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1.
利用2009年12月至2010年11月渤海西岸大港风能塔观测得到的风速、风向和温度梯度资料,计算了风能塔周围空气动力学粗糙度Z0。对比分析了风廓线法和风速标准差法的计算结果,讨论了风速标准差法的适用性以及下垫面空间非均一性对粗糙度的影响。结果表明：风能塔三个主风向上的平均粗糙长度为：0.1319m(N),0.0386m(SE)和0.0182m(SW)。通过严格条件限制,利用风速标准差法可以得到与风廓线法相同的计算效果。同一方位上,利用10-30 m资料计算得到的粗糙度长度的季节差异相对较小,而50-70 m的计算结果差异相对较大。在相同高度上,粗糙度长度计算结果亦存在明显季节差异,反映了随季节变化的植被对地表粗糙度的影响。 相似文献
2.
对兰州单站探空资料７００ｈＰａ和５００ｈＰａ风向进行统计分析表明，兰州７００ｈＰａ风向既受复杂地形影响，又受天气系统影响。７００ｈＰａ的东北风和东南风与降水有较好的相关关系。７００ｈＰａ、５００ｈＰａ风向有机组合，其降水相关概率提高到７１％—８２％。 相似文献
3.
Summary Daily precipitation affinity areas are established for Wales by means of S-mode Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis, using data for the autumn-winter (September-January) period, 1982–87, subset according to surface wind direction. Relatively strong PCA simple structures were found for five wind directions clockwise from south to north, using the OBLIMIN rotation for the first four (south to northwest) and the VARIMAX rotation for the last (north). Whilst interpretation of many of the most significant Prinicipal Components (PCs) was difficult in strictly meteorological or climatological terms, the precipitation areas produced by clustering based on the most important PCs, yielded a continuum of change in areal organisation with progressively changing wind direction. Only the far southwest and northwest of the country appear in every area map, although superficially, northeastern, English border and southeastern areas were present on most. The derived areas bear only small overall resemblance to currently used forecasting areas.With 9 Figures 相似文献
4.
Wind-Direction Effects on Urban-Type Flows 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Jean Claus O. Coceal T. Glyn Thomas S. Branford S. E. Belcher Ian P. Castro 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,142(2):265-287
Practically all extant work on flows over obstacle arrays, whether laboratory experiments or numerical modelling, is for cases
where the oncoming wind is normal to salient faces of the obstacles. In the field, however, this is rarely the case. Here,
simulations of flows at various directions over arrays of cubes representing typical urban canopy regions are presented and
discussed. The computations are of both direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation type. Attention is concentrated
on the differences in the mean flow within the canopy region arising from the different wind directions and the consequent
effects on global properties such as the total surface drag, which can change very significantly—by up to a factor of three
in some circumstances. It is shown that for a given Reynolds number the typical viscous forces are generally a rather larger
fraction of the pressure forces (principally the drag) for non-normal than for normal wind directions and that, dependent
on the surface morphology, the average flow direction deep within the canopy can be largely independent of the oncoming wind
direction. Even for regular arrays of regular obstacles, a wind direction not normal to the obstacle faces can in general
generate a lateral lift force (in the direction normal to the oncoming flow). The results demonstrate this and it is shown
how computations in a finite domain with the oncoming flow generated by an appropriate forcing term (e.g. a pressure gradient)
then lead inevitably to an oncoming wind direction aloft that is not aligned with the forcing term vector. 相似文献
5.
R. G. Tapp 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,33(4):397-414
Up to 30 months of near-surface anemograph records have been examined from 13 locations in and near Melbourne, Australia, to determine the wind patterns which existed during prolonged periods of light winds (at least 3 hours at 2 m s-1 or less). A coherent katabatic wind system was found to develop in at least part of the monitored region on approximately 30% of nights. The flow broadly followed the slope of the basin surrounding the city, with a strong flow down the main river valley, and was partly reinforced by a land breeze in bayside areas. Other valleys also acted as channels for these winds. The general tendency of these katabatic winds was to converge towards the central business district and the northern part of Port Phillip Bay adjacent to the city centre. Where winds from different directions interacted, one of the winds dominated or successive replacement occurred causing the wind direction to vary considerably during a period.There were indications that in the presence of low-level stability with a synoptic gradient wind between east and north, the gradient flow may be deflected around the major topographic barrier to the northeast of the city. The existence of such a situation would have major implications in terms of air quality due to the possibility of pollutants being recirculated in conditions when vertical diffusion was very limited. 相似文献
6.
利用2019年6月至12月威宁县边界层风廓线雷达数据和威宁探空数据,预设二者风速偏差<=3m/s、风向偏差<=20°为有效数据样本,研究两者在不同风速、风向范围和不同高度、时次、降水条件下风向、风速数据对比及相关性分析。结果表明：（1）风廓线雷达和探空的风速、风向均具有较好的正向相关性;（2）在不同高度下,且无论有无降水或任意时次,风速有效样本比率大体上高于风向有效样本比率,500米左右高度以下有效样本比率总是最小（不足50%）,而中高层较大;（3）不同时次对风速、风向数据有效性影响不大;（4）有降水时风速、风向有效样本比率比无降水时偏小且变化剧烈;（5）除东北（20°-40°）和西南（200°-260°）风向外,其他方位风向数据一致性较差;（6）除大于24m/s的风速外其他大小风速均具有较好的一致性。 相似文献
7.
利用我国基本和基准气象台站1956—2005年的一日4次风向和风速资料, 对近50年我国风向变化做了尝试性分析。分析发现:我国大部分地区年最大风向频率呈减小趋势, 其中西北、华南和西南地区最大风向频率减小趋势最为显著, 只有西部个别地区略有增加; 全国大部分地区年最大风向频率对应的风速均呈明显的减小趋势。同时, 年最大风向频率对应的风速减小趋势比年平均风速的减小趋势更为显著, 最大风向频率对应的风速减小是平均风速减小的主导因素; 我国冬季主要盛行的偏北风和夏季主要盛行的偏南风都呈明显的减小趋势。偏北风（冬季）和偏南风（夏季）的减小主要是亚洲冬季风和夏季风减弱造成的。 相似文献
8.
Bias Correction in Wind Direction Forecasting Using the Circular-Circular Regression Method 
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下载免费PDF全文 Wind direction forecasting plays an important role in wind power prediction and air pollution management. Weather quantities such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed are linear variables in which traditional model output statistics and bias correction methods are applied. However, wind direction is an angular variable; therefore, such traditional methods are ineffective for its evaluation. This paper proposes an effective bias correction technique for wind direction forecasting of turbine height from numerical weather prediction models, which is based on a circular-circular regression approach. The technique is applied to a 24-h forecast of 65-m wind directions observed at Yangmeishan wind farm, Yunnan Province, China, which consistently yields improvements in forecast performance parameters such as smaller absolute mean error and stronger similarity in wind rose diagram pattern. 相似文献
9.
Interaction between wind and temperature fields in the planetary boundary layerfor a spatially heterogeneous surface heat flux has been investigated using large-eddysimulation. It is shown that a substantial difference exists in the wind and temperaturefields, depending on whether the directions of the background wind and the surfaceheat flux variation are parallel or perpendicular.When they are parallel to each other, two-dimensional plumes induced by theheterogeneous surface heat flux are easily destroyed by the background wind,and the velocity field is strongly modified by convective eddies compared tothe case when they are perpendicular to each other. This leads to a substantialdifference in the profiles of turbulent kinetic energy and its flux.It also results in a difference between the two cases in the bulk properties of theplanetary boundary layer, such as the entrainment at the top of the planetary boundarylayer and the drag at the bottom, which have important implications for boundary-layermodelling. The difference between the two cases exists even when the background windspeed is as large as 15.0 m s-1. Meanwhile, the contrast between two cases is weakened by the Coriolis force. 相似文献
10.
选取新疆百里风区51495旧站址（七角井国家基本气象站）1956—1998年和新站址（十三间房国家基本气象站）1999—2016年逐月大风日数、平均风速、最多风向等资料进行对比分析,采用线性回归、相关分析等方法分析大风的年、季、月变化特征及趋势。结果表明：51495在迁站前年大风日数呈显著的波动上升趋势,倾向率为6.74 d·(10a)-1,其中夏季增加最明显;年平均风速呈微弱的减小趋势,倾向率为-0.01 m·s-1·(10a)-1,秋季下降最显著;年主导风向以静风和北风（N）为主。迁站后年大风日数呈显著的波动下降趋势,递减率为-6.72 d·(10a)-1,其中春季减小最明显;年平均风速减小趋势较迁站前明显,倾向率为-0.31 m·s-1·(10a)-1,除了冬季其它三季下降趋势基本相似;年和各季主导风向发生频率基本一致,以偏北风（N、NNW、NNE）为主。 相似文献
11.
12.
利用差分吸收光谱仪DOAS(differential optical absorption spectroscopy),对2007年11月-2008年1月南京北郊大气SO_2、NO_2和O_3进行了观测.结合Parsivel降水粒子谱仪和自动气象站的资料,对冬季大气污染气体的浓度变化规律及降水和风速风向对其的影响进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊大气SO_2浓度较高,呈明显双峰特征,分别在12时(北京时,下同)和00时达最大,受附近排放源的影响最大,东风及南风时比静风时SO_2浓度更高.降水对SO_2湿清除效果明显,清除系数平均为0.168h~(-1).NO_2气体呈明显单峰特征,在18时达最高值.南京北郊是NO_2源区之一,主要受附近高速公路汽车尾气排放源的影响.静风时NO_2浓度最高.O_3浓度受NO_2的影响较明显.O_3日变化呈单峰特征,在15时达最大值,静风时O_3浓度最低.降水对O_3的间接影响较明显,在降水时,白天由于太阳辐射较弱,O_3浓度降低;夜晚NO浓度较低,使得O_3浓度升高. 相似文献
13.
Pollutant Concentrations in Street Canyons of Different Aspect Ratio with Avenues of Trees for Various Wind Directions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study summarizes the effects of avenues of trees in urban street canyons on traffic pollutant dispersion. We describe various wind-tunnel experiments with different tree-avenue models in combination with variations in street-canyon aspect ratio W/H (with W the street-canyon width and H the building height) and approaching wind direction. Compared to tree-free street canyons, in general, higher pollutant concentrations are found. Avenues of trees do not suppress canyon vortices, although the air ventilation in canyons is hindered significantly. For a perpendicular wind direction, increases in wall-average and wall-maximum concentrations at the leeward canyon wall and decreases in wall-average concentrations at the windward wall are found. For oblique and perpendicular wind directions, increases at both canyon walls are obtained. The strongest effects of avenues of trees on traffic pollutant dispersion are observed for oblique wind directions for which also the largest concentrations at the canyon walls are found. Thus, the prevailing assumption that attributes the most harmful dispersion conditions to a perpendicular wind direction does not hold for street canyons with avenues of trees. Furthermore, following dimensional analysis, an estimate of the normalized wall-maximum traffic pollutant concentration in street canyons with avenues of trees is derived. 相似文献
14.
通过对台风莫拉克 (0908) 影响范围内的33座测风塔观测资料的分析可知:台风莫拉克越靠近陆地,风场的非对称性越明显,其行进方向的左侧测风塔风向呈逆时针旋转,右侧测风塔风向顺时针旋转。在远离台风莫拉克的地方风向稳定,湍流强度变化较平稳;在台风莫拉克登陆点附近,风向、风速和湍流强度均会出现突变。台风莫拉克影响期间,湍流强度与风速的关系未出现IEC标准曲线那样随风速增大稳定减小,其I15达B级和A级及以上的平均湍流强度会在风速7~17 m·s-1形成一个峰值;无论南风或北风,风速越大,各层湍流强度差异趋于减小,同等风速、高度的湍流强度偏南大风均大于偏北大风。位于台风莫拉克登陆点北侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的增加先减小后增大,最终各高度全部超过IEC标准A级曲线,而位于南侧测风塔湍流强度随风速的变化比北侧小,并随风速增大趋于标准A级曲线;另外北侧测风塔湍流强度大于南侧,且各高度偏北大风湍流强度之间的差异比南侧相应风向明显,表明北侧垂直方向的扰动更强。台风莫拉克阵风系数为1.2~1.7,其随高度变化与地形有关,一般情况下随高度升高而减小,在复杂地形条件下不符合随高度升高减小的规律。 相似文献
15.
雾和霾都是低能见度天气,生成条件相似。利用安徽78个地面站逐时观测资料,基于雾、霾发生物理条件,建立了不同等级雾日和重度霾日的观测诊断方法,重建了不同等级雾和重度霾的时序资料。根据各站强浓雾发生的同步性,将安徽分为5个雾、霾分布特征不同的区域,探讨了各区域不同等级雾及重度霾出现时地面气象条件的异同。结果表明:（1）安徽省强浓雾主要是辐射雾。强浓雾、浓雾和大雾空间分布形势大体一致,淮河以北东、西部和江南都属于强浓雾高发区,但各地强浓雾的时、空分布特征和影响系统不同;重度霾有明显的北多、南少、山区最少的分布特征。（2）强浓雾年变化呈双峰型分布,峰值在1月和4月,日变化为单峰型,峰值在06时;而重度霾年变化为单峰型,峰值在1月,日变化为双峰型。（3）在强浓雾的高发时段（02—08时）,强浓雾时降温幅度最大,比重度霾平均高1℃,风速显著偏低,超过75%的样本风速低于1.5 m/s,且无明显主导风向;而重度霾时,风速比雾时明显要大,个别区域有超过75%的样本风速大于1.5 m/s,且以西北风到东北风为主。说明重度霾能否演变为强浓雾的关键地面气象因子是风速、风向和降温幅度。 相似文献
16.
This paper is concerned with the use of Royal Navy ships’ logbooks for the period 1685 to 1750, thereby embracing the oldest members of this documentary series that extends to the present day. The geographic range of the undertaking is confined to the English Channel and its western approaches where the abundance of logbooks for this period allows for the abstraction of a daily series of wind force and direction data. These are verified and processed for inclusion in a database from which indices are derived for air circulation patterns based on the frequency of winds from north, east, south and west quarters, and of gale frequency, based on the contemporary terminology of wind force. The methods by which the data are abstracted and processed are described, as is the nature of the raw data and source material. The results provide a uniquely detailed insight into the changing patterns of air circulation over this critical period that marked the transition from the depths of the Little Ice Age in the late seventeenth century. Attention is also drawn to the changing nature of gale frequency, which revealed a notable decrease over the study period. Associations between changing circulation patterns and temperature regimes are also explored. 相似文献
17.
对2017年春季黑龙江省大、小兴安岭林区的6个代表站点10 m风场进行降尺度分析,并结合观测数据对比分析了WRF模式和CALMET降尺度模式的10 m风速、风向预报结果。结果表明：两模式逐小时风速预报与观测的相关系数为0.5-0.7,且随着风速的增加,模式的预报准确率逐渐提高,夜间的风速预报偏差较大,进入白天后,偏差明显减小。WRF模式对风速变化趋势的预报效果优于CALMET模式,与观测的风速相关性更高,而CALMET模式对较大风速的预报效果优于WRF模式。在风向预报方面,WRF和CALMET的风向模拟与观测风向均有较好的一致性,模式预报准确率较高的两个风向也刚好对应各站的盛行风向。同时,本文用回归方法对日平均风速进行订正发现,订正后各站的日平均风速预报准确率平均提高了50%,具有较好的业务应用价值。 相似文献
18.
利用2015年5月至2020年4月辽宁省大连地区9个国家气象站、2017年165个区域气象站逐10 min测风资料,从风向、风级、月际变化、日变化、空间分布和天气影响系统等对大连地区最大、平均、最小阵风系数进行统计分析。结果表明：1—12月平均阵风系数的变化范围为1.66～1.77,秋末冬初平均阵风系数偏大,春夏季节偏小;与冷空气相对应风向的平均阵风系数大于与暖空气相对应的风向;随着风级的增大,最大、最小阵风系数向平均阵风系数收敛;不同风级下阵风系数的频率分布均呈单峰型分布,风级越大,分布范围越窄。除西南风外,其他风向的阵风系数均表现出白天大、夜间小的特点。大连地区阵风系数具有明显的地域特点,东南和西北部沿海区域的阵风系数比内陆和西南沿海偏小,风向基本不影响阵风系数的空间分布。大连的大风过程多受海上气旋和高压前部双系统共同影响,气旋、台风以及雷暴大风的平均阵风系数大于同风级的平均值。 相似文献
19.
This study documents the temporal and spatial variability of surface wind conditions over the Norwegian county of Finnmark and the coupling of local surface winds to the larger-scale atmospheric circulation, represented by the mean sea level pressure field. At locations along the northern coast, thermally driven offshore winds from the south dominate, especially during the cold season. During the warm season, downward mixing of westerly overlying winds becomes more important as the stability of the boundary layer stratification decreases. In the western part, locations are situated in valleys, resulting in two opposing along-channel dominant wind directions. Seasonal changes in atmospheric conditions are reflected in a reversal of the dominant wind direction, with a component towards the coast during the cold season. At all locations, a clear separation between different prevailing surface wind directions in each season can be achieved based exclusively on local mean sea level geostrophic wind direction. This allows statistical downscaling of the prevailing surface wind conditions from lower-resolution simulations of the surface pressure field and may improve local wind forecasts over complex terrain. 相似文献
20.
M. A. Novitskii L. K. Kulizhnikova O. Yu. Kalinicheva D. Gaitandzhiev D. Barantiev E. Bachvarova K. Krysteva 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2012,37(3):159-164
The characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the boundary atmospheric layer measured at the meteorological station
in Akhtopol (Bulgaria) are presented. The measurements were carried out with the Scintec sodar and MK-15 automatic meteorological
station. The sodar measurement data on wind parameters at different heights in different months are presented as well as the
frequency of inshore and offshore wind directions, that enables to trace the intensity of the breeze circulation. The frequency
of calms and wind speeds at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m according to gradations for different months and the probability
of wind of various speeds depending on the direction are also given. The breeze front characteristics in June–September of
2009 are computed from the speed and direction of surface wind measured with the acoustic anemometer of MK-15 complex. 相似文献