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1.
To document the diversity of geographic (physical and human) influences on seed exchange, an important component of traditional agricultural systems, household surveys were conducted in four villages in the Mexican Bajío. This research reviews and contributes to an understanding of the purpose, structure, and scale of seed exchange and threats to seed movement. Based on the household survey data, the main factors that distinguish seed exchange at the village level include whether or not the same seed was grown the previous year, what farmers look for in a seed source, and where they have acquired their original seed. When the household survey data are analyzed based on gender, rather than village, different results are obtained. We discuss the diversity of possible influences on the current seed systems in four Bajío communities surveyed and address the possible consequences for agrobiodiversity conservation. 相似文献
2.
Local geography and gender are two major factors determining which crop varieties are cultivated in a case study of two rural villages in Bangladesh. This paper explores the interrelationships between gender, agrobiodiversity, and the use of, and preferences for, improved and local crop varieties. These are examined in relation to rice, minor field crops, and home garden fruits and vegetables. Reasons for both the displacement and the persistence of local varieties (LVs) are analysed in comparison to improved variety (IV) diffusion. The research evaluates agrobiodiversity through the number, types, and varieties of crops grown in fields and home gardens. The desired agroecological, economic, and cultural characteristics of crops grown document how respondents rank their variety preferences. Variety preferences and the perceived importance of LV preservation are compared with what is actually grown. The study indicates that there was little variation between villages in their approach towards the use of IV and LV rice; IVs were cultivated for their high yields and LV rice for taste and culinary uses. However, there were significant differences in relative agricultural dependence between the two villages which led to unique variety preferences. In both villages, women's preferences for IVs or LVs play a major role in crop choices, particularly as they manifest themselves in gendered domains of authority. 相似文献
3.
CLARISSA T. KIMBER 《Geographical review》2004,94(3):263-283
ABSTRACT. Investigations of dooryard gardens, kitchen gardens, home gardens, and houselot gardens fall unequally into one of three groupings. The first are those that treat the plants in the gardens as biological entities and define a space considered a culturally controlled biological community or habitat. The second are those that consider plants cultural traits and the space defined by their positions a setting for household activities. The third conceives of plants as design elements within a garden or a landscape that frames a house or provides a setting for formal human performances. Recent decades have witnessed a broadening focus in the study of gardens, from spatial characteristics and biological content to social and cultural concerns such as reciprocity networks, contested spaces, and the concept of “dwelling.” 相似文献
4.
MARIA ELISA CHRISTIE 《Geographical review》2004,94(3):368-390
ABSTRACT. The house‐lot garden in central Mexico is gendered space where changing cultural identities are negotiated, re‐created, and celebrated as “tradition” is continually redefined. No clear boundary separates the kitchen from the house‐lot garden or the private space of the household from the semipublic space of the community. During collective food preparation for religious fiestas, gendered reciprocity networks strengthen community relations and foster alliances between traditional neighborhoods and between communities in the region. At the intersection of everyday life and fiestas, food‐preparation spaces, or kitchenspaces, in the house‐lot garden are fertile areas in which to explore the cultural reproduction of nature‐society relations. They are vital to understanding gender, place, and culture in this region and represent people's symbolic connection with the land in increasingly urban contexts. This article analyzes the sense of place that Mexican women derive from their house‐lot gardens. 相似文献
5.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):420-426
Abstract This paper outlines a method for teaching about cultural landscapes in introductory geography classes by contrasting the Renaissance gardens of Italy with the Zen gardens of Japan. The ordered, symmetrical, formal arrangement of the Renaissance gardens are compared to the Zen gardens where landscape features appear to be completely natural. By contrasting these two garden traditions—their physical characteristics, their paths of diffusion, and the world views they express—it is possible to illustrate how cultural landscapes develop and persist in areas as a result of differing combinations of physical, social, and cultural circumstances. 相似文献
6.
WILLIAM E. DOOLITTLE 《Geographical review》2004,94(3):391-404
ABSTRACT. The history of gardens and the history of humans are linked inextricably, especially in the context of environment. As people and their institutions have changed, so too have gardens. This brief essay illustrates some important aspects in the evolution of gardens, exploring three seemingly discrete, but actually interconnected, notions: the antiquity of gardens, combining archaeological data with ethnographic parallels; the role of gardens in the changing spatial manifestations of agriculture, from dump heaps to amber waves of grain; and the transformation of domestic space, the literal and figurative reconstruction of garden fences into house walls. Changes are discussed as inadvertent products, rather than as consequences of deliberate actions. Modern ideas about categorizing landscapes are challenged further. The nature/culture dualism is a myth even at the household scale, as is our traditional way of looking at the world. 相似文献
7.
Louise C. Johnson 《The Australian geographer》2006,37(2):259-277
Is there a revolution occurring in the Australian suburb? From a brief examination of demographic, economic, political and aesthetic changes, it appears that the suburbs of the new century are very different from those of the last. With the demise of key underpinnings of the older suburban form—the sexual division of labour, particular family forms, localised communities and bucolic private gardens—has gone an end to official support of the expansive suburb and a major shift in their politics, planning, economies and relationship to the CBD and other centres. With falling household sizes has gone a seemingly contradictory trend toward larger houses on smaller blocks of land. In the context of these many changes along with urban containment and consolidation, this paper argues that there is a convergence occurring between the design of inner, middle and outer suburban dwellings. The negativity long heaped upon the suburban bungalow by the custodians of taste is being revisited. The style wars are easing, as suburban homes increasingly resemble those appearing in densified cities across the nation. 相似文献
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9.
山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的实证分析--以河南省上河村为例 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
通过实证调查,山地农村社会经济发展呈下滑态势,指出:人力资源外流、兼业弱化、农户投入减少且偏向生活投资、农民负担日渐加重等是山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的主要原因,提高山地农村社会经济发展的主要措施包括:大力发展山地农村的文化教育,发挥当地的林业优势,积极有效引导劳动力合理流动,增加农民收入渠道,加强农村市场建设,切实减轻农民负担等。 相似文献
10.
《Urban geography》2013,34(1):7-29
The commuting times of exurbanites are explored using data from a survey of recent home purchasers in the Portland, Oregon region. Despite the suburbanization of jobs, most exurbanites spend more time commuting than their suburban counterparts. Household dynamics strongly influence exurban travel times with working spouses shortening the commutes of primary earners and children shortening the trips of secondary earners. In exchange for longer trips to work, exurban households obtain more space, a rural environment, lower housing prices, and/or better places for raising their children. The diversity of exurban households is captured in four exurban household types—Economy-Minded, Family-Oriented, Affluent, and Long-Distance Commuters—each of which has different commuting and socioeconomic characteristics. 相似文献
11.
Seed management has until recently been neglected in agrobiodiversity research. Gender dimensions in seed selection, processing, storage and exchange embody critical task areas in the human management of diverse crop species and varieties. This paper focuses on women's roles in seed management in field and homegarden crops in Bangladesh and reports on the findings of a study in two villages in Tangail District. Seventy-five women were surveyed with a questionnaire and subsets interviewed in-depth; focus groups conducted for women and men provided a means of cross-checking responses. Three distinct areas of agrobiodiversity were addressed: the gendered divisions of labour among agricultural tasks; the pervasiveness of seed saving among respondents; and seed management practices and techniques. The results indicate that while men have greater authority over field activities, homegarden production is the exclusive domain of women. Seed management is seen as an extension of women's domestic duties: women are responsible for all seed processing, storage and exchange for field as well as homegarden crops. The vast majority of seeds sown are saved on-farm by women, revealing important cultural, economic and environmental implications for agrobiodiversity conservation and local differences. 相似文献
12.
Urban Community Garden Agrodiversity and Cultural Identity in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, U.S. 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hamil Pearsall Sheila Gachuz Marcel Rodriguez Sosa Birgit Schmook Hans van der Wal Maria Amalia Gracia 《Geographical review》2017,107(3):476-495
Considerable research has examined the social, cultural, economic, and community benefits of urban gardening. Few studies, however, have empirically assessed factors that influence urban community garden agrodiversity or its relationship to these dimensions of gardening. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of agrodiversity and cultural identity, based certain markers of identity, including how people see themselves with respect to race, ethnicity, or place of origin, in community gardens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We conducted fifty‐six semistructured interviews with gardeners with different cultural identities in eight community gardens on their motivations for urban community gardening during 2014. We conducted plant inventories of the corresponding garden plots and found 104 cultivated edible and ornamental species and 28 varieties representing 34 families. We find that although gardens with culturally diverse gardeners did not have higher species richness, the cultural identity of the gardeners influenced species selection and reason for gardening. Further, the structure, design and species composition of garden plots reflected the identities of garden members. These finding have implications for the recent institutionalization of urban agriculture into city land policies in Philadelphia and other cities in North America. 相似文献
13.
Our research seeks to understand how the contemporary community garden movement in the United States differs from its predecessors and whether its new foundation increases the political and financial sustainability of today's gardens. To this end, this article reviews historical and contemporary literature, and surveys participants in three distinctive community gardens, to answer several related research questions. First, what is the current state of the US community garden movement, and how have its historical roots shaped its response to current policy concerns? Second, which populations comprise today's community gardeners, and what motivates them to participate? After considering the findings from our three study gardens, and from a review of secondary and “gray” literature, we conclude by positing that a greater diversity of gardeners and gardening motivations, accompanied by changing leading views on urban land uses, will lead to such urban gardens remaining a more lasting feature of city neighborhood landscapes. 相似文献
14.
V. Ernesto Méndez Christopher M. Bacon Meryl Olson Katlyn S. Morris Annie Shattuck 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):357-376
We used households as the primary unit of analysis to synthesize agrobiodiversity research in small-scale coffee farms and cooperatives of Nicaragua and El Salvador. Surveys, focus groups, and plant inventories were used to analyze agrobiodiversity and its contribution to livelihoods. Households managed high levels of agrobiodiversity, including 100 shade tree and epiphyte species, food crops, and medicinals. Small farms contained higher levels of agrobiodiversity than larger, collectively managed cooperatives. Households benefited from agrobiodiversity through consumption and sales. To better support agrobiodiversity conservation, our analysis calls for a hybrid approach integrating bottom-up initiatives with the resources from top-down projects. 相似文献
15.
广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院的树木和景观研究* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院树木的组成、结构、空间格局、树木与生境的关系,以及私人庭院树木与公共绿地的不同特点进行了研究。结果表明:华侨新村庭院树木的种类多样性很高,共有114个树种。与广州城市行道树相比,华侨新村的乡土树种和果树比例较高。在调查的树木中84.75%的树木没有结构损伤现象,只有1.5%的树木生长较差。私人庭院内的树种较为分散,有45种树木为每个庭院仅一棵的单生种,有67.1%的庭院其树种在5种或以上。树木在街道的空间分布则有相对集中的趋势。庭院的大小是影响树木生长的重要条件,在有限空间的庭院内种植过多的树木是造成树木和环境关系紧张的重要原因。 相似文献
16.
Luke Drake 《Urban geography》2013,34(2):177-196
Community-produced spaces such as community gardens are attracting widespread scholarly interest for the potential of not only food production, but also for social, environmental, and educational benefits. Yet community gardens have also been scrutinized as sites of governmentality that produce neoliberal subjects. In this article, six case studies are analyzed as representative of three ways to organize and manage gardens—grassroots, externally-organized, and active nonprofit management. I use performativity theory to examine how definitions and enactments of community can be used to include, exclude, or bridge difference. The analysis highlights some of the specific moments in garden organizing and management that influence participation or resistance to community-oriented urban food production. 相似文献
17.
Mina Kaboudarahangi Osman Mohd Tahir Mustafa Kamal M.S. 《The Australian geographer》2013,44(2):197-213
Malaysia has a complex multiracial population, predominantly defined by three major ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese and Indian races, with diverse cultural backgrounds. Despite this, the country has a vision to be the most beautiful garden nation, and its National Landscape Policy (NLP) puts emphasis on creating a unique landscape and garden identity. Because of ethnic and cultural differences, there are differences between preferences for developing a garden identity for Malaysia. Hence, this study focused on the visual quality of gardens. Representative images of four well-established gardens of the world including Persian-Islamic, English, Japanese and Chinese gardens were presented to the study's respondents through preference photo surveys. Respondents from the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia were asked to rate their preferred garden types, elements and scenes that they would like to see in Malaysian gardens. The results pinpointed expectations of the visual quality of gardens. These highlighted some similarities and differences between the three major ethnic groups in their preferences for the scenes and elements that they sought in gardens. Diverse factors must be considered when creating Malaysian gardens that will be accepted by Malaysians of different ethnic groups. Garden development reveals preferences attached to visual qualities and emphasises cultural differences between garden users. 相似文献
18.
以宁化县紫色土侵蚀区4种主要治理模式的植物群落调查资料为基础,采用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数对其进行分析。研究结果表明：1）与对照区相比,各治理样地植物群落物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均有不同程度提高,植物群落结构趋于复杂稳定。2）随着演替的进展,群落多样性指数在乔灌草混交及封禁治理模式增大,但在油茶园改造模式中变化不明显。3）经济林模式治理年限短,受人为干扰强烈,植物多样性差异较大,其随治理年限的变化有待于进一步观察。4）植物多样性与植物生长型的关系：物种丰富度和多样性指数在治理初期为草本层大于灌木层,随着群落演替的进展,灌木层逐渐大于草本层;均匀度指数的变化,在油茶园改造及乔灌草混交模式中草本层大于灌木层,而在经济林和封禁模式中,多表现为灌木层大于草本层。因此,后续治理应注意：侵蚀劣地的生态恢复必须进行科学的人为干预,生物措施应合理配置乔灌草物种数和个体数,对树种单一的群落需进行补植修复;针对不同治理阶段和治理模式,生态恢复侧重点要有差异。 相似文献
19.
Tim Brothers 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):447-448
Social network analysis is increasingly used by geographers to better understand network phenomena. This article employs a promising analytic approach for the study of relational networks in human geography—dyadic regression analysis (DRA)—to examine labor sharing networks among peasant households. Data from a floodplain community in the Peruvian Amazon are incorporated into a relational data set that represents all reported cooperative labor flows for agriculture over one year. Matrices capturing both link and node (household) attributes are analyzed to explain the formation of cooperative labor links and the intensity (and direction) of labor flows. Results reveal that cooperative labor, which entails work predominantly done by males, is strongly shaped by relations among women, as well as by kin networks and household structure. Our findings suggest the utility of DRA for the study of other relational networks of interest to geographers. 相似文献
20.
中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
开展农户可持续生计研究,对于解决农村贫困问题,促进农村社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,本文首先阐述了可持续生计的概念,并对国外农户可持续生计研究概况进行了简介;然后从生计资产(资本)研究、生计脆弱性分析、生计策略研究、政策、机构和过程对农户生计影响研究、农户生计与生态环境的相互关系研究等5 个方面对近年来国内农户生计的主要研究进展进行了归纳总结。最后,提出了中国农户可持续生计研究的主要趋向:跨学科综合性、系统性研究,新技术方法的综合与动态研究,农户可持续生计与贫困问题研究,城乡转型期农户可持续生计研究,重点区域的农户可持续生计研究。 相似文献