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1.
The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.  相似文献   

2.
The extent of salt-affected soils in Punjab based on the 1984 Landsat-MSS data (FCC) has been investigated. The area of salt-affected soils has decreased from 0.699 million ha in 1972 to 0.488 million ha in 1984. The 1972 extent of salt-affected soils is based on the available maps and interpretation of ERTS pictures. The morphological, physical, chemical and minerological characteristics of salt-affected soils in Punjab are described. These soils are charaterised by high pH, ESP and EC but lack columnar or prismatic structure. The highest salt accumulation is observed at the surface and decreases with depth. The only sodium containing silicate mineral identified in these soils is albite. The development of salt-affected soils in Punjab is intimately connected with fluctuation of ground water. These soils have been formed by a combination of topographic, climatic, hydrological and geochemical conditions conducive for the accumulation of brackish waters at or near soil surface.  相似文献   

3.
A rapid degradation of aquatic vegetations in Taihu Lake has roused a wide attention in recent years. Giving large-scale harvesting activity on aquatic vegetation since 2012, whether water eutrophication or the human harvest activity induced the degradation remains controversial and unclear. In this study, based on Landsat and HJ-CCD data acquired from 1984 to 2016 and a 12-year field observation (2005–2016) of water quality, a method was proposed to quantitatively assess impacts of harvesting activity and water quality change on degradations of both floating-leaved aquatic vegetation (FAV) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Taihu Lake. First, areas of FAV and SAV covers from 1984 to 2016 in Taihu Lake were mapped using the satellite data, and then the mapped areas were modified to those on a reference date by using phenological curves of FAV and SAV covers. Next, correlations between water quality data and FAV and SAV covers were analyzed by using Pearson correlation analysis based on the data before implementing the human harvesting activity (i.e., before 2012), and multiple general linear models were established based on the selected water quality variables with p-value <0.01 for estimating covers of FAV and SAV from 2012 to 2016. Finally, based on the predicted areas of FAV and SAV covers by the models and the modified areas mapped from satellite data, the influences of water eutrophication and the human harvesting activity on the degradation of FAV and SAV covers were quantitatively assessed. The results indicated that (1) FAV cover exhibited a significant increase from 1984 to 2011 and then a rapid decrease, while SAV cover increased significantly before 2003 and then obviously declined; (2) water level (WL) and total nitrogen (TN) showed significantly negative correlations with FAV and SAV covers, while secchi disk depth (SDD) and SDD/WL had significantly positive correlations with FAV and SAV covers; (3) the human harvesting activity made a major contribution to the loss of FAV cover, and the degradation of SAV cover was mainly due to an increased lake eutrophication and deteriorated underwater light environment. The findings derived from this study could offer a guidance for Taihu Lake ecological restoration and effective management.  相似文献   

4.
AWiFS sensor on board IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1), with its unique features—wide swath and 5-day revisit capability provides excellent opportunities to carry out in-season analysis of irrigated agriculture. The study carried out in Hirakud command area, Orissa State indicated that the progression of rice crop acreage could be mapped through analysis of time series AWiFS data set. The spectral emergence pattern of rice crop was found useful to identify the period of rice transplantation and its variability across the command area. This information, integrated with agro-meteorological data, was used to quantify 10-daily canal-wise irrigation water requirement. A comparison with field measured actual irrigation supplies indicated an overall supply adequacy of 88% and showed wide variability at lateral canal level ranging between 18% and 109%. The supply pattern also did not correspond with the chronological variations associated with crop water requirement, supplies were 15% excess during initial part of season (December and January) and were 20.1% deficit during later part of season (February to April). Rescheduling the excess supplies of the initial period could have reduced the deficit to 15% during peak season. The study has demonstrated the usefulness of AWiFS data to generate the irrigation water requirement by mid-season, subsequent to which 38% supplies were yet to be allocated. This would support the irrigation managers to reschedule the irrigation water supplies to achieve better synchronization between requirement and supply leading to improved water use efficiency.  相似文献   

5.
基于水体指数的密云水库面积提取及变化监测   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14  
密云水库作为北京市惟一的地表饮用水源地,监测其水面的变化可服务于政府的管理和决策。本文在分析地物光谱特征的基础上,利用TM影像的短波红外波段(TM5)和红光波段(TM3),构造了修订型归一化水体指数(RNDWI)来提取水库水面。RNDWI法能够削弱混合像元因素和山体阴影的影响,精确地提取出水陆边界,甚至可以提取出狭窄条状水体。比较RNDWI、改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)及单波段法的水库水面面积提取精度,发现单波段法精度低,MNDWI法精度高,而RNDWI法精度最高。并基于RNDWI法利用TM影像监测了密云水库近二十年的水面面积动态变化,1996年时面积最大(152.306km2),近十年水库面积逐渐减少,2004年面积最小(56.632km2)。  相似文献   

6.
Climate change scenarios predict that Central Asia may experience an increase in the frequency and magnitude of temperature and precipitation extremes by the end of the 21st century, but the response regularity of different types of vegetation to climate extremes is uncertain. Based on remote-sensed vegetation index and in-situ meteorological data for the period of 2000–2012, we examined the diverse responses of vegetation to climate mean/extremes and differentiated climatic and anthropogenic influence on the vegetation in Central Asia. Our results showed that extensive vegetation degradation was related to summer water deficit as a result of the combined effect of decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration. Water was a primary climatic driver for vegetation changes regionally, and human-induced changes in vegetation confined mainly to local areas. Responses of vegetation to water stress varied in different vegetation types. Grasslands were most responsive to water deficit followed by forests and desert vegetation. Climate extremes caused significant vegetation changes, and different vegetation types had diverse responses to climate extremes. Grasslands represented a symmetric response to wet and dry periods. Desert vegetation was more responsive during wet years than in dry years. Forests responded more strongly to dry than to wet years due to a severe drought occurred in 2008. This study has important implications for predicting how vegetation ecosystems in drylands respond to climate mean/extremes under future scenarios of climate change.  相似文献   

7.
In order to understand Late Glacial high lake levels in the dry Andes of Northern Chile, recent short ‐ to medium‐term fluctuations in the water budget of present lakes and brines (salars) and their relationship with the atmospheric circulation were investigated. A time sequence of four Landsat‐MSS images between November 1983 and August 1984 was analysed in terms of changing water surface and water volume of several lakes and salars. The variations of the open water bodies were interpreted as a result of the spatial pattern of summer and winter precipitation. Furthermore a method to determine water depth and water salinity of the very shallow salars and lakes by correlating field measurements and digital Landsat‐TM data is described. The resulting model to compute water depth was also applied to the MSS‐sequence, showing good results.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

As a key component of digital earth, remotely sensed data provides the compelling evidence that the amount of water vapour transferred from the entire global surface to the atmosphere increased from 1984 to 2007. The validation results from the earlier evapotranspiration (ET) estimation algorithm based on net radiation (R n ), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), air temperature and diurnal air temperature range (DTaR) showed good agreement between estimated monthly ET and ground-measured ET from 20 flux towers. Our analysis indicates that the estimated actual ET has increased on average over the entire global land surface except for Antarctica during 1984–2007. However, this increasing trend disappears after 2000 and the reason may be that the decline in net radiation and NDVI during this period depleted surface soil moisture. Moreover, the good correspondence between the precipitation trend and the change in ET in arid and semi-arid regions indicated that surface moisture linked to precipitation affects ET. The input parameters R n , T air, NDVI and DTaR show substantial spatio-temporal variability that is almost consistent with that of actual ET from 1984 to 2007 and contribute most significantly to the variation in actual ET.  相似文献   

9.
The untimely onset and uneven distribution of south-west monsoon rainfall lead to agricultural drought causing reduction in food-grain production with high vulnerability over semi-arid tract (SAT) of India. A combined deficit index (CDI) has been developed from tri-monthly sum of deficit in antecedent rainfall and deficit in monthly vegetation vigor with a lag period of one month between the two. The formulation of CDI used a core biophysical (e.g., NDVI) and a hydro-meteorological (e.g., rainfall) variables derived using observation from Indian geostationary satellites. The CDI was tested and evaluated in two drought years (2009 and 2012) within a span of five years (2009–2013) over SAT. The index was found to have good correlation (0.49–0.68) with standardized precipitation index (SPI) computed from rain-gauge measurements but showed lower correlation with anomaly in monthly land surface temperature (LST). Significant correlations were found between CDI and reduction in agricultural carbon productivity (0.67–0.83), evapotranspiration (0.64–0.73), agricultural grain yield (0.70–0.85). Inconsistent correlation between CDI and ET reduction was noticed in 2012 in contrast to consistent correlation between CDI and reduction in carbon productivity both in 2009 and 2012. The comparison of CDI-based drought-affected area with those from existing operational approach showed 75% overlapping regions though class-to-class matching was only 40–45%. The results demonstrated that CDI is a potential indicator for assessment of late-season regional agricultural drought based on lag-response between water supply and crop vigor.  相似文献   

10.
Persian oak (Quercus Brantii Lindl.) which is the most widely distributed tree in the Zagros Mountain forests is affected by western dust storms, mostly originating in Iraq, and harsh water stress as well. The objective of this research is to analyze the spectral behavior of Persian oak under water and dust stress scenarios, aiming to pave the way for modeling the stresses of drought and dust storms on oak trees using remote sensing images. Experiments were carried out on 54 two-year old oak tree seedlings, using a portable wind tunnel in greenhouse conditions. Water stress was induced on seedlings by means of changes in irrigation practices, i.e. well-watered (100 % field capacity), medium water deficit condition (40 % field capacity), and severe water deficit condition (20 % field capacity) treatments. Dust stress is also investigated by using three different dust particle concentrations, i.e. 350, 750 and 1500 (μg/m³). The spectrometry experiments were carried out at leaf and canopy levels in dark room by Fieldspec-3-ASD spectrometer. Spectral analysis was conducted using four procedures: (i) narrow-band spectral indices analysis, (ii) geometric indicators extraction from absorption features, (iii) Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), and SVM classifier. Results show that water stress could be modeled much better using PLSR statistic (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.12), narrow-band indices analysis (R2cv = 0.75, RMSEcv = 0.17), and continuum removal (R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 0.20), respectively. For dust stress, PLSR (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.14) and narrow-band indices (R2 cv = 0.7, RMSE cv = 0.30) showed the best results, respectively. SVM could successfully separate stressed and not-stressed samples and also the stress types at both leaf and canopy levels, but it could not distinguish the different levels of stresses.  相似文献   

11.
The conventional visual interpretation of landsat Imagery is potentially the most useful remote sensing tool for the study of channel migration & water logging conditions at different time spans; which were earlier not easy due to non availability of suitable evidences. The present study brings out, in exact terms & the extent of the utility of the false colour and black and white landsat data. The application of the false colour scanning method is also useful remote sensing tool for the study of direct & indirect hydrogeological regime by visual interpretation technique. The spectrum are favourable for detection of surface phenomenon, which is associated with the subsurface ground water environment. An area of about 3,500 Sq.Km. of U.P. along left bank of Ghaghra river and right bank of Terhi rivers have been taken for the study. The paper was designed to evaluate the fluvial action and ground water environments with the help of repetitive landsat data in ten years. The fluvial action of Ghaghra and Terhi rivers have been mainly contributing to the development of hydrogeomorphological units which have given exact references regarding fluctuation in hydrogeomorphological units and water logging with hydrological response of the ground water environment, by using landsat data of 1975 & 1984. Further the direct relationship between remote sensing measurement and physical properties of hydrogeological environments is brought out in the maps.  相似文献   

12.
计璐艳  尹丹艳  宫鹏 《遥感学报》2019,23(4):717-729
准确提取湖泊围网区域的时空分布信息对湖泊的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以阳澄湖为研究区域,收集该地区1984年—2017年所有的Landsat 5和Landsat 8影像(共计396景),提出了结合光谱和纹理特征的围网提取新算法,同时利用时间序列滤波消除年际间因数据不一致造成的偏差。以高清影像人工解译作为参考,阳澄湖围网提取结果的生产者精度在72.57%—88.53%,用户者精度在79.79%—98.10%,围网面积变化与文献记录吻合。结果表明,阳澄湖围网经历了"无围网期"(1984年—1994年)、"快速增长期"(1994年—1998年)、"巅峰期"(1999年—2002年)、"快速下降期"(2003年—2006年)和"稳定期"(2007年—2017年)5个阶段,最高达到100 km2,目前稳定在30 km2;通过研究围网区植被指数发现,2002年之后围网区浮水植物的种植面积增大;通过对比水质数据发现,2002年至今持续15年的围网拆除并未使阳澄湖恢复到80年代无围网养殖时期的II类水,其水质依然处于Ⅲ—Ⅳ类。因此在湖泊养殖开发过程中,政府应该坚持可持续发展道路,在不破坏湖泊水质的基础上发展湖泊经济。  相似文献   

13.
采用生态足迹法对云南孟连县2005—2011年生态足迹进行计算,根据2005—2011年数据运用GM(1,1)灰色预测模型对2020年生态足迹进行预测,得到2020年人均生态赤字将达到2.762 hm2/人,土地利用结构急需调整优化。在此背景下建立以生态赤字最小化和经济效益、社会效益最大化为目标函数的多目标线性规划模型,设置了8个变量和13个约束条件。根据模型求解优化方案,对孟连县2020年土地利用结构进行优化调整,结果表明:相比于优化前,人均生态赤字减少10.87%,经济效益增加0.52亿元,社会效益增加0.001 hm2。优化后的土地利用结构基本上实现了经济、社会、生态效益的统一。  相似文献   

14.
In Istanbul, one of the most densely populated cities of Turkey, the population has grown rapidly over the last 30 years. In addition to being one of the rapidly flourishing cities in Europe, the city is positioned on the seismically active North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The form and rate of Istanbul’s fast urban growth has serious implications for seismic hazards. There have been some studies to map lateral urban growth for the city but they do not give satisfactory information about vertical urban growth and seismic hazards. We use DMSP night lights and Landsat data to map changes in land cover-land use in and around the city since 1984, and determine relations of these changes with the NAF. Changes in land use and intensity of development are identified by changes in night light brightness while changes in land cover are identified by changes in land surface reflectance. Aggregate changes in reflectance are represented as changes in subpixel mixtures of the most functionally and spectrally distinct spectral endmembers of land cover. Using standardized global endmembers, SVD composite images were produced for 1984, 2000 and 2011 and fraction change (δSVD) maps were produced for the decadal intervals. The results show that most of the urban expansion has occurred near the NAF. This has serious implications for seismic hazards in the future if the progression of large earthquakes continues to move westward toward the city.  相似文献   

15.
Accurate monitoring of surface water location and extent is critical for the management of diverse water resource phenomena. The multi-decadal archive of Landsat satellite imagery is punctuated by missing data due to cloud cover during acquisition times, hindering the assembly of a continuous time series of inundation dynamics. This study investigated whether streamflow volume measurements could be integrated with satellite data to fill gaps in monthly surface water chronologies for the Central Valley region of California, USA, from 1984 to 2015. We aggregated measurements of maximum monthly water extent within each of the study area’s 50 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds from two Landsat-derived datasets: the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) Monthly Water History and the U.S. Geological Survey Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE). We calculated Spearman rank correlation coefficients between water extent values in each HUC and streamflow discharge data. Linear regression fits of the water extent/streamflow data pairs with the highest correlations served as the basis for interpolation of missing imagery surface water values on a HUC-wise basis. Results show strong (ρ > 0.7) maximum correlations in 11 (22.4%) and 25 (51.0%) HUCs for the DSWE and JRC time series, respectively, when comparisons were restricted to imagery and gages co-located in each HUC. Strong maximum correlations occurred in 39 (79.6%; DSWE) and 42 (85.7%; JRC) HUCs when imagery was paired with discharge data from any study area gage, providing a solid basis for reconstruction of water extent values. We generated continuous time series of 30+ years in 35 HUCs, demonstrating that this technique can provide quantitative estimates of historical surface water extents and elucidate flooding or drought events over the period of data collection. Results of a non-parametric trend analysis of the long-term time series on an annual, seasonal, and monthly basis varied among HUCs, though most trends indicate an increase in surface water over the past 30 years.  相似文献   

16.
不透水面不仅是城市非点源污染的主要来源,还是流域生态环境变化的主要因素之一。不透水面的数量、位置、几何形状、分布格局以及透水率与不透水率的比值,均影响着流域的水文环境,因此成为研究热点。本文以天津于桥水库流域为例,综合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,从流域尺度上研究1984~2013年间不透水面覆盖度的变化。在ENVI 5.1软件支持下,利用遥感影像获取1984,1994,2004和2013年4个时相的不透水面信息。采用修正后的归一化水体指数剔除水体信息,排除水体对不透水面提取精度的影响。运用线性光谱混合分析法(Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis,LSMA),提取流域不透水面覆盖度。结果表明:流域内不透水面覆盖度大多集中在1~5级,植被覆盖程度较高。近30年间不透水面比例逐年增加,2013年比1984年增加了2.802%,呈线性增长。中等分辨率的遥感影像适合流域尺度的不透水面提取的结果可作为流域水文及规划管理的重要基础性数据。  相似文献   

17.
杭州湾最大浑浊带（turbidity maximum zone,TMZ）受自然和人类活动的双重影响,年际变化显著。为探究杭州湾水域TMZ和表层悬浮泥沙浓度的年际变化特征,优选1984-2015年间30幅Landsat卫星影像,建立杭州湾水域表层悬沙浓度反演模型,模型经实测数据验证,平均相对误差为23.3%。对每张卫星影像进行悬沙浓度反演,进而提取TMZ面积数据。结果表明,杭州湾悬沙浓度面积分布类型均为正偏分布,且偏态系数由0.63增长至2.03,高悬沙浓度区域占比不断缩小。杭州湾各区域悬沙浓度均呈下降趋势,北岸芦潮港站下降趋势最为显著,减幅达73%。杭州湾TMZ面积年化下降率为4.57%,大于长江和钱塘江年输沙量的年化下降率3.74%。河流来沙减少和潮滩围垦导致的当地泥沙来源减少及水流携沙能力降低是影响TMZ面积降低的重要因素。  相似文献   

18.
利用汶川地震后、芦山地震前3年时间(2010.30—2013.30)的GPS连续站时间序列结果,采用TDEFNODE负位错反演程序,对龙门山断层中南段闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率动态演化进行了反演计算与分析,并讨论了汶川地震后断层中段的愈合过程和西南段的大震背景。结果表明:①汶川地震震中周边破裂区域的闭锁程度逐渐增强,由2010年基本处于蠕滑状态,至2013年处于较强闭锁状态;闭锁范围也逐渐增大,由汶川震中西南方向逐渐趋近震中位置,表明该部分断层正在快速愈合。汶川震中北东方向的大部分破裂区域依然处于蠕滑状态,表明该部分断层还未开始愈合。②芦山地震震中附近及其西南方向断层一直处于强闭锁状态,且完全闭锁区域的滑动亏损速率逐年减小,可能表明愈合区域分担了部分巴颜喀拉块体对四川盆地的挤压作用。以上结果表明,龙门山破裂断层不同段震后愈合过程和活动特征都有显著差异;处于强闭锁状态的龙门山断层西南段,在挤压弹性应变快速积累的情况下,发生大震的背景有所增强。  相似文献   

19.
The XVth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, organised by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, was held at Rio Centro. Rio de Janeiro from 17th to 29th June, 1984. Reports on the activities of the seven technical Commissions as well as on the Exhibition and the General Assembly were given to a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 16th October, 1984. Papers were published in the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 25.  相似文献   

20.
Preface I am pleased to contribute an article to GSIS to com-memorate the great achievements of Prof.Dr.Gottfried Konecny on the occasion of the celebration of his 90th birthday. I was lucky to work closely with Gottfried as an ISPRS Council member for the first time in 1984 in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,when I was elected as Congress Director of the Kyoto ISPRS Congress to be held in 1988.Gottfried was elected as ISPRS President for 1984～1988.At the first Council meeting under the President Gottfried,he said to all Council members"as we are like a family,I request that we address each other by our first names".If he had not said this,I might have called him Professor Konecny,according to Japanese custom.  相似文献   

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