共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 781 毫秒
1.
Jinghai Xu Timothy L. Nyerges Gaozhong Nie 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(1):185-205
Earthquake emergency response is one of the three earthquake disaster mitigation work systems in China, already achieving good results in some earthquake disaster mitigation situations. Earthquake emergency plans and emergency command systems are among the most important research and operations components of emergency response. These components commonly come with challenges, such as the pertinence of emergency commands and the operability of the countermeasures to be improved. The promise for solving this problem resides with applying knowledge that aids intelligence creation for decision-making. In this paper, we put forward a conceptual model of knowledge for earthquake disaster emergency response (EDER); compositions of EDER knowledge are introduced within architecture. A modeling method incorporating geo-ontology is used to build basic modeling primitives. Geo-ontology serves to represent geospatial characteristics of the EDER knowledge and addresses a need for semantic interoperability in the modeling process. A decision problem framework and a case study have been used as theoretical framework and an application test, respectively, to evaluate the EDER knowledge architecture and models. The EDER knowledge model provides a foundation for intelligent emergency response that helps solve knowledge problems to improve earthquake disaster response. 相似文献
2.
F. J. Pantus N. Ellis H. P. Possingham W. Venables 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):575-599
We often need to report on environmental, economic and social indicators, and properties at aggregated spatial scales, e.g. average income per suburb. To do this, we invariably create reporting polygons that are somewhat arbitrary. The question arises: how much does this arbitrary subdivision of space affect the outcome? In this paper, we develop a new, gradient‐based framework for carrying out a rigorous analysis of the sensitivity of integrating functions to quantitative changes in their spatial configuration. This approach is applied to both analytical and empirical models, and it allows the reporting of a hierarchy of sensitivity measures (from global to local). We found that the concepts of a vector space representing the spatial configurations and the response (hyper‐)surface on which gradients indicate the sensitivities to be helpful in developing the sensitivity analytical framework of spatial configurations in different dimensions. This approach works well with both analytical and empirical integrating functions. This approach resulted in a clear ranking of the sensitivities of the responses to changes in the reporting regions in an existing environmental reporting application. The approach also allowed us to find which vertices, and the directions of change of those vertices, influenced the outcome most. The application of the spatial framework allows the results to be reported in a hierarchical way, from the sensitivities of an integrative response to changes in a whole reserve/reporting system, down to the sensitivity along each of the dimensions of the vertices in the spatial configuration. The results of the spatial sensitivity framework that we developed in this paper can be readily visualized by plotting the sensitivities as vectors on geographic maps. This simplifies the presentation and facilitates the uptake of the results in the situations where the spatial configurations are complicated. 相似文献
3.
《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2012,112(2):159-173
The paper addresses the challenge of conceptualizing and analyzing complex change processes and causal explanations in human–environment systems. To illustrate this challenge empirically, the paper takes its point of departure in the apparent paradox that the agricultural practices in the desert fringe zone of the Sahel seem to remain remarkably unchanged despite huge and accelerating changes in major driving forces such as climate variations, population pressure, policies and market access. Such partly unexpected trends suggest that novel insight is needed into the human environment interactions that shape the use of land for cultivating purposes in this region. As a background for the paper’s conceptual discussion, recent developments in the Sahelian land use system are briefly described, using documentation from empirical case studies conducted in the northernmost region of Burkina Faso over the past 20?years. Specific attention is given to presenting (a) main trends in the transformation of the land use and livelihoods, (b) the co-evolution of possible driving forces that enables and constrains conditions for change and (c) characteristic trajectories of change. Inspired by the notions of process, temporal totality and inertia, the paper suggests employing a portfolio of complementary perspectives to investigate change processes. More precisely, four different conceptual lenses to analyze human–environment interaction are proposed and examined (the land change science framework, the double exposure notion, the system dynamics (SD) approach and coupled human–environmental timelines). Specific attention is given to the potential contribution of these respective lenses to enhancing our understanding of the land SD and to uncovering important causal relations. It is concluded that these conceptual lenses, in concert, can help to put process, in the sense of a sequence of successive stages, in the centre of our understanding of change and causal relationships in human–environmental systems. 相似文献
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S. Chakhar V. Mousseau 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11-12):1159-1196
Multicriteria analysis is a set of mathematical tools and methods allowing the comparison of different alternatives according to many criteria, often conflicting, to guide the decision maker towards a judicious choice. Multicriteria methods are used in spatial context to evaluate and compare spatial decision alternatives, often modeled through constraint‐based suitability analysis and represented by point, line, and polygon features or their combination, and evaluated on several space‐related criteria, to select a restricted subset for implementation. Outranking methods, a family of multicriteria methods, may be useful in spatial decision problems, especially when ordinal evaluation criteria are implied. However, it is recognized that these methods, except those devoted to multicriteria classification problems, are subject to computational limitations with respect to the number of alternatives. This paper proposes a framework to facilitate the incorporation and use of outranking methods in geographical information systems (GIS). The framework is composed of two phases. The first phase allows producing a planar subdivision of the study area obtained by combining a set of criteria maps; each represents a particular vision of the decision problem. The result is a set of non‐overlapping spatial units. The second phase allows constructing decision alternatives by combining the spatial units. Point, line and polygon feature‐based decision alternatives are then constructed as an individual, a grouping of linearly adjacent or a grouping of contiguous spatial units. This permits us to reduce considerably the number of alternatives, enabling the use of outranking methods. The framework is illustrated through the development of a prototype and through a step‐by‐step application to a corridor identification problem. This paper includes also a discussion of some conceptual and technical issues related to the framework. 相似文献
7.
Conceptual model of sediment processes in the upper Yuba River watershed, Sierra Nevada, CA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jennifer A. Curtis Lorraine E. Flint Charles N. Alpers Sarah M. Yarnell 《Geomorphology》2005,68(3-4):149-166
This study examines the development of a conceptual model of sediment processes in the upper Yuba River watershed; and we hypothesize how components of the conceptual model may be spatially distributed using a geographical information system (GIS). The conceptual model illustrates key processes controlling sediment dynamics in the upper Yuba River watershed and was tested and revised using field measurements, aerial photography, and low elevation videography. Field reconnaissance included mass wasting and channel storage inventories, assessment of annual channel change in upland tributaries, and evaluation of the relative importance of sediment sources and transport processes. Hillslope erosion rates throughout the study area are relatively low when compared to more rapidly eroding landscapes such as the Pacific Northwest and notable hillslope sediment sources include highly erodible andesitic mudflows, serpentinized ultramafics, and unvegetated hydraulic mine pits. Mass wasting dominates surface erosion on the hillslopes; however, erosion of stored channel sediment is the primary contributor to annual sediment yield. We used GIS to spatially distribute the components of the conceptual model and created hillslope erosion potential and channel storage models. The GIS models exemplify the conceptual model in that landscapes with low potential evapotranspiration, sparse vegetation, steep slopes, erodible geology and soils, and high road densities display the greatest hillslope erosion potential and channel storage increases with increasing stream order. In-channel storage in upland tributaries impacted by hydraulic mining is an exception. Reworking of stored hydraulic mining sediment in low-order tributaries continues to elevate upper Yuba River sediment yields. Finally, we propose that spatially distributing the components of a conceptual model in a GIS framework provides a guide for developing more detailed sediment budgets or numerical models making it an inexpensive way to develop a roadmap for understanding sediment dynamics at a watershed scale. 相似文献
8.
Xiaoying Yang David R. Steward Willem J. de Lange Simon Y. Lauwo Richard M. Chubb Eric A. Bernard 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):677-694
Development of a conceptualization of a hydrogeologic system serves as the basis of groundwater modeling. While existing groundwater data models are designed to store groundwater system information, none is designed to capture its conceptual view. This study addresses this need by presenting a new object-oriented Conceptualization Groundwater Data Model that represents a groundwater system as a series of aquifer layers with defined aquifer properties and water boundary conditions. A case study is presented that develops the conceptual view of the groundwater system beneath Konza Prairie. This single conceptualization is used to support groundwater models across existing technologies of finite difference, finite element, and analytical element methods. While the models each employ different mathematics, data input files, and formats, all models are founded on the same conceptualization process that is represented using this new data model. The case study illustrates the data model's promise as an effective mechanism for groundwater system conceptualization and data storage, and utility for various groundwater computational models. This conceptualization of a groundwater data model suggests a new focus on incorporating system conceptualization into data model design. 相似文献
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《Urban geography》2013,34(6):543-560
With recent advances in information and communications technologies (ICT), traditional conceptualizations and models of spatial interaction need updating. In a previous paper, this author developed an analytical framework that incorporated telecommunications capabilities as well as transportation modes and residential and work locations into a unified representation of the “geography of opportunities” (Shen, 1999). In this paper, the initial framework is extended by the inclusion in the formulation not only of employment opportunities, but also of other types of opportunities. Each type of opportunities is distributed among three components of geographic space: the physical space, the hybrid space, and the virtual space. The effects of ICT are captured by: (1) the saving of travel time for people who can partially substitute telecommunications for transportation as means to access opportunities in virtual and hybrid spaces and (2) the migration of opportunities from physical space to virtual and hybrid spaces. Individuals' position in the emerging spatial structure of the information society is measured in terms of accessibility to a wide range of economic and social opportunities. This new approach is shown to be an operational and promising analytical tool in a hypothetical setting. However, its refinement and application is currently constrained by the lack of systematically collected data on many aspects of the human geography. [Key words: telecommunications, human geography, spatial structure, spatial analysis.] 相似文献
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Rebecca W. Loraamm 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(8):1607-1627
ABSTRACT Animal movement is a dynamic spatio-temporal process. While trajectory data reflect the instantaneous animal position in space and time, other factors influence movement decisions between these observed positions. While some methods incorporate environmental (habitat) context into their understanding of the animal movement process, it is often captured in terms of simple parameters or weights influencing model results; primary behavioral data are not used directly to inform these models. Here, a new space-time constrained agent-based model is introduced, capable of producing ordered, behaviorally informed animal potential paths between observed space-time anchors. Potential paths generated by this approach incorporate both observed animal behavior and classical space-time constraints, and are used to construct associated visit probability distributions. Additionally, the notion of a behavioral space-time path is introduced, a variant of the space-time path based on the results of behaviorally aware animal movement simulation. The results of this approach demonstrate a means to better understand the varied movement opportunities within space-time prisms from an animal behavior perspective. From a spatial ecology perspective, not only is the environmental context considered, but the animal’s choice of transition and movement magnitude between contexts is modeled. This approach provides insight into the complex sequence of behaviorally informed actions driving animal movement decision-making. 相似文献
11.
Abstract Spatial statistics supplies advanced methods for analysing environmental data, and copes with observational interdependencies similar to the way principal components analysis treats multicollinearity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) utilizes kriging from geostatistics for mapping and visualizing environmental data. A conceptual framework is articulated between the interpolation problem in kriging and the missing data problem in spatial statistics, with special reference to relations between the exponential semi-variogram and the conditional autoregressive models. Supercomputing experiments are summarized that simplify numerically the probability density function normalizing factor, which is of particular relevance to estimation tasks for the EMAP project. 相似文献
12.
Roger Few 《The Geographical journal》2000,167(2):111-124
Critical analyses of public involvement in conservation projects in developing countries commonly point toward imbalances of power between project agencies and communities and the persistence of top-down patterns of decision-making. Taking an actor-oriented research approach, this paper probes beneath the surface patterns to analyse the complex socio-political mechanisms at work in the negotiating arena represented by public participation in project planning. The discussion is based on a case study of community involvement in the planning of protected areas in Belize. Detailed analysis of the power relations and tactical interactions between different actors in the negotiating arenas revealed that planner/community relations in the case study were dominated by a process identified as 'containment'. Containment refers to a strategic management of public involvement by the planning agencies, and it hinged on three fundamental social actions: avoidance of conflict; exclusion of dissent; and control over knowledge and procedure. Actions by local stakeholders that served to undermine containment constitute 'counter-containment'. The paper discusses these mechanisms in depth, before developing a comparative analytical framework of containment and counter-containment to help explain disparities in planning progress between different sites. 相似文献
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Gaurav Sinha Warit Silavisesrith 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):899-922
Environmental simulation models need automated geographic data reduction methods to optimize the use of high-resolution data in complex environmental models. Advanced map generalization methods have been developed for multiscale geographic data representation. In the case of map generalization, positional, geometric and topological constraints are focused on to improve map legibility and communication of geographic semantics. In the context of environmental modelling, in addition to the spatial criteria, domain criteria and constraints also need to be considered. Currently, due to the absence of domain-specific generalization methods, modellers resort to ad hoc methods of manual digitization or use cartographic methods available in off-the-shelf software. Such manual methods are not feasible solutions when large data sets are to be processed, thus limiting modellers to the single-scale representations. Automated map generalization methods can rarely be used with confidence because simplified data sets may violate domain semantics and may also result in suboptimal model performance. For best modelling results, it is necessary to prioritize domain criteria and constraints during data generalization. Modellers should also be able to automate the generalization techniques and explore the trade-off between model efficiency and model simulation quality for alternative versions of input geographic data at different geographic scales. Based on our long-term research with experts in the analytic element method of groundwater modelling, we developed the multicriteria generalization (MCG) framework as a constraint-based approach to automated geographic data reduction. The MCG framework is based on the spatial multicriteria decision-making paradigm since multiscale data modelling is too complex to be fully automated and should be driven by modellers at each stage. Apart from a detailed discussion of the theoretical aspects of the MCG framework, we discuss two groundwater data modelling experiments that demonstrate how MCG is not just a framework for automated data reduction, but an approach for systematically exploring model performance at multiple geographic scales. Experimental results clearly indicate the benefits of MCG-based data reduction and encourage us to continue expanding the scope of and implement MCG for multiple application domains. 相似文献
14.
基于水环境保护的流域景观格局 优化理念初探 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
流域范围内因水体的联系使得不同类型景观斑块之间的相互作用变得更为紧密, 因而景 观格局的变化会显著影响流域内水体质量。着眼于流域尺度上水环境保护的需要, 必须合理考虑 景观斑块的类型、格局和空间分异等特征, 尽可能地减少非点源污染输出量, 从而降低水体遭受 污染的威胁程度。本研究从水环境保护的角度出发, 以“源”“汇”景观在镶嵌组合和空间分异方面 利用的适宜性作为优化依据, 以“源”“汇”景观空间分布的关键地段作为研究战略点, 同时考虑 “源”“汇”景观在数量、空间和转换成本等方面的客观约束条件, 将景观数量结构优化和空间结构 优化进行有机结合, 最终确定了流域尺度上以调控非点源污染、保护水体质量为目标的景观格局 优化研究的概念框架。本研究不仅为解决流域尺度上非点源污染问题提供了一个全新的研究视 角, 而且为降低景观类型及其格局对水体质量的威胁程度提供了一个行之有效的优化方案。 相似文献
15.
全球环境变化下人-环境耦合系统的脆弱性研究综述 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
全球环境变化导致的冲击和压力已经成为社会与生态系统可持续发展的主要障碍,脆弱性分析作为可持续研究的主要分析工具之一引起了研究者的广泛关注。目前脆弱性研究还没有形成完善的理论体系、规范的评估程序和普遍适用的方法。本文在阅读了国内外脆弱性研究相关文献的基础上,从人-环境耦合系统的角度总结了脆弱性的概念框架,对不同研究背景下的脆弱性定义和三个组成要素进行了深入的分析,归纳了脆弱性研究的核心问题;梳理了脆弱性的起源、发展和现状,总结了人-环境耦合系统脆弱性研究中的热点问题和几个典型的脆弱性综合分析框架。由当前脆弱性的发展状况指出了未来脆弱性研究需要解决的问题:确定并有效表达系统脆弱性与多个压力间的因果关系、人-环境耦合系统的不确定性、脆弱性动力学机制问题和脆弱性与风险管理决策的信息互动关系。 相似文献
16.
环境公正已成为国外学术研究的热点问题，且地理学家研究贡献颇多。文章通过梳理国外环境公正的相关研究，特别是地理学家的相关文献，探讨了环境公正的概念建构，并应用Citespace软件分析20世纪90年代以来对环境公正研究的主题词变化态势，从研究内容、方法和尺度等方面总结了环境公正的研究特点，以期为中国环境公正的研究和相关政策的制定提供参考和借鉴。国外学者对环境公正概念主要从“分布公正”“认知公正”与“程序公正”3个方面建构。国外对环境公正的研究主题从关注社区的污染物质和污染设施向气候变化、绿色能源空间等全球性问题发展；研究内容涉及环境公正的分布、原因、影响以及实现方式的多元探讨；研究立场鲜明且在政策与规划方面具有极强的实践性；研究方法涵盖定性和定量两大领域的多种方法，并不断发展；研究尺度上从社区至全球都有覆盖。 相似文献
17.
On the spatial relationship between landslides and causative factors on Lantau Island, Hong Kong 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
This paper presents a statistical approach to study the spatial relationship between landslides and their causative factors at the regional level. The approach is based on digital databases, and incorporates such methods as statistics, spatial pattern analysis, and interactive mapping. Firstly, the authors propose an object-oriented conceptual model for describing a landslide event, and a combined database of landslides and environmental factors is constructed by integrating the various databases within such a conceptual framework. The statistical histogram, spatial overlay, and dynamic mapping methods are linked together to interactively evaluate the spatial pattern of the relationship between landslides and their causative factors. A case study of an extreme event in 1993 on Lantau Island indicates that rainfall intensity and the migration of the center of the rainstorm greatly influence the occurrence of landslides on Lantau Island. A regional difference in the relationship between landslides and topography is identified. Most of the landslides in the middle and western parts of the island occurred on slopes with slope angles of 25–35°, while in the eastern part, the corresponding range is 30–35°. Overlaying landslide data with land cover reveals that a large number of landslides occurred in the bareland and shrub-covered area, and in the transition zones between different vegetation types. The proposed approach can be used not only to analyze the general characteristics of such a relationship, but also to depict its spatial distribution and variation, thereby providing a sound basis for regional landslide prediction. 相似文献
18.
The socio-spatial dimension of behavior analysis: Frontiers and progress in Chinese behavioral geography 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China’s urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities. 相似文献
19.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(8)
The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China's urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities. 相似文献
20.
资源环境模型库管理系统研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
资源环境模型库管理系统是资源环境研究中的关键问题之一。建立资源环境模型库管理 系统通常有两种途径。一种途径是采用模型管理技术, 其主要方法包括数据式模型管理、结构化 模型管理、面向对象的模型管理和基于知识的模型管理, 这种方式的优势是可以有效地管理资源 环境模型, 但对空间数据处理的功能较弱, 需要编写大量的程序代码。另一种途径是在GIS 中管 理模型, 如ArcGIS 中的ModelBuilder, 这种方式的优点是可以充分利用GIS 的空间数据处理能 力, 但对复杂模型的支持较差。根据以上两种方式的特点, 本文提出了一种面向对象的资源环境 模型管理框架, 把模型抽象为模型类与模型实例, 采用面向对象方法表达模型, 通过构建资源环 境模型引擎处理空间数据和模型数学方程; 利用模型库和数据库, 可以实现模型的有效管理和模 型重用。 相似文献