湿地科学尚未形成完整的科学体系.文章认为湿地生态系统的特殊性和生态过程的复杂性,湿地研究的多学科性、边缘交叉性,为湿地研究提供了广阔的创新空间,最终将形成多学科多层次的湿地科学体系.第三,<湿地科学>面向国际,为国内外湿地研究提供了学术交流的平台,将通过刊登富有创新性、前沿性和探索性的研究成果,形成自己的办刊风格,为推动学科发展,建立和完善湿地科学作出贡献.  相似文献   

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