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1.
An important area of towed underwater acoustic research is the determination of the 3D positions of all hydrophones in the array. Although there are a number of methods available that provide position information at a small number of locations along the array, an interpolation scheme is needed that will permit the estimation of the position of all hydrophones so that further processing of acoustic data may proceed. An interpolation technique based on a twisted quartic spline approximation to a space curve is presented. This technique provides the advantages of numerical stability, necessary smoothness, and satisfaction of physical boundary conditions. Most importantly, it permits the estimation of the positions of all hydrophones in an array 相似文献
2.
The testing of a synthetic aperture technique, the ETAM algorithm, is extended and its performance for CW pseudorandom signals and broadband ship noise is examined. The results show the limitations of the technique and are of special interest for operational systems development. In the CW experiments, the transmitted signal was generated with high temporal coherence, and loss of the spatial and temporal coherence of the received signal was introduced only by the medium and the stability of the towed array. In the experiments that included the pseudorandom signal and the ship noise, the temporal coherence of the transmitted signals was deliberately chosen to be poor in order to study the effects and the performance of this algorithm with broadband signals. The related experimental results show that for received signals, which have their segments over the synthesizing period highly cross-correlated, a synthetic aperture array gain was achieved that corresponds to the length of an equivalent fully populated array 相似文献
3.
Limitations on the performance of the overlap-correlator method of forming a passive synthetic aperture are derived. The technique uses the overlap of the array in sequential positions to estimate a series of phase correction factors that compensate for the motion of the array over time. It is of primary interest to optimize this overlap with respect to the effects of random noise. By minimizing the variance of the estimates of the set of phase correction factors, it is found that the optimal overlap is one-half the length of the physical array. Using this optimal overlap, the bounds on the usable spatial response are then determined as a function of signal-to-noise ratio and the number of hydrophones in the physical array. The ability of the overlap-correlator algorithm to synthesize a coherent aperture is investigated for the case of multiple sources in the absence of noise 相似文献
4.
Using the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as an indicator of potential performance, the limits on the estimation and resolution capabilities of a towed line array of uniformly spaced hydrophones to provide frequency and bearing information about narrowband signals are examined. It is assumed that a monochromatic plane wave arrives at the array for each source. Several versions of the bounds are computed using different assumptions about which parameters have known values and about the way in which the samples are taken in space and in time. It is shown that the CRLB values for different situations can be compared to provide information about the effective use of a moving aperture for estimation of the parameters of narrowband signals arriving at the array. It is also shown that adding at least one hydrophone occupying a fixed position in space can improve the bearing estimates of a towed array by supplying additional frequency information if both the bearings and frequencies of the sources are unknown 相似文献
5.
Aperture extension is achieved in this novel ESPRIT-based two-dimensional angle estimation scheme using a uniform rectangular array of vector hydrophones spaced much farther apart than a half-wavelength. A vector hydrophone comprises two or three spatially co-located, orthogonally oriented identical velocity hydrophones (each of which measures one Cartesian component of the underwater acoustical particle velocity vector-field) plus an optional pressure hydrophone. Each incident source's directions-of-arrival are determined from the source's acoustical particle velocity components, which are extracted by decoupling the data covariance matrix's signal-subspace eigenvectors using the lower dimensional eigenvectors obtainable by ESPRIT. These direction-cosine estimates are unambiguous but have high variance; they are used as coarse references to disambiguate the cyclic phase ambiguities in ESPRIT's eigenvalues when the intervector-hydrophone spacing exceeds a half-wavelength. In one simulation scenario, the estimation standard deviation decreases with increasing intervector-hydrophone spacing up to 12 wavelengths, effecting a 97% reduction in the estimation standard deviation relative to the half-wavelength case. This proposed scheme and the attendant vector-hydrophone array outperform a uniform half-wavelength spaced pressure-hydrophone array with the same aperture and slightly greater number of component hydrophones by an order of magnitude in estimation standard deviation. Other simulations demonstrate how this proposed method improves underwater acoustic communications link performance. The virtual array interpolation technique would allow this proposed algorithm to be used with irregular array geometries 相似文献
6.
Siderius M. Snellen M. Simons D.G. Onken R. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2000,25(3):364-386
In October 1997, the EnVerse 97 shallow-water acoustic experiments were jointly conducted by SACLANT Centre, TNO-FEL, and DERA off the coast of Sicily, Italy. The primary goal of the experiments was to determine the sea-bed properties through inversion of acoustic data. Using a towed source, the inversion method is tested at different source/receiver separations in an area with a range-dependent bottom. The sources transmitted over a broadband of frequencies (90-600 Hz) and the signals were measured on a vertical array of hydrophones. The acoustic data were continuously collected as the range between the source and receiving array varied from 0.5 to 6 km. An extensive seismic survey was conducted along the track providing supporting information about the layered structure of the bottom as well as layer compressional sound speeds. The oceanic conditions were assessed using current meters, satellite remote sensing, wave height measurements, and casts for determining conductivity and temperature as a function of water depth. Geoacoustic inversion results taken at different source/receiver ranges show sea-bed properties consistent with the range-dependent features observed in the seismic survey data. These results indicate that shallow-water bottom properties may be estimated over large areas using a towed source fixed receiver configuration 相似文献
7.
Underwater acoustic transient signals are generated mechanically at known positions along a wharf. These signals are received by a wide aperture planar array of four underwater acoustic sensors, whose positions relative to the wharf are unknown. A method is described that enables the positions of the sensors to be estimated from accurate differential time-of-arrival measurements (with 0.1 /spl mu/s precision) as the signal wavefronts traverse the array. A comparison of the estimated positions with the nominal positions of the first three sensors, which form a 20-m-wide aperture horizontal line array, reveals a 2-cm displacement of the middle sensor from the line array axis. This slight bowing of the line array results in overranging (bias error of 3%) when the wavefront curvature method is used with the nominal collinear sensor positions to locate a static source of active sonar transmissions at a range of 59.2 m. The use of the spherical intersection method coupled with the estimated sensor positions of the line array provides an order of magnitude improvement in the range estimate (within 0.3% of the actual value). However, systematic ranging errors are observed when the sound propagation medium becomes nonstationary. Next, the differences in the arrival times of the direct path and boundary-reflected path signals at the middle sensor of the wide aperture line array are estimated using the differential phase residue of the analytic signal at the sensor output. These multipath delays are used to estimate the range and depth of the source. Although the average value of the multipath range estimates is within 0.5% of the actual value, the variance of the range estimates is 50 times larger when compared with the results of the spherical intersection and wavefront curvature methods. The multipath delay data are also processed to provide a reliable estimate of the temporal variation in the water depth enabling the tidal variation to be observed. 相似文献
8.
The location of the hydrophones on a towed underwater acoustic array as a function of time (array element localization) is needed for signal processing. Methods to perform this localization using least squares polynomial fitting to data from depth sensors, heading sensors, and sensors detecting a ping from a single source are discussed. Arc distance along the array is used as the independent parameter so that all solutions are constrained to be space curves. Examples of application to real data are presented, and techniques to discriminate against bad sensor data are discussed 相似文献
9.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2008,33(2):215-223
10.
Cheolsoo Park Woojae Seong Gerstoft P. Siderius M. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(3):468-478
An inversion method using a towed system consisting of a source and two receivers is presented. High-frequency chirp signals that have been emitted from the source are received after multiple penetrations and reflections from the shallow water sub-bottom structure and are processed for geoacoustical parameter estimation. The data are processed such that a good resolution and robustness is achieved via matched filtering, which requires information about the source signal. The inversion is formulated as an optimization problem, which maximizes the cost function defined as a normalized correlation between the measured and modeled signals directly in the time domain. The very fast simulated reannealing optimization method is applied to the global search problem. The modeled time signal is obtained using a ray approach. An experiment was carried out in the Mediterranean Sea using a towed source and receiver system. The inversion method is applied to the experimental data and results are found to be consistent with previous frequency-domain analyses using measurements from a towed horizontal array of receivers and measurements on a vertical array. 相似文献
11.
Towed linear arrays of hydrophones are used in various applications, for example, seismic prospecting. Tow cable vibration is capable of causing output in the towed array system. Since one of the factors limiting acoustic sensitivity is self-noise, the general objective of this analysis is to investigate the nature of longitudinal and transverse cable vibrations, with the aim of minimizing vibration transmitted to the array. The equations of transverse cable motion are derived and solved for a single-póint excitation and for distributed-vortex excitation. The response to vortex-shedding excitation along the first 150 ft of array-end cable is quantitatively evaluated and compared with actual tow-trial measurements. Two types of longitudinal vibration are analyzed, one caused by direct excitation along the cable axis, and one caused indirectly by transverse cable vibration. Fluid drag and hysteretic damping are included in the analysis. 相似文献
12.
In September 1988, a series of acoustic propagation experiments were conducted in the Hudson Canyon area. These included synthetic aperture experiments in which a source transmitting a set of four pure tones was towed toward/away from a vertical array of 24 receivers. Data obtained at 50 Hz during one of the synthetic aperture experiments are used to obtain a model for the compressional wave speed profile in the bottom using a modal inverse method. This model is further refined using 175 Hz data. The ability of the inferred model to predict the field at 50 Hz and higher frequencies is examined 相似文献
13.
Carey W.M. Doutt J. Evans R.B. Dillman L.M. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1995,20(4):321-336
Calibrated acoustic measurements were made under calm sea state conditions on the New Jersey shelf near the AMCOR 6010 borehole, a surveyed area with known geophysical properties. The experiment was conducted in 73 m water with supporting measurements of salinity, temperature, and sound speed. Acoustic measurements were obtained with a vertical array of 24 hydrophones spaced equally at 2.5 m intervals; one of which was near the bottom. A source towed at 1/2 the water depth transmitted one of two sets of four tones spaced between 50 and 600 Hz for each run to ranges of 4 and 26 km. The data were processed with both a Hankel transform and a high resolution Doppler technique to yield horizontal wave-number spectrum at several depths. Results were obtained along both constant and gradually varying depth profiles. Similar modal interference patterns were observed at the lower frequencies. The constant depth-profile radial results were compared to calculations performed with several shallow water acoustic models using geoacoustic profiles derived from geophysical parameters and shear wave inversion methods 相似文献
14.
15.
An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Baggeroer A.B. Kuperman W.A. Mikhalevsky P.N. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1993,18(4):401-424
A short historical overview of matched-field processing (MFP) is followed by background material in both ocean acoustics and array processing needed for MFP. Specific algorithms involving both quadratic and adaptive methods are then introduced. The results of mismatch studies and several algorithms designed to be relatively robust against mismatch are discussed. The use of simulated MFP for range, depth and bearing location is examined, using data from a towed array that has been tilted to produce an effective vertical aperture. Several experiments using MFP are reviewed. One successfully demonstrated MFP at megameter ranges; this has important consequences for experiments in global tomography. Some unique applications of MFP, including how it can exploit ocean inhomogeneities and make tomographic measurements of environmental parameters, are considered 相似文献
16.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1996,21(4):355-366
Acoustic propagation in shallow water is greatly dependent on the geoacoustic properties of the seabottom. This paper exploits this dependence for estimating geoacoustic sediment properties from the bottom acoustic returns of known signals received on a hydrophone line array. There are two major issues in this approach: one is the feasibility of acoustic inversion with a limited aperture line array, the other is related to the knowledge of the geometry of the experimental configuration. To test the feasibility of this approach, a 40-hydrophone-4-m spaced towed array together with a low-frequency acoustic source, was operated at a shallow water site in the Strait of Sicily. In order to estimate the array deformation in real time, it has been equipped with a set of nonacoustic positioning sensors (compasses, tilt-meters, pressure gauges). The acoustic data were inverted using two complementary approaches: a genetic algorithm (GA) like approach and a radial basis functions (RBF) inversion scheme. More traditional methods, based on core sampling, seismic survey and geophone data, together with Hamilton's regression curves, have also been employed on the same tracks, in order to provide a ground truth reference environment. The results of the experiment, can be summarized as follows: 1) the towed array movement is not negligible for the application considered and the use of positioning sensors are essential for a proper acoustic inversion, 2) the inversion with GA and RBF are in good qualitative agreement with the ground truth model, and 3) the GA scheme tends to have better stability properties. On the other hand, repeated in version of successive field measurements requires much less computational effort with RBF 相似文献
17.
Berkson J. Kloosterman H. Akal T. Berrou J. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1985,10(3):299-302
Signals from an explosive source backscattered from the seafloor and received at long range by hydrophones of a towed array are processed to estimate the directional distribution of energy for a given time increment. As assembly of these data shows the time and amplitude of scattering features, and after conversion to distance, the geographic location of the return. A frequency-domain beam-forming procedure is used in which beam levels are averaged over a given band of a broad-band source. The processing is applied to experimental data obtained in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The major backscattering occurred at the Baconi Seamounts and the coastal margin of Sardinia. 相似文献
18.
一种超短基线定位系统阵型的改进方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
超短基线随着作用距离增加,其定位误差也增大.为了满足远距离作业需要,提高超短基线远距离的定位精度,文中提出通过改进超短基线基阵阵型的方法来提高定位精度,但同时会带来相位模糊的问题,因此进一步提出一种利用双脉冲信号相位抗模糊的方法以保证在改进的阵型条件下能够正确地定位.仿真和实验结果证明通过阵型改进后的超短基线系统定位精度得到了很大的提高. 相似文献
19.
Sabra K.G. Roux P. Thode A.M. D'Spain G.L. Hodgkiss W.S. Kuperman W.A. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2005,30(2):338-347
Estimates of the travel times between the elements of a bottom hydrophone array can be extracted from the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation function (NCF). This is confirmed using 11-min-long data blocks of ambient noise recordings that were collected in May 1995 near the southern California coast at an average depth of 21 m in the 150-700 Hz frequency range. Coherent horizontal wavefronts emerging from the time derivative of the NCF are obtained across the array's aperture and are related to the direct arrival time of the time-domain Green's function (TDGF). These coherent wavefronts are used for array element self-localization (AESL) and array element self-synchronization (AESS). The estimated array element locations are used to beamform on a towed source. 相似文献
20.
主动式声纳列阵拖曳系统姿态数值计算 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
主动式声纳列阵拖曳系统是用于探测潜艇的新型声纳系统，为了准确探测潜艇的位置，必须首先预报声纳列阵的瓷态，本文通过对其三维力学模型的分析，得到该系统的运动微分方程，其中缆索的力学方程是基于Ablow和Milinazzo的模型，而对于拖体则运用六自由度空间运动方程模拟，结合边界条件，用有限差分法求解，通过对拖船的不同运动状态如匀速，变速和回转的计算，证明本文的方法对于预报声纳列阵的姿态是有效的。 相似文献