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1.
The results of the gas-geochemical investigations obtained in the Birofeld graben of the Middle Amur sedimentary basin during several years are considered together with the coal prospecting and geological-geophysical information. Data on the gas composition of soil, snow cover, groundwater, and surface water are reported. Gas-geochemical and genetic indicators are used for revealing the hydrocarbon (HC) gases of different origins and establishing the principal regularities of their distribution, which allows the prospects of the petroleum potential of the graben to be preliminarily assessed.  相似文献   

2.
This paper reports the analysis of the distribution of hydrocarbon and other gases in Mendeleev and Golovnin volcanoes and other occurrences of Kunashir Island. It was shown that, in addition to methane, the solfatara gases and gases dissolved in thermal waters contain ethane, propane, and butane. The volume concentration of methane in gas samples was no higher than 0.4 vol %. Carbon isotopes were analyzed in methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in free and dissolved states. The hydrocarbon gases of Kunashir I. are of the thermogenic and metamorphogenic types, and their distribution depends on the position of springs relative to the eruptive centers of the volcanoes. Thermogenic gases are probably products of the high-temperature transformation of sedimentary organic matter buried during the formation of volcanic edifices. General gas geochemical characteristics are presented for Kuril volcanoes, and it was found that hydrocarbon generation in the sediments of the Kuril Basin increases toward volcanic edifices.  相似文献   

3.
《Applied Geochemistry》1998,13(5):631-642
A new method for the determination of dissolved gas species in natural waters is presented. The method is suitable for field operations and ensures the preservation of the sample until analysis in the laboratory. This method is based on the equilibrium partition of gases between a liquid and a gaseous phase after the introduction of host gas. The host gas used depends on the gas species to be determined and on the technical features of the gas chromatograph. In this work pure Ar has been used. After shaking the sample for 5 min, a portion of gas was taken for gas chromatography analysis. From the concentration of gases in the gaseous phase and taking into account the partitioning coefficients of the various species, it is possible to derive the quantity of dissolved gases per litre of water and the partial pressures of the various gas species in equilibrium with water. This method has been applied to several samples of thermal water from Vulcano island. Helium and CO2 partial pressures of analysed samples were appreciably higher than those typical of waters in equilibrium with the atmosphere, thus indicating processes of interaction between the volcanic gases and groundwaters.  相似文献   

4.
The geochemistry of formation waters in the Molasse basin of Upper Austria has been investigated to ascertain the extent of meteoric water replacement of the connate interstitial fluids in these sediments. The chemistry, isotopic composition, and dissolved gas contents of the groundwaters and of oil and gas associated brines have been determined. The most superficial sediments of the basin, the Innviertel (Miocene), have been completely flushed by meteoric waters within the last 200 ka. The underlying Hall and Puchkirchen formations (Miocene/Oligocene) form gas reservoirs for biogenic methane, and the associated formation waters are chemically and isotopically modified connate brines of the original marine deposition. In the northeastern part of the basin, the connate brines of the deeper sediments (Cretaceous/Jurassic) have been partially or completely replaced by meteoric waters, whereas in the south of the basin these sediments contain high salinity fluids which are substantially of connate origin. These conclusions are supported by the stable isotope composition of the various brines. Oil-associated brines from the Eocene sediments contain large amounts of dissolved radiogenic40Ar, which suggests that the oils have migrated from high-temperature environments. This is in contrast with the Puchkirchen, for which the observed absence of radiogenic40Ar suggests that the biogenic methane has been formed in situ. The4He contents of these brines and of the Cretaceous/Jurassic groundwaters are, however, less than those in the overlying Puchkirchen formation and suggest that He has been removed from the deeper sediments as a result of flushing by meteoric water. The ratios of dissolved methane and nitrogen to argon increase with increasing ammonium content of the formation waters. All of these parameters may be used as indices for the maturation of the system. The heavy noble gases, Kr and Xe, are abnormally abundant in the dissolved gases, and this is attributed to geochemical concentration of these gases by adsorption onto shales in the sediment sequence. The overall geochemical situation confirms the existence of separate hydraulic systems with little interconnection in the several overlying geological horizons.  相似文献   

5.
《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(5):665-673
Here, a new technique for the determination of dissolved He isotope ratios in ground-waters is presented. This method is based on the extraction and subsequent equilibrium of dissolved gases in an added “host” gas phase. Ultra pure N2 is placed in glass flasks (250 cc), containing water samples, that were hermetically sealed after their collection. After shaking in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, an aliquot of the separated gas phase was removed from the flask for MS analysis. 3He/4He ratios are measured by using a modified double collector mass spectrometer (VG 5400-TFT). Helium and Ne concentrations are calculated by comparing the partial pressures of masses 4 and 20 of the samples with those of the air-standard measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS;VG Quartz). Using He and Ne equilibrium partitioning coefficients, it is possible to calculate the amount of gas originally dissolved in the water. The technique was tested on both air-saturated waters (ASW) and thermal waters from Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, South Italy), the results of which confirmed good reproducibility (≌5%) and accuracy (≌3%) of the data. The method was then applied to three thermal water samples collected from the same volcanic area and the results compared with those of a fumarolic and a soil gas. The isotope ratios for dissolved He gave values of 4.06–4.23 Ra, which are significantly higher than those previously reported in the literature (3.0, 3.5 and 2.9 Ra) and that measured at the fumarole (3.09 Ra), suggesting a newer and higher isotopic signature for the volcanic system. The proposed method appears to be a useful tool in the determination of 3He/4He ratios in ground-water systems, especially when free gases are not available or are dangerous to collect.  相似文献   

6.
海底沉积物中不同形式烃类气体的地球化学意义   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
付少英 《地学前缘》2005,12(3):253-257
顶空气法和酸解烃法将东沙群岛海域海底浅表层沉积物中不同形式的烃类气体释放出来,通过分析两类气体在沉积物中的含量及其甲烷碳同位素,发现两类气体的成因和来源不同。笔者认为,相对而言,吸附气(包裹气)反映的是一种更为早期的信息,而游离气(溶解气)则更具有“现代性”。笔者进一步认为,两类气体的不同形成过程,对于天然气水合物调查具有不同的意义,其中游离气(溶解气)具有直接的指示意义,而吸附气(包裹气)可能指示成岩时沉积物中的空间信息。  相似文献   

7.
The distribution of He and Ar isotopes has been studied in 41 rock samples and seven monomineralic fractions from ore-bearing layered units and poorly differentiated host gabbronorite of the Western Pana mafic–ultramafic pluton on the Kola Peninsula. The gases assigned for mass-spectrometric analysis were released by means of whole-rock sample melting and by comminution mainly from fluid microinclusions. The data show that the present-day isotopic composition of noble gases in rocks from the pluton is caused by many factors: the degree of melt degassing, various concentrations and retention of the trapped isotopes, the contents of radioactive elements, and the generation and loss of radiogenic gases. The hypabyssal conditions of pluton formation facilitate the loss of primary mantle-derived volatile components and the dilution of magmatic fluid with near-surface paleometeoric waters containing air dissolved therein. The correlation of noble gas isotopes and ore-forming chemical elements does not suggest derivation of the latter from crustal material and evidences their mantle origin. Variations in the geochemical indices of the gas corroborate previously established or proposed multistage formation of the pluton, mainly, the autometamorphic character of postmagmatic processes and the participation of fluids in ore formation.  相似文献   

8.
ＧｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙｏｆＴｈｅｒｍａｌ－ＭｉｎｅｒａｌＷａｔｅｒｓｉｎＳｉｐｉｎｇ＇ａｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ，ＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，Ｃｈｉｎａ￥ＷａｎＹａｎｘｉｎ；ＳｕｎＬｉａｎｆａ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＨｙｄｒｏｇｅｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｎ...  相似文献   

9.
The first comprehensive geochemical data-set of the fluids circulating over a 14,000 km2-wide seismic-prone area of the Southern Apennines, Calabria Region (Italy), is presented here. The geochemical investigations were carried out with the twofold aim of constraining the origin and interactions of the circulating fluids and to investigate possible relationships with local faults. Sixty samples of both thermal and cold waters were collected, from which the dissolved gases were extracted. The geochemical features of the water samples display different types and degrees of water–rock interactions, irrespective of the outlet temperature. The calculated equilibrium temperatures of the thermal waters (60–160 °C) and the low heat flow of the whole study area, are consistent with a heating process due to deep water circulation and rapid upflow through lithospheric structures. The composition of the dissolved gases reveals that crustal-originating gases (N2 and CO2-dominated) feed all the groundwaters. The 3He/4He ratios of the dissolved He, in the range of 0.03–0.22Rac for the thermal waters and 0.05–0.63Rac for the cold waters (Rac = He isotope ratio corrected for atmospheric contamination), are mainly the result of a two-component (radiogenic and atmospheric) mixing, although indications of mantle-derived He are found in some cold waters. As the study area had been hit by 18 of the most destructive earthquakes (magnitude ranging from 5.9 to 7.2) occurring over a 280-a time span (1626–1908) in the Southern Apennines, the reported results on the circulating fluids may represent the reference for a better inside knowledge of the fault-fluid relationships and for the development of long-term geochemical monitoring strategies for the area.  相似文献   

10.
This paper reviews various coal seam gas (CSG) models that have been developed for the Sydney Basin, and provides an alternative interpretation for gas composition layering and deep-seated CO2 origins. Open file CSG wells, supplemented by mine-scale information, were used to examine trends in gas content and composition at locations from the margin to the centre of the basin. Regionally available hydrochemistry data and interpretations of hydrodynamics were incorporated with conventional petroleum well data on porosity and permeability. The synthesised gas and groundwater model presented in this paper suggests that meteoric water flow under hydrostatic pressure transports methanogenic consortia into the subsurface and that water chemistry evolves during migration from calcium-rich freshwaters in inland recharge areas towards sodium-rich brackish water down-gradient and with depth. Groundwater chemistry changes result in the dissolution and precipitation of minerals as well as affecting the behaviour of dissolved gases such as CO2. Mixing of carbonate-rich waters with waters of significantly different chemistries at depth causes the liberation of CO2 gas from the solution that is adsorbed into the coal matrix in hydrodynamically closed terrains. In more open systems, excess CO2 in the groundwater (carried as bicarbonate) may lead to precipitation of calcite in the host strata. As a result, areas in the central and eastern parts of the basin do not host spatially extensive CO2 gas accumulations but experience more widespread calcite mineralisation, with gas compositions dominated by hydrocarbons, including wet gases. Basin boundary areas (commonly topographic and/or structural highs) in the northern, western and southern parts of the basin commonly contain CO2-rich gases at depth. This deep-seated CO2-rich gas is generally thought to derive from local to continental scale magmatic intrusions, but could also be the product of carbonate dissolution or acetate fermentation.  相似文献   

11.
A thermodynamic method for the determination of the solubility of a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gases in oil is elaborated on the basis of stage-oil separation. A method for the calculation of Henry’s constants for gases that are dissolved in oil and their temperature extrapolation are shown. Effective thermodynamic properties are estimated for carbon dioxide and C1–C8 hydrocarbon gases dissolved in oil. A thermodynamic model that satisfactorily describes the separation of gas from oil is created and may be included in a more complex calculation model of carbonate scaling during the exploitation of oil deposits.  相似文献   

12.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(6):1060-1076
A geochemical model is proposed for water evolution at Somma–Vesuvio, based on the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwaters, submarine gas emission and chemical composition of the dissolved gases. The active degassing processes, present in the highest part of the volcano edifice, strongly influence the groundwater evolution. The geological–volcanological setting of the volcano forces the waters infiltrating at Somma–Vesuvio caldera, enriched in volcanic gases, to flow towards the southern sector to an area of high pCO2 groundwaters. Reaction path modelling applied to this conceptual model, involving gas–water–rock interaction, highlights an intense degassing process in the aquifer controlling the chemical and isotopic composition of dissolved gases, total dissolved inorganic C (TDIC) and submarine gas emission. Mapping of TDIC shows a unique area of high values situated SSE of Vesuvio volcano with an average TDIC value of 0.039 mol/L, i.e., one order of magnitude higher than groundwaters from other sectors of the volcano. On the basis of TDIC values, the amount of CO2 transported by Vesuvio groundwaters was estimated at about 150 t/d. This estimate does not take into account the fraction of gas loss by degassing, however, it represents a relevant part of the CO2 emitted in this quiescent period by the Vesuvio volcanic system, being of the same order of magnitude as the CO2 diffusely degassed from the crater area.  相似文献   

13.
The majority of the world's oil and gas deposits have been discovered by drilling in the vicinity of natural petroleum seeps, and to date the most successful geochemical prospecting methods still rely upon the surface detection of hydrocarbons. Gas chromatographic techniques are now commonly used in the analysis of hydrocarbon gases for prospecting both onshore (analysis of soils and rocks) and offshore (analysis of near-bottom waters and sediments). Detection of helium fluxes has been partially successful as a geochemical prospecting technique. Many indirect techniques such as the determination of isotope and metal-leaching anomalies in surface rocks and the measurement of radon fluxes have not been widely used.Onshore geochemical prospecting appears to have more problems associated with it than offshore prospecting due to the more complex migration mechanism of near-surface waters containing dissolved gases. No onshore prospecting studies have been published which thoroughly consider this factor and the success of onshore prospecting remains equivocal. In offshore prospecting “sniffers” have been used to detect hydrocarbon anomalies in near-bottom waters, and coring equipment has been used for the detection of hydrocarbons in near-surface sediments. Success is claimed using these techniques.Geochemical prospecting methods are complementary to the widely used geophysical methods. Geochemical methods can provide direct evidence for the presence of petroleum accumulations and are relatively cheap and rapid. Failures in prospecting to date are attributable to the simplistic manner in which data have been interpreted; insufficient attention has been paid to the hydrological and geological factors which modify the upward migration of indicator species to the surface. As oil and gas deposits become more difficult to locate, greater attention should be paid to geochemical prospecting techniques, especially as a regional exploration tool.  相似文献   

14.
地热系统惰性气体同位素地球化学是地热成因研究的重要手段。许多惰性气体同位素都可用于地热系统的研究中,主要目的为揭示热田的热源性质、深-浅层地热流体的内在联系和循环深度等。本文从惰性气体理化特点、样品采集、测试技术及数据等若干方面介绍了惰性气体研究方法,重点探讨了在自由气和溶解气两种形态下,热泉、喷气孔、热水井不同环境下的惰性气体采样方法,还介绍了成熟的惰性气体同位素的测试方法,即利用磁偏转静态真空质谱计分析测试方法,最后基于世界各地典型地热系统的惰性气体测试数据,讨论地热系统的气体来源判别,不同气源的混合比例计算等,进而确定地热流体循环深度。  相似文献   

15.
Water and gas samples from research wells in hydrothermal areas of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., have been mass spectrometrically analyzed for their rare gas contents and isotopic composition. In agreement with previous findings, the rare gases have been found to originate from infiltrating run-off water, saturated with air at 10 to 20°C. The atmospheric rare gas retention values found for the water varied between 3 and 87 per cent. The fine structure of the Ar, Kr and Xe abundance pattern in the water reveals fraotionational enrichment of the heavier gases due to partial outgassing of the waters. Radiogenic He and Ar have been detected. No positive evidence for magmatic water contribution has been found. Nevertheless, additions of magmatic waters free of rare gas can not be excluded, but if present the proportion is significantly less than 13 to 36 per cent.  相似文献   

16.
通过准噶尔盆地西北缘克拉玛依-百口泉百地区天然气赋存特征、组成、类型与来源的分析,明确了佳木河组与石 炭系烃源岩对气藏气的贡献,指出应加强烃源岩地质与地化特征、成气潜力的研究。天然气既有原油溶解气,也有较纯的 气藏气。原油溶解气在二叠系和中生界油藏中均有分布,来源于风城组烃源岩,与原油同源同期运移聚集而成,属于油型 气。气藏气主要分布在五八区的佳木河组和直接覆盖于佳木河组之上的上乌尔禾组,为佳木河组烃源岩高成熟阶段以独立 气相运移聚集成藏的天然气,属于煤型气,佳木河组气源岩对佳木河组内部及其上覆紧邻地层气藏的分布有重要控制作用。 石炭系烃源岩对深部位煤型气有贡献。已发现气藏的构造下倾部位或更深部位应该有一定的天然气勘探潜力,是下一步的 重要勘探方向。  相似文献   

17.
Geochemical investigations were carried out to define the origin of the low- to moderate-temperature thermal waters feeding the Monfalcone springs in northern Italy. Chemical data indicate that waters approach the composition of seawater. Mixing processes with cold low-salinity waters are highlighted. The δ18O and δD values are in the range ?5.0 to ?6.4 ‰, and ?33 to ?40 ‰, respectively, suggesting the dilution of the saline reservoir by karst-type freshwaters. A surplus of Ca2+ and Sr2+ ions with respect to a conservative mixing is ascribed to diagenetic reactions of the thermal waters with Cretaceous carbonates at depth. The measured Sr isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr ratio) ranges between 0.70803 and 0.70814; after correction for the surplus Sr, a 87Sr/86Sr ratio indicating Miocene paleo-seawater is obtained. The dissolved gases indicate long-lasting gas–water interactions with a deep-originated gas phase of crustal origin, dominated by CO2 and marked by a water TDIC isotopic composition in the range ?5.9 to?8.8 and helium signature with 0.08?<?R/Ra?<?0.27, which is a typical range for the crust. A possible scenario for the Monfalcone thermal reservoir consists of Miocene marine paleowaters which infiltrated through the karstic voids formed within the prevalently Cretaceous carbonates during the upper Eocene emersion of the platform, and which were entrapped by the progressive burial by terrigenous sediments.  相似文献   

18.
A geochemical survey, in shallow aquifers and soils, has been carried out to evaluate the feasibility of natural gas (CH4) storage in a deep saline aquifer at Rivara (MO), Northern Italy. This paper discusses the areal distribution of CO2 and CH4 fluxes and CO2, CH4, Rn, He, H2 concentrations both in soils and shallow aquifers above the proposed storage reservoir. The distribution of pathfinder elements such as 222Rn, He and H2 has been studied in order to identify potential faults and/or fractures related to preferential migration pathways and the possible interactions between the reservoir and surface. A geochemical and isotopic characterization of the ground waters circulating in the first 200 m has allowed to investigation of (i) the origin of the circulating fluids, (ii) the gas–water–rock interaction processes, (iii) the amount of dissolved gases and/or their saturation status. In the first 200 m, the presence of CH4-rich reducing waters are probably related to organic matter (peat) bearing strata which generate shallow-derived CH4, as elsewhere in the Po Plain. On the basis of isotopic analysis, no hints of thermogenic CH4 gas leakage from a deeper reservoir have been shown. The δ13C(CO2) both in ground waters and free gases suggests a prevalent shallow origin of CO2 (i.e. organic and/or soil-derived). The acquisition of pre-injection data is strategic for the natural gas storage development project and as a baseline for future monitoring during the gas injection/withdrawing period. Such a geochemical approach is considered as a methodological reference model for future CO2/CH4 storage projects.  相似文献   

19.
The first data on abnormally high δ13С values in hydrocarbonates (НСО 3-) dissolved in underground waters of coal deposits of Kuzbass (up to +30.9‰) are reported. It is shown that such an unusual isotope composition of waters results from the long, strictly directed interaction in the water–rock–gas–organic material system occurring under the conditions of hindered water exchange. Extensive fractionation of C isotopes is the result of the evolution of the water–rock–gas–coal system after penetration of infiltration waters into the coal deposits and their long interaction with all these components, rather than metamorphism of organic material upon its transformation into coal. With respect to such an approach, the isotope composition of dissolved C may indicate the duration of the evolution in the water–rock–gas–organic material system.  相似文献   

20.
The strongly reducing nature of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) treatment materials can lead to gas production, potentially resulting in the formation of gas bubbles and ebullition. Degassing in organic C based PRB systems due to the production of gases (primarily CO2 and CH4) is investigated using the depletion of naturally occurring non-reactive gases Ar and N2, to identify, confirm, and quantify chemical and physical processes. Sampling and analysis of dissolved gases were performed at the Nickel Rim Mine Organic Carbon PRB, which was designed for the treatment of groundwater contaminated by low quality mine drainage characterized by slightly acidic pH, and elevated Fe(II) and SO4 concentrations. A simple 4-gas degassing model was used to analyze the dissolved gas data, and the results indicate that SO4 reduction is by far the dominant process of organic C consumption within the barrier. The data provided additional information to delineate rates of microbially mediated SO4 reduction and confirm the presence of slow and fast flow zones within the barrier. Degassing was incorporated into multicomponent reactive transport simulations for the barrier and the simulations were successful in reproducing observed dissolved gas trends.  相似文献   

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