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1.
Wang Min Wu Yongfeng Tang Minggao Zhong Zuoxin Shen ZhaoliHydrogeological Department China University of Geosciences Beijing 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》1995,(2)
The experiment included ten soil columns and field investigation in 1-2 year duration. Data on the columns continuously flooded with waste water indicated that when total input of NH_4-N reached to above 70％ of the NH_4-N adsorption capacity in soil the breakthrough would appear in the output . Adequate removal of nitrogen from the waste water would require at least 170 cm deep groundwater table . Fine textured soil would promote denitrification . The columns simulating discontinuous waste water irrigation indicated that denitrification existed only in the partial microenviroument of reduction . Groundwater table depth had no strong influence on nitrogen removal . The investigation in field revealed that the groundwater recharged with waste water was not polluted by nitrogen when the aeration profile was in finer textures owing to the combined contribution of nitrification and denitrification. 相似文献
2.
采用再力花和菖蒲构建湿地床,以考察其对污染河水的净化效果。6个月的连续试验表明:在水力负荷为0.24 m3/(m2.d)、植物种植密度大于158株/m2的条件下,2种植物存活率均大于93%,说明植物能适应低污染负荷、高种植密度的无土培养环境;再力花和菖蒲湿地床月均去除率分别为:总氮(TN),48.22%～78.53%和43.23%～72.42%;总磷(TP),77.62%～85.67%和58.07%～80.77%。再力花湿地床对TN、TP的净化效果好于菖蒲湿地床;2种植物吸收N、P含量分别占去除总量的比例:N为44.14%、37.75%,P为73.43%、62.05%。湿地床技术可有效去除来水中的TN、TP,通过植物吸收作用累积N、P含量较高,不同种类的植物构建湿地床对污染河水中N、P去除效果存在显著差异,且硝化反硝化和植物吸收是去除N的主要途径,而植物吸收是去除P的有效手段。 相似文献
3.
反硝化条件下河岸渗滤过程中苯胺的降解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过河岸渗滤作用(riverbankfiltration, RBF) 诱发河水的补给, 增大地下水的允许开采量可以满足更多居民生活饮用水需求.受人类活动的影响, 河流等地表水体遭受苯胺污染, 可能通过RBF进入地下水, 以致饮用该地下水存在健康风险.为研究反硝化条件下, 苯胺在RBF中的转化, 采集渭河河床沉积物及沿岸地下水含水层的含水介质, 装置土柱, 进行土柱动态模拟实验.经过153 d的实验研究发现, 利用苯胺对RBF中土著反硝化微生物进行驯化, 大约经过37d菌种完全适应.具有该菌种的RBF系统, 对苯胺具有巨大降解能力, 在NO3——N约为23.0 mg/L的条件下, RBF系统可使40、80甚至400 mg/L浓度的苯胺100%降解, 矿化率分别达97.99%、91.39%与75.30%.反硝化条件下, 苯胺在RBF中的降解仅有少部分经过脱氨作用, 绝大部分与腐殖质以共价键形式形成耦合物, 该耦合物更易为微生物降解, 且降解过程中不产生对研究环境微生物有毒的中间产物, 可实现反硝化条件下RBF中苯胺的连续降解. 相似文献
4.
为研究菜田施肥（化肥）对地下水氮污染的影响,进行了２个土柱模拟菜田施肥（化肥）残存量的实验．结果表明,土柱中化肥残存量的７２．０８％和４７．４４％从渗出水中流出．依据实验数据将实验过程分为３个可能阶段：第１阶段,化肥中的ＮＨ＋４被土壤吸附,并交换出土壤中的Ｋ＋＋Ｎａ＋,Ｃａ２＋和Ｍｇ２＋,使之进入渗出水中;第２阶段,为硝化作用增强的阶段,表现为土柱渗出水中ＮＯ－３的质量浓度比注入水有大幅度增加;第３阶段,为硝化作用强度减弱的阶段,表现为渗出水中ＮＯ－３的质量浓度比注入水增加的幅度减小． 相似文献
5.
WuYaoguo WangHui ZhangWencun SunWeijian 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2005,16(2):183-188
INTRODUCTION Riverbankfiltration(RBF)isaprocessbywhich surfacewaterissubjectedtogroundpassagebeforebe ingcollectedandusedasadrinkingwatersource(His cockandGrischek,2002;Rayetal.,2002;Doussanet al.,1997).Duringinfiltrationandtravelthroughthe riverbedandaquifersediments,surfacewaterissubjec tedtoacombinationofphysical,chemical,andbiologi calprocessesthatcansignificantlyimprovetherawwa terquality(HiscockandGrischek,2002).Thus,RBF hasbeenusedasapretreatedmethodtoimprovedrink ingwate… 相似文献
6.
Review of River Bank Erosion Research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Riverbank erosion is a critical style of lateral channel change. It threatens the arable land, ecological environment, as well as the people’s lives and properties along the river. Through review on the research process of riverbank erosion globally, four aspects were classified and described: ①Riverbank erosion processes and mechanisms. The occurence and development of riverbank erosion is quite complicated, composed by multiple processes, which are hard to separate with each other. Therefore, the scholars have proposed a lot of theories to describe the processes. Among the theories, “Riverbank Stability Theory” has been widely recognized and developed. ②Factors of riverbank erosion. The key factors that affect riverbank erosion include hydrology conditions of the river, soil properties, geomorphology, vegetation of the river bank and meteorology. However, it should be noted that the importance of different factors in the collapse process is not equivalent and effects of the same factor on different rivers are various. ③Riverbank erosion estimation. With the tremendous improvement of quantification recently, time interval of erosion measurement is shortening continuously, while spatial scale is larger and larger. At the same time, resolution is becoming increasingly high. Erosion pin was commonly used in early studies because of its easy use and low cost, whereas remote sensing and digital photogrammetry have more advantages in modern measurement. ④Modeling of riverbank erosion. At present, the models are mainly based on the fundamental theories of hydraulics and soil mechanics, to study river bank stability. According to the review of the four aspects above, problems of recent researches and prospects of possible development in the future were discussed. The researchers should pay much attention to temporal spatial distribution of riverbank erosion first before further research. The study would be greatly helpful to the researchers for the specific river reach when choosing the proper theories as well as technologies for measurement and quantification, study the riverbank erosion through both macroscopic and microscopic views, and predict the erosion for management purpose. 相似文献
7.
土壤含水层处理系统(soil aquifer treatment,SAT)是一种重要的人工回灌地下水方式。以再生水为回灌水源时,水中含有的“三氮”可能会对回灌区地下水造成污染风险。研究各种因素对在SAT中去除再生水中“三氮”的影响具有重要意义。本研究中,通过高200 cm、内径50 cm土柱试验,研究了SAT系统中粒径、干湿比(落干期与淹水期的比值)、在系统表层增加生物炭及渗透流速对实际再生水“三氮”去除效果的影响。结果表明,在干湿比1∶1条件下,实际河道细砂和中细砂柱底部出水中NH4-N平均去除率分别为73%和66%,去除机理主要为吸附和硝化作用,NO2-N基本被去除。系统中硝化作用导致NO3-N浓度升高,出水中NO3-N浓度平均增长了3.0%4.1%。在深度115 cm以上, 中细砂柱内比细砂柱内的硝化作用更强,这导致了更高的NH4-N去除率和更低的NO3-N去除率。延长落干期后(干湿比3∶1),系统具有了更强的复氧能力,促进了硝化作用,使得NH4-N的平均去除率提高了20%,而NO3-N的降低了3%4%,增加了NO3-N污染风险。在中细砂层添加5%重量生物炭后,吸附性能增强,使其对NH4-N平均去除率增加了20%32%,但对NO3-N影响不明显。渗透流速与NH4-N的去除和NO3-N的增加均呈负相关。综合分析可得出,影响SAT系统去除“三氮”的最主要因素是干湿比和渗透流速,在回补水源中NH4-N浓度较高时,可考虑在SAT系统表层添加生物炭以增强其去除效果。 相似文献
8.
针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。 相似文献
9.
生物质炭对于土壤中不同形态氮库的含量影响已有较多研究,但对西南喀斯特区石灰性土壤氮素形态,尤其是控制氮素形态的转化过程研究较为缺乏。本研究设置土壤中添加1%(C1)和3%(C2)蔗渣生物质炭2个用量水平,并以不施用蔗渣生物质炭作为对照(CK),共3个处理,通过 15 NH 4 NO 3 和NH^15 4 NO 3 成对标记技术,结合MCMC氮素转化模型研究了不同用量的蔗渣生物质炭对石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响,为该地区蔗渣资源化利用和土壤氮保持提供理论支撑。结果表明,与CK相比,添加蔗渣生物质炭能够快速提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。添加生物质炭并没有显著改变土壤氮的矿化、铵态氮(NH^+ 4 )和硝态氮(NO^- 3 )的微生物同化和异养硝化速率,但NH^+ 4 吸附速率随生物质炭用量的增加而提高,以添加量最高的C2处理最大。添加生物质炭同样提高了土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率,但C1和C2处理的土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率并无显著性差异。与CK和C1处理相比,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭通过抑制自养硝化速率而显著降低了硝态氮净产生速率。这些结果表明,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭于石灰性土壤中可快速实现对NH^+ 4 吸附,降低自养硝化速率,减少NO^- 3 产生,从而降低了其损耗和淋失风险。 相似文献
10.
The Kuihe River is in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. It contains high concentrations of nitrogen. The water in the Kuihe River recharges
the groundwater via riverbank filtration (RBF) along the Xucun and Huangqiao reaches, which are characterized by unsaturated
and saturated percolations, respectively. The two sections were selected to study the effectiveness of RBF to the nitrogen
removal from the infiltrating river water. The results showed that the RBF in the saturated percolation had the potential
to remove the nitrogen through biochemical processes. The nitrogen-removal rates were more than 95% over the monitoring period.
However, the RBF in the unsaturated percolation resulted mainly from the physical process and thus had no efficacy for nitrogen
removal. 相似文献
11.
苏打盐碱土对氮转化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以苏打盐碱土中的主要成分NaHCO3作为主要影响因素,通过室内培养方法,研究不同苏打盐碱化条件对氮的吸附、矿化、硝化及反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,在不同NaHCO3质量浓度影响下：NH+4-N吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式;矿化模型符合一阶动力学方程,随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,潜在矿化势(M0)和矿化速率常数(km)分别由358.48 mg/kg和0.088 d-1降低到337.08 mg/kg和0.059 d-1;硝化作用符合“S”形曲线模型,随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,最大速率（kmax）由22.56 mg/(kg·d)降低到16.68 mg/(kg·d);反硝化作用符合零阶动力学方程,但NaHCO3与Na2CO3混合质量浓度变化对反硝化速率常数(kd)影响不显著。随着NaHCO3质量浓度的增大,苏打盐碱土中NH+4-N吸附、有机氮矿化和硝化作用均受到抑制。 相似文献
12.
片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以位于北京昌平小汤山的阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,在不同的环境条件下:酸度(pH=5~9),温度(4℃~30℃),利用片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验,以化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮为评价指标,分别探讨片沸石、钙基膨润土的COD、氨氮去除效果与其用量、渗滤液pH、温度、振荡时间的关系。研究表明,在实验条件下,片沸石对COD的最大去除量约为31×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为27×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:片沸石用量20 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。在实验条件下,钙基膨润土对COD的最大去除量约为63×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为14×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:钙基膨润土用量30 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。根据实验结果,对片沸石、钙基膨润土去除COD、氨氮的机理主要是氢键、静电作用及离子交换作用。 相似文献
13.
隔堤填筑路堤或沿原河堤加宽是高等级公路经常采用的改扩建方式,路堤填筑后对原河堤的稳定性将产生怎样的影响,路堤自身的稳定性及变形破坏具有何特征,是目前沿河公路扩建工程中亟需解决的问题。结合依托工程的现场勘察和室内外试验结果,建立有限元模型,对路堤填筑前后及不同水位渗流条件下原河堤及路堤的稳定性进行了模拟计算和分析。计算结果表明：路堤填筑有利于提高原河堤的稳定性,稳定安全系数可提高约26%;隔堤填筑的路堤受多因素共同作用,容易产生较大的差异沉降,且工后固结时间长、沉降量大,工后沉降达总沉降的35%左右;隔堤填筑的路堤一般仅在远离原河堤一侧边坡发生剪切失稳破坏,渗流对路堤稳定性的影响较小,且不会改变路堤的破坏模式。数值模拟计算可以在工程实施前揭示隔堤填筑路堤的稳定性及变形破坏模式,从而为后一步的工程对策设计提供依据和参考。 相似文献
14.
为全面考虑路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基的桩土非等应变特性,将路堤、桩体、桩间土及下卧土层整体考虑,在总结前人试验结果基础上提出简化的桩土应力比和桩土差异沉降两阶段模型,改进了现有的桩顶平面处的桩土应力比计算方法。根据实际的应力状态计算桩侧摩阻力,计算桩土荷载分担,进而得到桩体和桩间土沉降。通过各子系统界面处的位移和应力边界条件考虑其相互作用,得到了路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基总沉降计算模型。对比淮盐高速公路试验段搅拌桩复合地基的实测沉降、文中模型以及传统复合模量法计算结果,验证了该模型的正确性,结果表明模型计算沉降与实测数据吻合,较常规的复合模量法计算结果更接近实测值。 相似文献
15.
针对渐进坍塌型崩岸,从土力学和河流动力学两方面理论出发,建立了岸坡稳定的力学模式,结合室内概化模拟试验和数值计算,分析了岸坡稳定或破坏的力学机制,揭示了缓坡出现崩岸的原因。结果表明,岸坡坡脚未受水流冲失时,若坡内渗流出逸坡降小于渗透破坏的临界坡降,岸坡处于稳定状态,当坡脚被水流冲失后,渗流渗径缩短,水土结合处坡面出逸坡降增大,大于临界坡降时则出现渗透破坏,引起局部小幅度土体崩塌,其后部土体失去支撑而陆续产生失稳破坏,随着时间的延长,土体崩塌现象逐步向后发展,最终导致岸坡整体崩塌破坏。 相似文献
16.
River water infiltration into an unconfined porous aquifer (∼73% gravels, ∼12% sands, ∼15% silts and clays) in the Petrignano d’Assisi plain, central Italy, was traced combining isotopic techniques (222Rn) with hydrochemical and hydrogeologic techniques in order to characterize the system under study. The 222Rn gave information about the river water residence times within the aquifer and hydrochemical data, in a two-component mixing model, which allowed estimating the extent of mixing between surface waters and groundwater in wells at increasing distances from the river. The mixing measured in the well closer to the riverbank indicated a higher contribution of river water (up to 99%) during the groundwater recession phase and a moderate contribution (up to 64%) during the recharge phase. A model describing 222Rn concentrations in groundwater as the result of both parent/daughter nuclide equilibrium and mixing process (222Rn mixing/saturation model) was used to describe observed Rn concentrations and mixing index trends with the aim of evaluating water mean infiltration velocities along the transect. The stream bank infiltration velocities obtained by the model ranged from 1 m day−1 during groundwater recharge periods, when river water infiltration is lower, to 39 m day−1 during recession phases, when river water infiltration is larger. 相似文献
17.
Variations in pore-water pressure determined by the groundwater table within a riverbank have been investigated and recognized
as an essential factor in determining riverbank stability with respect to mass failure. However, the effect of pore-water
pressure is taken into account for most of the existing riverbank stability models under some simplified assumptions, and
the limitations of predicting ability may arise. To avoid the unrealistic estimation of pore-water pressure distribution,
the new approach proposed here is to couple riverbank stability with groundwater flow modeling, and apply this to tackle the
conjunction effect between river stage and groundwater table. Moreover, riverbank material characteristics and the influence
of infiltration can be taken into consideration via groundwater flow modeling. Two hypothetical examples, stage rising and
stage falling, are used to investigate the capabilities of the present study and two representative methods. The simulated
results show that riverbank failure is triggered particularly during the falling stage, which has been pointed out by other
researchers as well. Furthermore, the riverbank material characteristics predominantly control the occurrence of failure and
should be considered regarding assessment of riverbank stability. Additionally, the effects of parameters indicate that riverbanks
with soil properties of low permeability or high specific yield with great infiltration intensity during the falling stage
have a tendency to riverbank failure. 相似文献
18.
三峡水库蓄水后下荆江河段河床冲刷下切, 局部河段崩岸险情频繁发生。为研究下荆江二元结构河岸的土体特性及崩岸机理,结合近期该河段崩岸情况,现场查勘了6个崩岸点,并对河岸土体进行了室内土工试验。试验结果表明下荆江河岸土体的垂向组成具有典型的二元结构特征:下部非粘性土（沙土）层较厚,上部粘性土（低液限粘土）层较薄且松散。以河岸崩塌过程分析为基础,提出了二元结构河岸发生绕轴崩塌时上部土层稳定性的计算方法。结合近岸水动力条件计算及土工试验结果,定量分析了二元结构河岸的崩塌机理及其影响因素:① 下部沙土层的起动流速比近岸流速小得多,故该土层容易受水流冲刷;②上部粘性土层崩塌前抗冲强度很大,但多为低液限粘土且相对松散,崩塌后堆积在岸边容易分解并被水流带走;③ 河岸稳定安全系数在一个水文年内呈周期性变化,落水期安全系数最小,故容易引发崩岸,该计算结果与近期崩岸实际统计结果一致。 相似文献
19.
以浙江省温州市瓯江江堤外移工程为例,应用二维潮流数学模型研究了堤线外移的不同工程方案对城市防洪的影响。该模型能够模拟瓯江与楠溪江交汇引起的复杂水流运动,以及多岛屿对水流流场的影响。验证计算表明,计算的潮位及18条垂线流速及断面流量过程与实测值吻合较好,误差均小于10%。因堤线外移的部分大多位于河道岸线的凹囊,适当外移可使河道岸线更趋平顺。100年一遇洪水时,瓯江大桥至鱼旗山堤线外移曲线方案1与直线方案2分别使屿头山-梅岙河段最高潮位壅高0.03～0.04m及0.04～0.08m。多年平均流量450m3/s时,方案2使塔山至鱼旗山断面垂线平均流速增加6%～22%,工程段以外河段流速变化较小;方案1缩窄的河宽和拦截过水面积明显小于方案2,相应引起流速变化也较小。 相似文献
20.
Spatial-seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic, shallow lake in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Yunlin Zhang Yan Yin Xiaohan Liu Zhiqiang ShiLongqing Feng Mingliang LiuGuangwei Zhu Zhijun GongBoqiang Qin 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(5):510-519
From 2005 to 2009, the spatial distribution and the seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were explored in Lake Taihu in eastern China. The spatial-seasonal dynamics of CDOM absorption and three CDOM composition variables, including spectral slope (S), spectral slope ratio (SR) and the M value, defined as the ratio of absorption at 250 nm/365 nm, were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, river input processes and degradation of phytoplankton were studied to assess their impact on CDOM composition and the factors involved in the spatial-seasonal variability of CDOM. The CDOM absorption coefficient at a wavelength of 350 nm, a(350), ranged from 1.37-9.55 m−1 with a mean of 3.33 ± 1.32 m−1. Spatially, higher a(350) values, but lower spectral slope, spectral slope ratio and M values, were recorded in the northern algae dominated bays while lower values were recorded in southeastern macrophyte dominated bays. The a(350) was significantly higher in inshore waters than in offshore waters. Values of S, SR and M decreased during the flood and algal bloom season in spring and summer whereas a(350) increased. In the three river profiles, the gradual decrease of a(350) along the trajectory from the river mouth into the lake during the flood season showed the contribution of allochthonous CDOM. A laboratory phytoplankton degradation experiment was conducted to determine the contribution of CDOM production from phytoplankton. The significant increase of a(350) with time in the CDOM production experiment underlines the importance of autochthonous CDOM production during the algal bloom season. In summary, the significant increase of a(350) in spring and summer (algal bloom season) may be due to both the allochthonous CDOM input from the surrounding rivers and the autochthonous production of CDOM from degrading phytoplankton. 相似文献