共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
全球植被分布对气候影响的数值试验 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
利用一个新的陆－气双向耦合模式R42_AVIM, 通过有无植被覆盖的对比试验分析, 探讨了全球植被分布对气候和大气环流产生的潜在影响。得出: 陆面植被覆盖使得地表特征参数发生行星尺度的明显改变, 在叶面积指数大的热带和中高纬度森林带尤其显著。在现实植被分布下, 陆地表面反照率减小, 地表净辐射收支和地表潜热通量增加, 而地表感热通量减小。植被叶面积指数比较大的区域地表温度降低, 并且这种温度的改变一直延伸到对流层中上层, 在热带表现为斜压结构, 而在中高纬表现为相当正压结构。植被的存在使热带和中高纬度森林带的蒸发和相应的高层凝结潜热加热增强, 从而增强了经圈环流的上升支, 使得冬季在热带和南半球中纬度降水增多, 夏季在热带和北半球中高纬地区降水明显增多; 而经圈环流下沉支的增强致使副热带降水减少且更干旱。同时, 植被的存在使大陆潜热释放增强, 气温下降, 减小了海陆温度对比, 亚洲夏季风也有所减弱。 相似文献
2.
陕北地区植被治理与退化对一次区域降水过程影响的数值模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
针对陕北地区一次区域性降雨个例 ,运用中尺度模式MM5V3 5进行了陕北地区植被治理和退化的敏感性试验。结果表明 ,植被生态治理后 ,能够使区域的平均降水量增加 ,使地表净盈余水分 7 6% ;植被退化使降水量减少 ,地表亏失水分 3 6%。植被变化对降水的影响有热力和动力两方面原因 :一方面 ,植被改善后 ,地气之间的热通量增大 ,地表对大气的增温作用增强 ,使低层大气更趋于不稳定 ;另一方面 ,植被改善增大了地表的非均一性 ,能够激发出一定强度的局地次级环流叠加于天气尺度系统上。这两种作用 ,使系统加深并发展 ,增加到达地面的降水量。植被退化则产生与上述相反的作用 ,导致局地降雨量的减小 ,使地面进一步干旱化。 相似文献
3.
运用伯努利方程和斯托克斯公式得出风压下雨滴下落偏离垂直方向的角度。比较了迎风坡与背风坡雨量和雨强的相对大小。结果表明:风力使正圆球形雨滴下落时运动状态改变的幅度随半径增大而增加。迎风坡雨量在雨滴下落方向垂直于坡面时最大,背风坡雨量随坡度和风力的增大而逐渐减小。在不考虑气流爬坡作用和“背风波”时,迎风坡雨量和雨强明显比背风坡大。坡度愈大,风力愈强,背风坡雨量和雨强偏小愈显著。迎风坡雨量偏小的情况,仅出现在风力较大,且坡度较缓(一般小于25°)的坡面。分析商南县长、短历时暴雨伴风情况,发现西坡发生山洪、泥石流的几率增多,而东南坡发生滑坡、塌方的危险性加大。 相似文献
4.
利用MM5模式对云南两个具有代表性的强降水过程进行高分辨率模拟,通过下垫面植被的敏感性试验,考察云南气候要素(降水、温度、湿度、风等)对下垫面植被状况的敏感性,从而达到了解自然环境及人类活动在云南天气、气候及气候变化中的作用与影响,以期提高对未来天气、气候变化、环境变化及其对人类社会发展影响的预测和评估能力。试验结果表明,下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显,这种影响一般在近地面至700 hPa之间;下垫面植被覆盖率的锐减,使云南降水范围、降水量、空气湿度急剧减小,温度、风力、蒸发能力、干旱指数迅速增大,加剧了云南的干旱化和沙漠化,最终将导致云南的天气气候和环境生态系统偏离本来的平衡状态和演变过程。但下垫面植被状况的改变对降水中心、冷(暖)中心、干(湿)中心位置影响不大。 相似文献
5.
中国黄土高原区域性暴雨时空变化及碎形特征 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
利用黄土高原51个测站40年日降水资料,采用REOF分析、小波分析和分维分析等方法,研究了该地区区域性暴雨的时空特征。结果表明:黄土高原区域性暴雨事件趋于减少,过程雨量加大;区域性暴雨频数演变存在4年和7~8年的振荡,以4年周期为主;在1977年区域性暴雨事件出现突变性减少,相应的短周期减弱、长周期加强。分析表明,区域性暴雨事件骤减与500 hPa高度、副热带高压和青藏高压位置关系密切;与区域性暴雨事件伴随的全区降水量存在6个空间型,各型暴雨雨量异常具有客观碎形(分形)特点,其中黄土高原西北部和东南部暴雨雨量异常偏多的分维数值较小,在黄土高原中部分维数值较大,反映出黄土高原中部暴雨异常偏多的非线性机制最为复杂,而西北部和东南部地区相对简单。 相似文献
6.
陕西黄土高原诱发地质灾害降雨临界值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用陕西黄土高原47 a地质灾害和相对应的降雨资料,在陕西黄土高原地质灾害易发区划分基础上,采用面平均雨量确定各易发区的诱发地质灾害的临界降雨量,各易发区的临界雨量有明显的地域性差别;滑坡和崩塌的临界雨量明显不同,一般滑坡临界雨量均高于崩塌;高易发区的临界雨量并不一定低于中易发区和易发区。利用相关统计分析和日综合雨量方法,确定诱发地质灾害的降雨临界值,诱发滑坡的降雨启动值、加速值、临灾值分别为25、35、65 mm,诱发崩塌降雨启动值、加速值、临灾值分别为15、30、50 mm。 相似文献
7.
根据当前国内的研究成果,总结了地质时期第四纪(距今250多万a)以来黄土高原演变与气候变迁之间的关系,其主要关系可归纳为:①第三纪以来喜马拉雅造山运动引起的中国大陆一系列差异性升降构造变化是黄土高原形成的决定性因素;②更新世时期青藏高原隆起所引起的强西风气流把中亚内陆沙漠地区的大量粉尘带到今天的黄土高原地区,形成了黄土高原;③现代季风是更新世时期青藏高原上升到某个高度之后的产物,但随着青藏高原高度不断增长,它对湿润夏季风的屏障作用越来越强,黄土高原气候开始由温暖湿润向干冷和干旱化方向发展,相应地植被种类和分布发生调整;④黄土高原植被对气候波动的适应具有重复性,即植物随着气候冷暖干湿的波动,生长区域南北移动;⑤黄土高原水土流失在更新世时期主要是自然侵蚀造成的,全新世时期在遵循自然规律继续进行的基础上,又叠加了人类活动影响,使之呈现加速发展的特点;⑥黄土高原水土流失受地质、降水、植被与人类活动等多种因素的影响,空间差异极其显著。 相似文献
8.
《高原气象》2018,(5)
利用两种归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)产品,讨论了黄土高原春季植被覆盖度在1982-2014年间的时空变化特征,并对造成其变化的可能原因进行了讨论。在1982-1999年间,黄土高原整体植被覆盖增加,这种增加在2000-2014年提高了近3倍,仅在部分人类活动密集区域出现了植被覆盖度降低。近15年来黄土高原植被恢复最显著地区集中在农田和草原,即农牧区,这可能与在20世纪90年代开展的生态治理工程有关。从近30年的长期变化趋势来看,黄土高原春季降水减少而春季植被覆盖度增加。从年际变率上看,在春旱达到中度干旱及以上等级的年份,如1995年和2000年,黄土高原春季NDVI会显著减少。不同植被类型对春旱的响应存在差异,分析发现农田对春旱的响应最弱,这可能与人工灌溉及抗旱保墒活动有关,草地与森林对春旱的响应最强。伴随着生态环境工程的不断推进,未来黄土高原草地和森林的覆盖面积可能会进一步增加,高原植被整体对于春旱的响应可能会进一步增强。 相似文献
9.
本文用一个二维模式,实施了三组数值试验.初步分析了背景流的改变对植被带局地气候的影响.结果表明:背景风场强度适当时,植被——裸地下垫面属性的非均一性激发的次级环流会显著增强.背景风强度与次级环流强度之间呈非线性联系. 相似文献
10.
黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦地表辐射和能量平衡特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用2006年4～7月黄土高原陆气相互作用试验实际观测资料,分析了黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦生长过程中不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现在不同天气条件下辐射平衡和能量平衡特征有很大变化。地面向上长波辐射在晴天、阴天、降水天时依次减小,到达峰值时间约滞后总辐射峰值到达时间1 h左右。大气向下长波辐射与地表向上长波恰恰相反,晴天量值最小,基本稳定在300 W·m-2左右,阴天和降水天依次增大。潜热是能量通量的主要消耗项,在夜间也大于零,夜间感热则为负值。土壤热通量达到峰值时间滞后于净辐射峰值到达时间约1.5 h,其日平均值晴天为正,阴天约为零,降水天则为负值。日平均波文比阴天大于晴天和降水天。植被覆盖度高时,土壤植被系统截留的总辐射也高。 相似文献
11.
12.
MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.II: In
uence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed signi cantly. These changes have signi cant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to di erent mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sealand distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters. 相似文献
13.
Using the monthly NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset, the monthly temperature and precipitation
at surface stations of China, and the MM5 model, we examine impacts of vegetation cover changes in
western China on the interdecadal variability of the summer climate over northwestern China during
the past 30 years. It is found that the summer atmospheric circulation, surface air temperature,
and rainfall in the 1990s were different from those in the 1970s over northwestern China, with
generally more rainfall and higher temperatures in the 1990s. Associated with these changes, an
anomalous wave train appears in the lower troposphere at the midlatitudes of East Asia and the
low-pressure system to the north of the Tibetan Plateau is weaker. Meanwhile, the South Asian
high in the upper troposphere is also located more eastward. Numerical experiments show that
change of vegetation cover in western China generally forces anomalous circulations and
temperatures and rainfall over these regions. This consistency between the observations and
simulations implies that the interdecadal variability of the summer climate over northwestern
China between the 1990s and 1970s may result from a change of vegetation cover over western
China. 相似文献
14.
MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.Ⅱ: Influence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed significantly. These changes have significant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to different mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sea-land distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters. 相似文献
15.
MM5对末次盛冰期中国气候的模拟研究Ⅱ:海陆分布、植被和大尺度环流背景变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用全球模式CCM3嵌套区域模式MM5的方法研究了末次盛冰期海陆分布、植被和大尺度环流背景场变化对末次盛冰期气候变化的作用。模式结果表明:与现代相比,末次盛冰期东亚地区海陆分布发生的变化造成这一地区冬季减温,夏季增温,这个变化对中国东部近海地区的温度和降水产生明显的影响,尤其是对降水的影响。它使得中国东部地区降水减少,由此造成的降水减少占末次盛冰期降水减少的25%—50%。海陆分布的变化对内陆和中国西部地区影响很小。末次盛冰期中国东部地区植被发生了明显的变化,温带和寒带植物南移,热带植物的覆盖范围减少。中国东部地区植被的巨大变化对温度产生了影响,使该地区冬季增温,夏季减温,年平均温度变化不大。末次盛冰期全球气候发生巨大的变化,即大尺度环流背景场变化。它使得中国地区的温度和降水产生显著变化,这个变化造成中国地区温度降低,并且决定了温度变化的主要分布和变化特征,东北地区是中国末次盛冰期降温最大的地区,青藏高原的降温超过同纬度的东部地区等。同时,大尺度背景场的变化还控制着降水的变化,末次盛冰期中国西部地区和东北地区降水的变化几乎完全是背景场变化引起的,其对华北和华东地区降水的影响大约为50%—75%。综合我们研究的影响末次盛冰期中国地区气候变化的因子,按影响程度由大到小排序为:大尺度环流背景场、海陆分布变化、植被变化、CO2浓度变化和地球轨道参数变化。 相似文献
16.
Simulation of Effects of Grassland Degradation on Regional Climate over Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Regional climate model （RegCM3） was applied to explore the possible effects of land use changes （e.g., grassland degradation in this study） on local and regional climate over the Sanjiangyuan region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Two multiyear （1991-1999） numerical simulation experiments were conducted： one was a control experiment with current land use and the other was a desertification experiment with potential grassland degradation. Preliminary analysis indicated that RegCM3 is appropriate for simulating land- climate interactions, as the patterns of the simulated surface air temperature, the summer precipitation, and the geopotential height fields are consistent with the observed values. The desertification over the Sanjiangyuan region will cause different climate effects in different regions depending on the surrounding environment and climate characteristics. The area with obvious change in surface air temperature inducing by grassland degradation over the Sanjiangyuan region is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A winter surface air temperature drop and the other seasons＇ surface air temperature increase will be observed over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on two numerical simulation experiments. Surface air temperature changes in spring are the largest （0.46℃）, and in winter are the smallest （smaller than 0.03℃）, indicating an increasing mean annual surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Surface air temperature changes will be smaller and more complex over the surrounding region, with minor winter changes for the regions just outside the plateau and notable summer changes over the north of the Yangtze River. The reinforced summer heat source in the plateau will lead to an intensification of heat low, causing the West Pacific subtropical high to retreat eastward. This will be followed by a decrease of precipitation in summer. The plateau＇s climate tends to become warm and dry due to the grassland degradation over the Sanjiangyuan region. 相似文献
17.
青藏高原植被指数最新变化特征及其与气候因子的关系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用GIMMS/NDVI(全球库存模拟和影像研究/归一化植被指数,Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)和MODIS/NDVI遥感数据以及青藏高原6个气象代表站的站点数据,结合多种统计和计算方法,分析了青藏高原植被NDVI变化规律及其影响因子。结果表明:1982~2013年青藏高原多年平均植被NDVI的空间分布存在明显的区域差异,总体上呈从东南向西北递减的趋势,而且发现不同地区植被的时间变化规律也不尽相同。根据高原长势最好的6~9月植被NDVI进行经验正交分解,将青藏高原植被分为5个区,并进一步分析了不同分区内植被的变化规律,得出:青藏高原植被NDVI下降最明显的区域在二区的噶尔班公宽谷湖盆地地区和北羌塘高原地区,植被NDVI上升最明显的区域在四区的祁连山东部地区。为了探讨青藏高原不同分区内影响植被NDVI下降的因子,从青藏高原二区、四区、五区各选取NDVI处于下降趋势的两个代表站点。研究分析了各个站点植被NDVI与降水量、平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、日照百分率5个气象因子的关系,得出:在高原二区日照强度是其它分区的两倍左右,而降水量相对较少导致植被NDVI降低。高原四区由于降水量小、温度高、日照强,导致植被NDVI处于下降趋势;在青藏高原五区虽然降水充足,但日照较弱,限制了植被的正常成长导致NDVI处于下降趋势中;其结果为高原植被退化机制研究及高原植被对大气反馈等奠定了基础。 相似文献
18.
地表作为大气模块的下垫面,为大气模块提供边界条件,地形对于模式结果的准确性起到至关重要的作用。现有的陆面过程模式在陆面同一网格内的次网格单元采用相同的大气强迫量,没有考虑次网格地形对网格内大气强迫量的影响,这关系到模式对气象要素和陆气交换量的模拟水平。本文在陆面模式NOAH处理次网格单元的同时,将输入的大气强迫量根据其与地形高度的关系进行修订,提出新的次网格地形的参数化方案,并引入到WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式中进行数值试验,通过3组数值模拟试验,与未改进的方案和细网格方案分析比较,探讨新参数化方案对WRF 模式模拟结果的影响。结果表明:地形越复杂区域,次网格地形的影响越大。本文引入的新陆面次网格地形方案对天山山脉和昆仑山脉以及青藏高原南部的地表气温的模拟有较大改善,模拟的地表气温在大范围区域内都更贴近细网格方案。虽然新陆面次网格地形方案和细网格试验都对温度的模拟结果都有改善,但新陆面次网格地形方案对降水的模拟改善甚微,而细网格试验对降水模拟却有改进,这是由于细网格试验在陆面和大气网格都进行了细化,而新陆面次网格地形方案只考虑了陆面次网格的影响。具体来说,新陆面次网格地形方案对温度的模拟结果改进是通过改变地表向上长波和地表感热实现的。而细网格试验由于同时细化了大气和陆面的空间网格,对降水和温模拟的改进是通过综合改变地表能量平衡实现的。 相似文献
19.
青藏高原感热与黄土高原春季降水异常关系研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用1961～2000年黄土高原56站的春季降水、气温资料,用SVD方法分析了其与青藏高原感热场的关系。结果表明,降水量与青藏高原感热场的前两模态代表了两场间的主要耦合特征;上年冬季和秋季青藏高原感热场的异常通过影响大气环流,能够导致次年黄土高原春季降水异常;青藏高原感热对黄土高原西部和南部、北部的部分地区影响较显著,而对陕西北部、山西中部影响不明显。前期高原感热场SVD第一、二模态的变化,可以作为黄土高原春季降水异常的预测信号。 相似文献
20.
The effect of vegetation changes on precipitation and Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Sahel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A number of general circulation model studies have assessed the impact of degradation of the land surface in the Sahel, mostly
with idealized degradation scenarios. This paper builds on the previous research by testing the sensitivity of Mesoscale Convective
Systems (MCS) and associated rainfall amounts to observed vegetation changes using a regional atmospheric model. Over the
last 20 years, the vegetation in the Sahel has recovered from the drought in the 1980s and vegetation cover values have increased
up to 20%. The sensitivity for both a vegetation increase and a decrease by these realistic amounts is investigated. The model
simulations span 42 days of the rainy season and are centred over the region of the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment
in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel), of which the data are used to evaluate model results. The model is able to correctly reproduce
rainfall amounts and atmospheric profiles. Total precipitation is found to be insensitive to the applied vegetation changes,
but the latter do have an impact on the rainfall patterns and the location of MCS. The model results indicate that the change
in vegetation cover influences the MCS in two different ways: Firstly, the vegetation change is found to affect the surface
fluxes and this in turn is found to affect the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and thereby the strength of the
convective systems. The relation between vegetation cover and CAPE turns out to be affected by the time in-between precipitation
events. Secondly, a change in atmospheric dynamics, especially the mid-tropospheric zonal flow, is modelled as response to
a change in the spatial temperature and humidity distribution. Both mechanisms are likely to play a role in determining the
characteristics of the rainfall pattern. 相似文献