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1.
Modeling nonhydrostatic atmospheric flow requires the solution of the vertical equation of motion and a prognostic or diagnostic equation for pressure. If the nonhydrostatic components of the flow are relatively small, they can be approximated and incorporated into a purely hydrostatic model, which usually is conceptually simpler and computationally more efficient. A method to do this for a linear model of local thermally-induced circulations is further developed and adapted to a non-linear numerical model of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. A hydrostatic model and the quasi-nonhydrostatic version were used to simulate neutral flow over simple terrain features. One set of observations taken over a simple change in roughness and another set taken over a change in both roughness and terrain were simulated by both models to assess the capabilities of the quasi-nonhydrostatic technique.It is found that (as expected) the pressure deviation from the hydrostatic state is negligible for the roughness change, but it is an important aspect of neutral flow over terrain. Thus, for flow encountering a simple roughness change, the hydrostatic approximation is good, even for small horizontal scales. However, the quasi-nonhydrostatic model qualitatively produces the features in the observations for flow over a terrain change that the hydrostatic model cannot produce.Journal Paper No. J-12737 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2779. 相似文献
2.
本文采用二阶矩湍流闭合方案，分别就非静力和准静力两种条件建立ＰＢＬ数值模式，并模拟了二维山脊流场的结构，计算了二维山体对气流平均场和湍流场的影响。计算结果表明，无论是平均场还是湍流场，采用准静力假设都会造成模拟结果的较大偏差，且对平均场的影响比对湍流场的影响更为显著。两种模式计算结果的差别还随地形坡度和背景风增大而增大。 相似文献
3.
A three-dimensional nonlinear numerical model, that has been extensively used previously to predict environmental water flows, was applied to predict the flow over an isolated hill, Askervein. Predictions are reported for winds approaching the hill from 210 ° and 180 ° clockwise from north, both under almost neutral atmospheric conditions.The model predictions were compared with data collected during a major field study in 1983. From the comparisons it was concluded that the model predicts the mean flow variables with good accuracy. Larger discrepancies were found for quantities related to the turbulence, pointing to deficiencies in the turbulence model, and perhaps in some of the measurements. 相似文献
4.
A comparison of wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations of neutral and stratified flow over a hill 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
A comparison is made of numerical and experimental results for flow over two-dimensional hills in both neutral and stably stratified flow. The numerical simulations are carried out using a range of one-and-a-half order and second-order closure schemes. The performance of the various turbulence schemes in predicting both the mean and turbulent quantities over the hill is assessed by comparing the results with new wind-tunnel measurements. The wind-tunnel experiments include both neutral and stably stratified flow over two different hills with different slopes, one of which is steep enough to induce flow separation. The dataset includes measurements of the mean and turbulent parts of the flow using laser Doppler anemometry. Pressure measurements are also made across the surface of the hill. These features make the dataset an excellent test of the model performance. In general second-order turbulence schemes provide the best agreement with the experimental data, however, they can be numerically unstable for steep hills. Some modifications can be made to the standard one-and-a-half order closure scheme, which results in improved performance at a fraction of the computation cost of the second-order schemes. 相似文献
5.
A moving-grid finite-element model has been developed to model numerically the vertically integrated properties of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in one dimension. The model equations for mean wind velocity and potential temperature are combined with a surface energy budget and predictive equations for boundary-layer height to simulate both stable and unstable ABLs. The nodal position defining the top of the boundary layer is one of the model unknowns and is determined by boundary-layer dynamics. The finite-element method, being an integral method, has advantages of accurate representation of both bulk values and their vertical derivatives, the latter being essential properties of the nocturnal boundary layer. Compared with observations and results of other models, the present model predicts bulk properties very well while retaining a simple and economical form.Journal Paper No. J-12996 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 2779. 相似文献
6.
We study the vorticity field induced by flow around surface mounted obstacles, focussing on the streamwise vorticity. A combination of analytical and numerical model results indicates that the mechanisms for the generation of the mean flow vorticity, as well as its form and magnitude, are not significantly influenced by turbulence, at least for a first-order turbulence closure. This result is in qualitative agreement with suggestions of previous studies. The numerical model is used to simulate flow around an asymmetric hill and, in terms of the shape and positioning of the trailing vortex, good agreement is found between the simulations and observations. However, the strength of the vortex appears to be significantly underestimated by the numerical model. The influence of the slope of the hill and of the angle of incidence of the mean wind on the trailing vorticity is also investigated. Finally, it is found that the occurrence of a dominant trailing vortex, at least one of the strength predicted by the numerical model, does not have a significant impact on the momentum budget of the downstream boundary layer. 相似文献
7.
Sang Jianguo 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1989,3(4):526-533
A set of hydrostatic atmospheric thermodynamic equations and diffusion equation are solved numericallyto simulate the flow,temperature and concentration fields over the Fenhe River Valley,Shanxi Province.The results are compared with the data observed in a tracer experiment carried out in February of 1984.The concentration distributions are calculated by three approaches:ordinary grid numerical model,nested gridmodel and Gaussian model.The comparison shows that the nested grid model gives the best results andneeds only a little more computer time. 相似文献
8.
Summary A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model was used to investigate the behaviour of a cold air gravity current, moving along complex terrain. It is found, that the model with a high horizontal and vertical resolution and with a closure scheme, using the turbulent kinetic energy, is suitable to simulate currents, which have the main features of those found in laboratory experiments.Simulations are presented for different orographic structures (mountain and valley), for varying thermal stratification of the environmental atmosphere (neutral, stable and stable with an elevated inversion) and for different heights of the cold air reservoir.The major effect of a hill on the advance of a gravity current is a reduction of the front speed upstream as well as (even stronger) downstream of the obstacle, where the amount of this decrease depends on thermal stratification. Near surface blocking of the air flow on the windward side occurs for all simulations. However, for small depths of the oncoming cold air, the current cannot surmount the hill and remains on the lee side.With 11 Figures 相似文献
9.
W. C. Ulrich 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1993,52(3-4):137-145
Summary The effect of simple quasi-nonhydrostatic approximations in a numerical model of a gravity current are discussed. Two methods for including non-hydrostatic effects are explored. The reasons for the limited success of a first method is discussed briefly.With 9 Figures 相似文献
10.
A numerical model is developed for two-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer flow above gentle topography — defined as not giving rise to mean flow separation. Although the model is formulated in a framework of mixing length and turbulent energy equation models for the surface layer of the atmospheric boundary layer, it could be modified to include higher-order closure hypotheses and/or extended to model gentle topography for the planetary boundary layer or on the sea bed. Results are presented for flow above a specific shape of hill and the effects of surface roughness and hill height are investigated. 相似文献
11.
Andrew N. Ross 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(2):179-199
Numerical simulations of scalar transport in neutral flow over forested ridges are performed using both a 1.5-order mixing-length
closure scheme and a large-eddy simulation. Such scalar transport (particularly of CO2) has been a significant motivation for dynamical studies of forest canopy–atmosphere interactions. Results from the 1.5-order
mixing-length simulations show that hills for which there is significant mean flow into and out of the canopy are more efficient
at transporting scalars from the canopy to the boundary layer above. For the case with a source in the canopy this leads to
lower mean concentrations of tracer within the canopy, although they can be very large horizontal variations over the hill.
These variations are closed linked to flow separation and recirculation in the canopy and can lead to maximum concentrations
near the separation point that exceed those over flat ground. Simple scaling arguments building on the analytical model of
Finnigan and Belcher (Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 130:1–29, 2004) successfully predict the variations in scalar concentration near the canopy top over a range of hills. Interestingly this
analysis suggests that variations in the components of the turbulent transport term, rather than advection, give rise to the
leading order variations in scalar concentration. The scaling arguments provide a quantitative measure of the role of advection,
and suggest that for smaller/steeper hills and deeper/sparser canopies advection will be more important. This agrees well
with results from the numerical simulations. A large-eddy simulation is used to support the results from the mixing-length
closure model and to allow more detailed investigation of the turbulent transport of scalars within and above the canopy.
Scalar concentration profiles are very similar in both models, despite the fact that there are significant differences in
the turbulent transport, highlighted by the strong variations in the turbulent Schmidt number both in the vertical and across
the hill in the large-eddy simulation that are not represented in the mixing-length model. 相似文献
12.
D. Pavlidis G. J. Gorman J. L. M. A. Gomes C. C. Pain H. ApSimon 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(2):285-299
The computational fluid dynamics code Fluidity, with anisotropic mesh adaptivity, is used as a multi-scale obstacle-accommodating
meteorological model. A novel method for generating realistic inlet boundary conditions based on the view of turbulence as
a superposition of synthetic eddies is adopted. It is able to reproduce prescribed first-order and second-order one-point
statistics and turbulence length scales. The aim is to simulate an urban boundary layer. The model is validated against two
standard benchmark tests: a plane channel flow numerical simulation and a flow past a cube physical simulation. The performed
large-eddy simulations are in good agreement with both reference models giving confidence that the model can be used to successfully
simulate urban atmospheric flows. 相似文献
13.
三维非静力E—ε闭合模式对山体流场及浓度分布的模拟 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文采用三维非静力E-ε闭合模式,在对流层边界层方程组中,加入湍能和耗散率方程描述边界层中的湍流运动。求解孤立三维山地地形上的流场、湍流场和浓度场,并分析地形对气流的影响及对污染物浓度分布的影响。同时做了不同坡度和不同风速下的孤立三维山体的流场、湍流场和浓度场比较。数值计算结果表明,地形能改变气流运动,气流过山时将出现分支现象,山后背坡有反向回流出现,并且回流区大小随着山体坡度的增大而增大。山体对气流的阻挡作用随山体高度的增加而更明显,随风速的增加而减弱。湍能及耗散率随高度衰减较快。随着山体坡度增加,山前气流的垂直速度也增加,湍流运动更强。风速大时湍流运动越显著。污染物在山前出现辐散,迎风坡是浓度高值区,山后背风坡也是相对高值区。山坡度越大,山前迎风坡污物浓度越高。 相似文献
14.
J. Berg J. Mann A. Bechmann M. S. Courtney H. E. Jørgensen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(2):219-243
15.
Aircraft measurements of potential temperature and turbulent kinetic energy are used to examine the growth of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) in sea-breeze flows on four selected days of a coastal fumigation study performed in 1995 at Kwinana in Western Australia. The aircraft data, together with radiosonde measurements taken on the same days, show a multi-layered low-level onshore flow in the vertical with a superadiabatic layer extending to about 50 m above the water surface on all four days. On the first three days the layer above the superadiabatic layer was neutral, typically 200 m deep, capped by a stably stratified region, whereas on the remaining day it was fully stable. The occurrence of the neutral layer on most experimental days contrasts with the more usual situation involving an entirely stable onshore flow. A composite approach based on both temperature and turbulence data is used to provide a pragmatic but self-consistent definition of the TIBL height. The data for the first three days indicate that the TIBL grows rapidly into the neutrally stratified region to the top of the region within about 2 km from the coast, with a very slow subsequent growth into the stable stratification aloft. On the other hand, the TIBL grows only to about 200 m within a distance of 7 km from the coast on the fourth day due to a strong stable stratification.An existing numerical TIBL model based on the slab approach, capable of describing the TIBL growth in both neutral and stable environments, and a recent analytical model, more efficient for operational use, are used to simulate the aircraft TIBL observations. The predictions by both models agree reasonably well with the data. 相似文献
16.
We evaluate the accuracy of the speed-up provided in several wind-loading standards by comparison with wind-tunnel measurements and numerical predictions, which are carried out at a nominal scale of 1:500 and full-scale, respectively. Airflow over two- and three-dimensional bell-shaped hills is numerically modelled using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method with a pressure-driven atmospheric boundary layer and three different turbulence models. Investigated in detail are the effects of grid size on the speed-up and flow separation, as well as the resulting uncertainties in the numerical simulations. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical prediction of speed-up, as well as the wake region size and location, with that according to large-eddy simulations and the wind-tunnel results. The numerical results demonstrate the ability to predict the airflow over a hill with good accuracy with considerably less computational time than for large-eddy simulation. Numerical simulations for a three-dimensional hill show that the speed-up and the wake region decrease significantly when compared with the flow over two-dimensional hills due to the secondary flow around three-dimensional hills. Different hill slopes and shapes are simulated numerically to investigate the effect of hill profile on the speed-up. In comparison with more peaked hill crests, flat-topped hills have a lower speed-up at the crest up to heights of about half the hill height, for which none of the standards gives entirely satisfactory values of speed-up. Overall, the latest versions of the National Building Code of Canada and the Australian and New Zealand Standard give the best predictions of wind speed over isolated hills. 相似文献
17.
The effects of synoptic baroclinicity on the evolution of the stable boundary layer are studied by using a numerical model in which the eddy exchange coefficients are determined from the turbulent kinetic energy and a local turbulent length scale. For model verification, several barotropic simulations are compared with those of higher-order closure models. The model predicts the existence of a value of geostrophic wind shear at which the nocturnal jet reaches its maximum intensity. The mechanism by which ageostrophic flow is generated and the role it plays in the development of the jet are explored. As baroclinicity increases, the directional shear in the wind near the level of the jet increases, thereby allowing the nocturnal inversion to grow to levels well above that of the jet.Journal Paper No. J-11109 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA. Project 2521. 相似文献
18.
Large-eddy Simulations of Flow Over Forested Ridges 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
Andrew N. Ross 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(1):59-76
Large-eddy simulations (LES) of flow over a series of small forested ridges are performed, and compared with numerical simulations
using a one-and-a-half order mixing length closure scheme. The qualitative and quantitative similarity between these results
provides some confidence in the results of recent analytical and numerical studies of flow over forested hills using first-order
mixing length schemes. Time series of model velocities at various locations within the canopy allow the application of various
experimental techniques to study the turbulence in the LES. The application of conditional analysis shows that the structure
of the turbulence over a forested hill is broadly similar to that over flat ground, with sweeps and ejections dominating.
Differences are seen across the hill, particularly associated with regions of mean flow separation and recirculation near
the summit and in the lee of the hill. Detailed comparison of derived mixing lengths from the LES with the assumed values
used in mixing-length closure schemes show that the mixing length varies with location across the hill and with height in
the canopy. This is consistent with previous wind-tunnel measurements, and demonstrates that a constant mixing-length assumption
is not strictly valid within the canopy. Despite this, the first-order mixing-length schemes do give similar results both
for the mean flow and the turbulence in such situations. 相似文献
19.
海岸边界层的非静力模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了一个３级非静力边界层模式,并采用一种新的非局地反梯度闭合方案在杭州附近复杂地形区进行了数值模拟。通过与实测资料和静力条件下的模拟结果的比较,进一步分析了非局地闭合下非静力３级边界层模式的效能。结果表明,该模式比静力模式更能合理地模拟海岩边界层的风温场和湍流场,且模拟结果与实测更接近。 相似文献
20.
A. S. Broad 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,72(1):1-11
Summary. ?A hydrostatic numerical model is used to simulate the lee wave event IOP3 (0000 GMT to 1200 GMT 15th October 1990) from the PYREX mountain experiment. Results from integrations at different horizontal resolutions are used
to investigate the effect on surface pressure drag and the vertical flux of horizontal momentum due to orographically forced
gravity waves. In particular, results showing the dependence on resolution of the partitioning between resolved and parametrized
wave drag and fluxes are presented. With the model horizontal gridlength changing from 50 km to 10 km the majority of wave
momentum flux changes from being parametrized to becoming resolved. More significantly, there is a change in the profile of
flux with height. At 50 km resolution the largest inferred mean flow decelerations are at lower stratospheric level due to
the parametrization scheme. At 10 km resolution this is shifted, with less deceleration high up and more wave deceleration
lower down in the troposphere. Numerical weather prediction models are now beginning to take account of such low level drag
with beneficial results.
Received March 2, 1999/Revised July 15, 1999 相似文献