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1.
在界定行星大气运动范围后，提出行星大气运动三定理。从行星磁场角度研究不完全电离磁流体(incomplete ionosphere gaseous fluid)得到行星磁力线绝热压缩反弹致冷效应，给出大气运动出现的冷池(cool pool)现象的物理机制。最后从天文学角度讨论和展望大气灾害的可预报性。 相似文献
2.
《天文学进展》2019,(4)
近轨道~①系外行星受到其宿主恒星强烈的X射线和极紫外(X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet,XUV)辐射。恒星辐射可能会使富气体行星的气体摆脱行星的引力束缚而逃逸到行星的洛希瓣外。随着XUV辐射的增大,行星的大气逃逸可由较缓和的金斯逃逸变为剧烈的流体动力学逃逸。随着空间望远镜和地面望远镜的发展,在一些行星周围发现了膨胀的H,He,C,O,Na和Mg等元素的大气。行星大气研究从最初的紫外波段探测,已经发展到光学波段和近红外波段的探测。理论上,系外行星大气逃逸的流体动力学模型也已相继建立起来。这些模型涉及到行星大气的光化学、恒星风与行星风的相互作用、恒星辐射压以及行星磁场等方面。然而,一个包含所有过程的复杂模型还有待建立。 相似文献
3.
《天文学报》2016,(6)
大气逃逸是行星大气演化的重要一环,其主要能量来源为主星在高能波段的辐射.辐射流量随轨道距离的增大会急剧下降,不同轨道处的行星大气逃逸差异较大,轨道距离对系外行星大气逃逸的影响需要深入研究.运用一维流体动力学模型,并且考虑辐射转移和多种粒子的光化学反应过程,对行星大气逃逸随轨道距离的变化进行了研究.由于主星光谱在不同的演化阶段会表现出较大差异,故采用XSPEC(X-Ray Spectral Fitting Package)中的等离子体模型APEC(Astrophysical Plasma Emission Code),获得不同年龄的类太阳星光谱作为模型输入光谱.结果发现:不同轨道处的行星逃逸率显著不同,逃逸机制也会随轨道距离的增大由剧烈的流体动力学逃逸转化为缓和的金斯逃逸,且行星引力势越小、恒星-行星系统越年轻,这一转化距离越远.处于年轻恒星-行星系统中的短周期行星,逃逸率和辐射流量的相关性降低.这个结果表明经典的能量限制(Energy-limited)逃逸理论对这类行星是不适用的.这些发现丰富了对系外行星大气逃逸过程的研究,尤其是扩展了在不同轨道距离和恒星年龄条件下,逃逸机制和能量转换过程的研究. 相似文献
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6.
截止到2014年4月21日,已发现了1490多颗系外行星和3705颗Kepler候选体。这从观测角度证明了行星在银河系中是普遍存在的。对系外行星的研究丰富并加深了人们对行星形成与演化的认识。另外,新的观测与发现也不断提出新的科学问题。本论文开展了类地行星的形成演化、内部结构以及大气逃逸的研究。 相似文献
7.
超短周期(ultra-short-period,USP)行星是指轨道周期小于1 d的系外行星,是近年来系外行星研究领域中一个新的前沿目标。USP行星的搜寻与确认需要借助傅里叶变换(Fourier transform,FT)和盒最小二乘法(the box least,BLS)等光变曲线分析算法,以筛选和确认精准的周期信号。利用统计方法可得到目前USP行星的轨道周期、行星半径、宿主恒星类型等分布特征。大部分USP行星半径小于2R⊕,受行星质量限制,大多数USP行星无法通过视向速度信号测得精确的行星质量。根据已有的观测结果可算出,部分USP行星的质量小于10M⊕,由此推测这些USP的组成更接近金属与岩石混合的类地行星。由于密近轨道可能发生光致蒸发等物质损失过程,USP行星大气的存在情况尚不明确。目前,USP行星被认为起源于热木星(hot-Jupiters)或亚海王星(sub-Neptunes),但USP行星与热木星的主星金属丰度的分布存在较大差异,亚海王星的光致蒸发起源理论可能性更高。USP行星轨道演化机制包括低偏心率轨道迁移和潮汐耗散的原位起源模型等。 相似文献
8.
本文分析了行星大气作为一个系统对外来热源和扰动过程的响应,分析了不同类型和周期的热源对不同行星大气的影响;讨论了地球、金星、火星和木星大气的不同热力动力特征,分析了这些大气的潮汐本征值——本征函数问题,并对于不同行星大气的热力动力特征作了概要的分析对比。 相似文献
9.
《天文学报》2016,(5)
正太阳系外凌星类行星是目前进行系外行星大气研究的最佳目标之一.在特殊的轨道构型条件下才可以进行凌星主食和次食的观测,它们分别对应于行星位于宿主恒星正前方和背后两种情况.相应的观测可以产生大气透射谱和热发射谱,在大气组成和温度结构的观测研究中扮演着重要的角色.基于这两种谱线性质,本文使用马普2.2 m望远镜的GROND(Gamma-Ray Burst Optical and Near-infrared Detector)设备对3颗热木星的次食进行了测光观测,又使用帕洛玛5.1 m海尔望远镜的DBSP(Double Spectrograph)、TSpec(Triple Spectrograph)和COSMIC(Carnegie Observatories 相似文献
10.
近年来在大气温度与太阳活动的相关性研究中发现了QBO的调制作用,由于大气温度与太阳相关系数的高度剖面交替地呈现出正相关与负相关,且其相间距离与行星波的垂直结构大体一致,致使人们提出大气加热存在两个相互竞争的来源即太阳紫外幅射加热与上行的行星波的动力学加热。上行的行星波不仅会加热大气也应该会调制潮汐风并通过电离层发电机效应导致电场与电流的行星波周期的振荡或起伏,而当此电场沿磁 相似文献
11.
Range of values of the Sun's mass quadrupole moment of coefficient J2 arising both from experimental and theoretical determinations enlarge across literature on two orders of magnitude, from
around 10-7 until to 10-5. The accurate knowledge of the Moon's physical librations, for which the Lunar Laser Ranging data reach an outstanding precision
level, prove to be appropriate to reduce the interval of J2 values by giving an upper bound of J2. A solar quadrupole moment as high as 1.1 10-5 given either from the upper bounds of the error bars of the observations, or from the Roche's theory, is not compatible with
the knowledge of the lunar librations accurately modeled and observed with the LLR experiment. The suitable values of J2 have to be smaller than 3.0 10-6.
As a consequence, this upper bound of 3.0 10-6 is accepted to study the impact of the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass on the dynamics of the Earth-Moon system. Such as
effect (with J2 = 5.5±1.3 × 10-6) has been already tested in 1983 by Campbell & Moffat using analytical approximate equations, and thus for the orbits of
Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Icarus. The approximate equations are no longer sufficient compared with present observational
data and exact equations are required. As if to compute the effect on the lunar librations, we have used our BJV relativistic
model of solar system integration including the spin-orbit coupled motion of the Moon. The model is solved by numerical integration.
The BJV model stems from general relativity by using the DSX formalism for purposes of celestial mechanics when it is about
to deal with a system of n extended, weakly self-gravitating, rotating and deformable bodies in mutual interactions.
The resulting effects on the orbital elements of the Earth have been computed and plotted over 160 and 1600 years. The impact
of the quadrupole moment of the Sun on the Earth's orbital motion is mainly characterized by variations of
,
, and
. As a consequence, the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass could play a sensible role over long time periods of integration of
solar system models.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Wu Lin-xiang 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》1992,16(4):427-433
By means of a simple relation between the velocity v of the fluid particle and the velocity vf of the photospheric footpoint of the magnetic field line vz and Bz being respectively the components of v and the magnetic field B normal to the photospheric surface, it is shown formally that through the phtospheric surface the transport of all the quantities attributed to the magnetic field, such as the magnetic flux, the magnetic energy and the helicity, is independent of vz, and vf is the only kinematical quantity on which the transport depends. In addition, in the neighborhood of the neutral line the velocity vl of the moving curve of constant Bz is found to be equal approximately to the component of v or vf in the direction of vl. Since vl can be measured or extimated, so can the components of v and vf near the neutral line. 相似文献
13.
介绍和论述了在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中在优越参考系和非优越参考系中经过参数化后引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应,其中特别重点介绍了年周期变化的效应。此外也将理论结果同观测结果相对比。 相似文献
14.
In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high
accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment
why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to
emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of
Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical
harmonic coefficients (J
2 and J
4) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties
in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical
flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper
bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce
a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J
2=−(6.13±2.52)×10−7 if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J
2=−(6.84±3.75)×10−7 if only sunspot data are considered, and J
2=−(3.49±1.86)×10−7 in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J
4=(2.8±2.1)×10−12. These values are compared to some others found in the literature.
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479 相似文献
15.
B. P. Kondratyev 《Solar System Research》2013,47(1):1-10
A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations. 相似文献
16.
A. M. Boichenko 《Astrophysics》2004,47(1):134-142
Observational data on the dynamics of stars in the neighborhood of the sun indicate the existence of a third integral besides the integrals of the angular momentum and energy. The Poincaré integral is proposed as a third integral. The consequences of this assumption are derived and compared with available astrophysical data. 相似文献
17.
18.
M. V. Samokhin 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1993,61(1):29-37
Using the well-known equation for the normal component of the current which exist near the tangential discontinuity in the plasma in the case of the frozen-in magnetic field, and supposing that the current closes in the ionosphere in the auroral oval in the region 1, one calculates and compares with the data of observations the dependence of the density of the field-aligned current at the level of the ionosphere on the local time. 相似文献
19.
In the framework of the programme of studying the meridional section of the Galaxy (MEGA) the absolute proper motions of more than 11000 stars with respect to 3000 galaxies and their stellar magnitudes in the B, V Johnson system are determined in two sky regions near the North Galactic Pole (NGP) by means of Tautenburg Schmidt plates. The limiting and completing apparent stellar magnitudes are B = 20.4 and 18.3 mag, the overall and the investigated sky areas are 16.4 and 14.6 square degrees, respectively. Distances have been determined using the stellar magnitudes, colours, proper motions and reduced proper motions. Stellar kinematics, eccentricities of Galactic orbits, spatial distribution and changes of these characteristics with Z-distance from the Galactic plane are obtained up to 15 kpc. Four subsystems distinguished in the NGP direction, respectively with semithicknesses of 0.25, 0.38, 0.67, 1.48 kpc and density ellipsoid axial ratios of 0.09, 0.20, 0.28, 0.49 show mean velocities in the Galactic rotation direction relative to the LSR of 5.6 ± 0.6, − 11.0 ± 0.6, − 62.5 ± 1.2, − 181.6 ± 4.4 km/s, and ages of 0.1, 0.4, 0.9, 1 of the Galaxy age. 相似文献