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We propose to use waveform cross correlation techniques for seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) by proving the ability to build the Global Grid (GG) of master events using high-quality waveform templates at stations of the International Monitoring System. In seismically active regions, the choice of the highest quality and most representative signals from earthquakes as templates for master events is straightforward and one can reduce the current amplitude detection threshold at the International Data Centre (IDC) by a factor of 2 to 3. This gain practically doubles the number of built events, and thus, is crucial for seismic monitoring under the CTBT. However, the coverage by real masters is confined to areas with natural seismicity. Here, we investigate the possibility to populate the GG with real and synthetic master events as a two part study. In Part I, we estimate the effectiveness of cross correlation based on a regular grid filled with grand-master events with replicated high-quality waveform templates.In Part II, we develop and estimate efficiency of synthetic waveform templates for aseismic zones. Both approaches are quantitatively tested using the aftershock sequence of the April 11, 2012 Sumatera earthquake. The cross correlation bulletin previously built using sixteen real master events is a natural benchmark to evaluate the performance of the replicated masters and synthetic waveforms. In Part I, we prove that the replicated grand masters demonstrate the performance at the level of real masters. The Primary IMS Seismic Network includes many array stations, which provide a higher resolution monitoring based on cross correlation. 相似文献
3.
Abstract This paper develops further a convection model that has been studied several times previously as a very crude idealization of planetary core dynamics. A plane layer of electrically-conducting fluid rotates about the vertical in the presence of a magnetic field. Such a field can be created spontaneously, as in the Childress-Soward dynamo, but here it is uniform, horizontal and externally-applied. The Prandtl number of the fluid is large, but the Ekman, Elsasser and Rayleigh numbers are of unit order. In Part I of this series, it was also supposed that the ratio thermal diffusivity diffusivity/magnetic diffusivity is O(1), but here we suppose that this ratio is large. The character of the solution is changed in this limit. In the case of main interest, when the layer is confined between electrically-insulating no-slip walls, the solution is significantly different from the solution when the mathematically simpler, illustrative boundary conditions also considered in Part I are employed. As in Part I, attention is focussed on the onset of convection as the temperature difference applied across the layer is increased, and on the preferred mode, i.e., the planform and time-dependence of small amplitude convection. 相似文献
4.
Jaroslav Střeštík Karel Prikner Karel Dobeš Reviewer M. Hvoždara 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1973,17(1):27-35
Summary The spectra of nearly 100 samples of Bpc3 pulsations were computed in the X and Y components of data from the Budkov Observatory. These spectra were used to study the daily variations of the fundamental characteristics of the pulsations, the frequency f
0
and amplitude A
0
of the main spectral peaks. The daily variation of the ellipticity of the polarization ellipses of oscillations in frequency f
0
was also studied in the XY-plane.Part of these results was reported at the XVth General Assembly of the IUGG, Moscow, August 1971. 相似文献
5.
幅度大的钻铤波掩盖地层信号是困扰随钻声波测井技术的难题,认识钻铤波特性对于消除或有效降低钻铤波至关重要.记录岩石动电效应引起电磁场的随钻动电测井,被认为有望彻底解决钻铤波干扰问题.本文采用有限差分法,模拟不同钻铤、不同井孔结构的随钻声场,对比分析了单极源钻铤波的传播特性,阐明存在伴随钻铤波动电信号的原因.结果表明:钻铤声波在沿钻铤传播时向外部介质辐射能量,透过井壁进入地层的具有视钻铤波速度的声波,与地层纵横波一样可发生动电转化,因而可导致随钻动电测井时产生钻铤波速度的电磁信号.计算还表明,高频情况下,随钻声波测井钻铤波呈现两阶模式:具有低频截止频率的高阶钻铤波幅度较小,其速度略低于钻铤纵波速度;无截止频率的低阶钻铤波幅度较大,其波速在高频时甚至低于钻铤横波速度.这种频散特性和多阶模式特性,是径向多分层开波导结构的导波属性. 相似文献
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DIRK GOOSSENS 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(11):1041-1047
The results are presented of an inquiry set up to make an inventory of the technical facilities currently (1995) available in aeolian geosciences. A questionnaire was sent to 358 research units involved in aeolian georesearch. Seventy-two units responded. Although this is only 20 per cent, the major aeolian units did respond. The inquiry consists of five parts. Part one sought general information about the research units. Part two investigated the importance of aeolian research in the total research activity of each unit, and the way the research is carried out. Part three focused on the laboratory equipment, and part four on the field equipment. Part five lists the research topics and major fields of interest. 相似文献
7.
Part II of this paper is a direct continuation of Part I, where we consider the same types of orthorhombic layered media and the same types of pure-mode and converted waves. Like in Part I, the approximations for the slowness-domain kinematical characteristics are obtained by combining power series coefficients in the vicinity of both the normal-incidence ray and an additional wide-angle ray. In Part I, the wide-angle ray was set to be the critical ray (‘critical slowness match’), whereas in Part II we consider a finite long offset associated with a given pre-critical ray (‘pre-critical slowness match’). Unlike the critical slowness match, the approximations in the pre-critical slowness match are valid only within the bounded slowness range; however, the accuracy within the defined range is higher. Moreover, for the pre-critical slowness match, there is no need to distinguish between the high-velocity layer and the other, low-velocity layers. The form of the approximations in both critical and pre-critical slowness matches is the same, where only the wide-angle power series coefficients are different. Comparing the approximated kinematical characteristics with those obtained by exact numerical ray tracing, we demonstrate high accuracy. Furthermore, we show that for all wave types, the accuracy of the pre-critical slowness match is essentially higher than that of the critical slowness match, even for matching slowness values close to the critical slowness. Both approaches can be valuable for implementation, depending on the target offset range and the nature of the subsurface model. The pre-critical slowness match is more accurate for simulating reflection data with conventional offsets. The critical slowness match can be attractive for models with a dominant high-velocity layer, for simulating, for example, refraction events with very long offsets. 相似文献
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Phil R. Cummins Laura S. L. Kong Kenji Satake 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(11-12):1983-1989
In this introduction we briefly summarize the 14 contributions to Part I of this special issue on Tsunami Science Four Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. These papers are representative of the new tsunami science being conducted since the occurrence of that tragic event. Most of these were presented at the session: Tsunami Generation and Hazard, of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXIV General Assembly held at Perugia, Italy, in July of 2007. That session included over one hundred presentations on a wide range of topics in tsunami research. The papers grouped into Part I, and introduced here, cover topics directly related to tsunami mitigation such as numerical modelling, hazard assessment and databases. Part II of this special issue, Observations and Data Analysis, will be published in a subsequent volume of Pure and Applied Geophysics. 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩复杂的孔隙结构如何影响其弹性性质一直是地球物理研究的难点问题,在此基础上如何半定量甚至是定量地对碳酸盐岩储层预测,特别是如何有效地获取孔隙结构参数相关的地震属性体一直是油气工业界追求的目标.本研究从数字岩心角度入手,联合测井以及地震数据尝试探究这一问题的解决方案,包括如下几个方面:(1)代表性碳酸盐岩储层样品获取;(2)CT扫描数字岩心数据体获取;(3)数字岩心数据的图像处理;(4)数字岩心数据的静态弹性模拟;(5)数字岩心子数据体的孔隙结构因子提取;(6)孔隙结构因子表征与分类下的弹性性质与孔隙度的定量化量版建立;(7)数字岩心-井-地震联合的孔隙度属性提取;(8)孔隙结构因子的地震属性体获取.本研究分为两篇系列文章上篇与下篇,上篇主要阐述如上提出的(1)—(4)方面,重点在于针对碳酸盐岩二值化图像处理的流程建立与验证,以及数字岩心静态弹性模拟的理论方面,这两方面是基于数字岩心获得精确的碳酸盐岩弹性性质模拟结果的关键所在;下篇主要阐述利用数字岩心数据获得孔隙结构因子的思路、理论与流程,以及为碳酸盐岩储层预测为目标而获得孔隙结构因子的地震属性体的实际应用方面.由于两篇文章共享数字岩心数据,同时所涉及的研究思路与流程形成一个有机整体,因此写成两篇系列文章而非两篇独立文章.本文为两篇系列文章的第一篇:上篇. 相似文献
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N. A. KINNEGING V. BUDEJICKY C. P. A. WAPENAAR A. J. BERKHOUT 《Geophysical Prospecting》1989,37(5):493-530
In order to make 3D prestack depth migration feasible on modern computers it is necessary to use a target-oriented migration scheme. By limiting the output of the migration to a specific depth interval (target zone), the efficiency of the scheme is improved considerably. The first step in such a target-oriented approach is redatuming of the shot records at the surface to the upper boundary of the target zone. For this purpose, efficient non-recursive wavefield extrapolation operators should be generated. We propose a ray tracing method or the Gaussian beam method. With both methods operators can be efficiently generated for any irregular shooting geometry at the surface. As expected, the amplitude behaviour of the Gaussian beam method is better than that of the ray tracing based operators. The redatuming algorithm is performed per shot record, which makes the data handling very efficient. From the shot records at the surface‘genuine zero-offset data’are generated at the upper boundary of the target zone. Particularly in situations with a complicated overburden, the quality of target-oriented zero-offset data is much better than can be reached with a CMP stacking method at the surface. The target-oriented zero-offset data can be used as input to a full 3D zero-offset depth migration scheme, in order to obtain a depth section of the target zone. 相似文献
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搜集了1900-2013年间发生在中国大陆及其邻区的震源机制解资料,详细整理了其中的70个7级及以上大震的震源参数、地表破裂带和地表位移资料。根据资料的完整程度将地震分成三类: A类存在地表破裂和地表位移观测资料; B类存在地表破裂资料,但缺少地表位移观测数据;C类缺少地表破裂带和地表位移观测资料。对B类和C类缺少地表位移观测数据的地震,利用三角形模型模拟其位移分布。再根据地表位移分布及地震破裂带与本文使用网格模型之间的位置关系将地震分段。最后,利用分段前、后的地震数据和改进的双三次样条方法反演研究区域的形变场模型。结果表明:①大震资料的分段处理改进了地震数据的反演结果,提高了反演模型的合理性和空间一致性;在喜马拉雅断裂带,形变场具有更好的连续性,其变形特征与地质等数据的反演结果基本吻合;塔里木盆地和阿尔金断裂的形变量减小,与该区域较低的地震活动性一致;戈壁一阿尔泰的变形从SE的挤压和NE的拉张调整到NE的挤压和NW的拉张;鄂尔多斯西缘的拉张分量明显减小。②113年的地震资料解释了印度板块向欧亚板块运动总速率的30~50%,存在20 mm/a左右的速度亏损,该亏损量可能包括断层蠕动、褶皱等非震形变,未监测到或者缺失的地震,及以弹性应变能形式存在通过潜在地震释放的应变 相似文献
12.
Winterwerp Johan C. Wang Zheng Bing van Braeckel Alexander van Holland Gijsbert K&#;sters Frank 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(11):1293-1306
This is Part II of two papers on man-induced regime shifts in small, narrow, and converging estuaries, with focus on the interaction between effective hydraulic drag, fine sediment import, and tidal amplification, induced by river engineering works, e.g., narrowing and deepening. Paper I describes a simple linear analytical model for the tidal movement in narrow, converging estuaries and a conceptual model on the response of tidal rivers to river engineering works. It is argued that such engineering works may set in motion a snowball effect bringing the river into an alternative steady state. Part II analyses the historic development in tidal range in four rivers, e.g., the Elbe, Ems, Loire, and Scheldt, all in northwest Europe; data are available for many decades, up to a century. We use the analytical model derived in Part I, showing that the effective hydraulic drag in the Ems and Loire has decreased considerably over time, as anticipated in Part I. We did not find evidence that the Upper Sea Scheldt is close to its tipping point towards hyperturbid conditions, but risks have been identified. In the Elbe, tidal reflections against the profound step in bed level around Hamburg seem to have affected the tidal evolution in the last decades. It is emphasized that the conceptual picture sketched in these papers is still hypothetical and needs to be validated, for instance through hind-cast modeling of the evolution of these rivers. This will not be an easy task, as historical data for a proper calibration of the models required are scarce.
相似文献13.
Johan C. Winterwerp Zheng Bing Wang Alexander van Braeckel Gijsbert van Holland Frank Kösters 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(11-12):1293-1306
This is Part II of two papers on man-induced regime shifts in small, narrow, and converging estuaries, with focus on the interaction between effective hydraulic drag, fine sediment import, and tidal amplification, induced by river engineering works, e.g., narrowing and deepening. Paper I describes a simple linear analytical model for the tidal movement in narrow, converging estuaries and a conceptual model on the response of tidal rivers to river engineering works. It is argued that such engineering works may set in motion a snowball effect bringing the river into an alternative steady state. Part II analyses the historic development in tidal range in four rivers, e.g., the Elbe, Ems, Loire, and Scheldt, all in northwest Europe; data are available for many decades, up to a century. We use the analytical model derived in Part I, showing that the effective hydraulic drag in the Ems and Loire has decreased considerably over time, as anticipated in Part I. We did not find evidence that the Upper Sea Scheldt is close to its tipping point towards hyperturbid conditions, but risks have been identified. In the Elbe, tidal reflections against the profound step in bed level around Hamburg seem to have affected the tidal evolution in the last decades. It is emphasized that the conceptual picture sketched in these papers is still hypothetical and needs to be validated, for instance through hind-cast modeling of the evolution of these rivers. This will not be an easy task, as historical data for a proper calibration of the models required are scarce. 相似文献
14.
《Advances in water resources》1996,19(1):29-47
Transport processes in heterogeneous porous media are often treated in terms of one-equation models. Such treatment assumes that the velocity, pressure, temperature, and concentration can be represented in terms of a single large-scale averaged quantity in regions having significantly different mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. In this paper we explore the process of single-phase flow in a two-region model of heterogeneous porous media. The region-averaged equations are developed for the case of a slightly compressible flow which is an accurate representation for a certain class of liquid-phase flows. The analysis leads to a pair of transport equations for the region averaged pressures that are coupled through a classic exchange term, in addition to being coupled by a diffusive cross effect. The domain of validity of the theory has been identified in terms of a series of length and timescale constraints.In Part II the theory is tested, in the absence of adjustable parameters, by comparison with numerical experiments for transient, slightly compressible flow in both stratified and nodular models of heterogeneous porous media. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for nodular and stratified systems, and effective transport coefficients for a wide range of conditions are presented on the basis of solutions of the three closure problems that appear in the theory. Part III of this paper deals with the principle of large-scale mechanical equilibrium and the region-averaged form of Darcy's law. This form is necessary for the development and solution of the region-averaged solute transport equations that are presented in Part IV. Finally, in Part V we present results for the dispersion tensors and the exchange coefficient associated with the two-region model of solute transport with adsorption. 相似文献
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It was mathematically proved that the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way wave equation could provide the same amplitude as the full‐wave equation in heterogeneous lossless media in the sense of high‐frequency asymptotics. Much work has been done on the vertical velocity variation related amplitude correction term but the lateral velocity variation related term has not received much attention, even being excluded in some asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator formulations. Here we analyse the effects of different amplitude correction terms in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator, especially the effect related to the lateral velocity variation, by comparing the wavefield amplitude from the one‐way propagator with that from full‐wave modelling. We derive a dual‐domain wide‐angle screen type asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator and evaluate two implementations of the amplitude correction. Numerical examples show that the lateral velocity variation related correction term can play a significant role in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator. Optimization of the expansion coefficients in the asymptotic true‐amplitude one‐way propagator can improve both the amplitude and phase accuracy for wide‐angle waves. 相似文献
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M. J. M. de Wit 《水文研究》2001,15(5):743-759
Human activity has resulted in increased nutrient levels in rivers and coastal seas all over Europe. Models that can describe nutrient fluxes from pollution sources to river outlets may help policy makers to select the most effective source control measures to achieve a reduction of nutrient levels in rivers and coastal seas. Part I of this paper describes the development of such a model: PolFlow. PolFlow was specially designed for operation at the river basin scale and is here applied to model 5‐year average nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in two European river basins (Rhine and Elbe) covering the period 1970–1995. Part II reports an error analysis and model evaluation, and compares PolFlow to simpler alternative models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Rayleigh波在浅圆凹陷地形附近的散射:高频解答 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
利用波函数展开法给出了Rayleigh波在浅圆凹陷地形附近散射的一个高频解析解，并分析了入射频率、凹陷地形宽度和深度等因素对波散射的影响。数值结果表明，由于Rayleigh波幅值随深度而衰减，凹陷地形表面位移幅值整体上较小，且随着凹陷地形深度的增加而减小；由于Rayleigh波幅值还随频率而衰减，随着入射频率的升高，凹陷地形表面位移幅值逐渐减小；由于凹陷地形的屏障作用，在人射波的近端，地表位移分布变得相对复杂，地表位移峰值出现在左角点附近，而在入射波远端，地表位移分布相对简单，地表位移峰值出现在距凹陷地形较远的地方。 相似文献
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Man-induced regime shifts in small estuaries—I: theory 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This is Part I of two papers on man-induced regime shifts in small, narrow, and converging estuaries, with focus on the interaction between effective hydraulic drag, fine sediment import, and tidal amplification, induced by river engineering works, e.g., narrowing and deepening. In this part, a simple linear analytical model is derived, solving the linearized shallow water equations in exponentially converging tidal rivers. Distinguishing reflecting and non-reflecting conditions, a non-dimensional dispersion equation is derived which yields the real and imaginary wave numbers as a function of the estuarine convergence number and effective hydraulic drag. The estuarine convergence number describes the major geometrical features of a tidal river, e.g., intertidal area, convergence length, and water depth. This model is used in Part II analyzing the historical development of the tide in four rivers. Part I also presents a conceptual model on the response of tidal rivers to narrowing and deepening. It is argued that, upon the loss of intertidal area, flood-dominant conditions prevail, upon which fine sediments are pumped into the river, reducing its effective hydraulic drag. Then a snowball effect may be initiated, bringing the river into a hyper-turbid state. This state is self-maintaining because of entrainment processes, and favorable from an energetic point of view, and therefore highly stable. We may refer to an alternative steady state. 相似文献