共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
TANG Guo-an~ Josef Strobl~ GONG Jian-ya~ ZHAO Mu-dan~ CHEN Zhen-jiang~ 《地理学报(英文版)》2001,11(2):209-216
1 IntroductionDigital elevation model (DEM) is digital representation of relief. It is one of the most important components in the database of GIS. At present, DEM is playing a key role in the field of survey and mapping, remote sensing and almost all the terrain related geographical analyses. DEM can be grouped into regular grids (raster) and triangulated irregular networks (TIN). Both have their advantages and disadvantages in application. It is generally believed that grid DEM will … 相似文献
2.
There is a growing interest in investigating the accuracy of digital elevation model (DEM). However people usually have an unbalanced view on DEM errors. They emphasize DEM sampling errors, but ignore the impact of DEM resolution and terrain roughness on the accuracy of terrain representation. This research puts forward the concept of DEM terrain representation error (Et) and then investigates the generation, factors, measurement and simulation of DEM terrain representation errors. A multi-resolution and multi-relief comparative approach is used as the major methodology in this research. The experiment reveals a quantitative relationship between the error and the variation of resolution and terrain roughness at a global level. Root mean square error (RMS Et) is regressed against surface profile curvature (V) and DEM resolution (R) at 10 resolution levels. It is found that the RMS Et may be expressed as RMS Et = (0.0061 × V+ 0.0052) × R - 0.022 × V + 0.2415. This result may be very useful in forecasting DEM accuracy, as well as in determining the DEM resolution related to the accuracy requirement of particular application. 相似文献
3.
Y. Deng J. P. Wilson B. O. Bauer 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):187-213
This paper documents resolution dependencies in terrain analysis and describes how they vary across landform location. Six terrain attributes were evaluated as a function of DEM resolution—slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, north–south slope orientation, east–west slope orientation, and topographic wetness index. The research highlights the effect of varying spatial resolution through a spatial sampling/resampling scheme while maintaining sets of indexed sample points at various resolutions. Tested sample points therefore coincide exactly between two directly compared resolutions in terms of their location and elevation value. An unsupervised landform classification procedure based on statistical clustering algorithms was employed to define landform classes in a reproducible manner. Correlation and regression analyses identified sensitive and consistent responses for each attribute as resolution was changed, although the tested terrain attributes responded in characteristically different ways. These responses displayed distinguishable patterns among various landform classes, a conclusion that was further verified by a series of two‐sample, two‐tailed t‐tests. 相似文献
4.
等高线曲率是一个重要的地形属性，反应了地形表面在水平方向的凹凸性，表达了地表物质运动的发散和汇合模式。基于安塞县县南沟小流域的矢量等高线数据和DEM，分别利用圆拟合算法（相邻三点法、间隔三点法和最小二乘法）和曲面拟合模型（E模型、S模型和Z模型）提取等高线曲率，通过对实地地形的对比分析，结果表明：（1） 在矢量等高线数据的计算结果中，三点拟合法计算结果相比最小二乘法结果差异大，对等高线曲率空间格局分布描述更准确；（2） 最小二乘法计算的结果频数分布集中程度最高，两种三点拟合法计算结果频数曲线差别微小；（3） 在栅格数字高程模型的计算结果中，基于S模型计算结果在空间格局上较E模型和Z模型的结果差别大，基于E模型的计算结果对等高线曲率描述效果更好。结果能准确说明采用不同算法计算等高线曲率的差别，对在实际数字地形分析中有重要的意义，可为等高线曲率计算提供重要参考。 相似文献
5.
A digital elevation model (DEM), which is used to represent a terrain surface, is normally constructed by applying an interpolation method on given sample elevation points. Interpolation methods can be classified into two classes: linear methods, which have a low time cost and are suitable for terrains where there is little change in elevation, and nonlinear methods, which normally consume comparatively more time and are more suitable for terrains where there are frequent changes in elevation. A hybrid interpolation method, which involves both a linear method and a nonlinear method of interpolation, is proposed in this paper. The proposed method aims to integrate the advantages of both linear and nonlinear interpolation methods for the refinement of regular grid DEM. Here, the bilinear is identified as the linear method, and the bi‐cubic is taken to be the nonlinear interpolation method. The hybrid method is an integration of a linear model and nonlinear interpolation model with a parameter that defines the weights for each of the models. The parameter is dependent on the complexity of the terrain, for which a DEM is to be interpolated. The experimental results in this study demonstrate that the hybrid method is effective for interpolating DEMs for various types of terrain. 相似文献
6.
基于GIS的斜坡单元划分方法改进与实现 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
斜坡单元已广泛应用于滑坡易发性制图和地质灾害评价。然而在山间盆地或大型宽谷处,常规方法划分出的斜坡单元与地貌背景难以匹配。依据高程及其衍生变量的基本形态系统和曲率的流域分割原理,基于ArcGIS技术,通过叠加曲率和反转曲率的流域边界,改进了斜坡单元划分方法。结果表明：与常规方法相比,改进方法不仅能够使用山脊线和山谷线以划分斜坡单元,还能利用台地边界和宽谷边界以分割水平地表与倾斜地表;划分出的单元大小相对均匀,单元形状总体介于圆形和正三角形之间。对于水平成分较多的地区,如黄土塬区和水库库区,该方法与传统方法相比,具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
7.
A new method based on orthogonal least square (OLS) of multiquadric algorithm (MOLS) is proposed for digital elevation model (DEM) generalization by the retrieval of critical points from a grid-based DEM to construct a triangulated irregular network surface. The focus is on the method for accurately obtaining the critical points, which maximally retain the important terrain feature lines. The grid-based DEM to be generalized is first approximated in terms of multiquadric method, and then the significances of the grids are assessed based on OLS method with the merit that each selected grid point gives the maximal increment to the explained variance of the desired output. We used six study sites with different terrain complexities to comparatively analyze the generalization accuracies of MOLS and the classical methods including very important method and point-additive method (Latticetin) under different numbers of retrieved significant points. The results indicate that MOLS averagely performs better than the classical methods for the original DEM generalization in terms of root mean square error. The analytical results also show that MOLS has the better ability in maintaining the feature lines inherent in the original DEM than the classical methods in terms of streamline matching rate. The perfect performance of the newly proposed method can be attributed to the high accuracy of multiquadric method for surface approximation and the effectiveness of OLS for point significance assessment. 相似文献
8.
地形信息对确定DEM适宜分辨率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分辨率会直接影响基于栅格数字高程模型（DEM）的数字地形分析结果,因此在实际应用中,需要选择适宜的DEM分辨率。目前采取的基本方法,基于某种地形信息定量刻画尺度效应曲线,从而确定DEM适宜分辨率,但对于采用不同地形信息时所产生的影响尚缺乏研究。本文针对该方法中通常采用的坡度、剖面曲率、水平曲率等3 种地形信息,每种地形信息提取时,分别使用两种不同的常用算法,在3 个不同地形特征的研究区中,逐一计算其在不同分辨率下的局部方差均值,以刻画尺度效应曲线,确定相应的DEM适宜分辨率,并进行对比分析。结果表明：① 采用剖面曲率或水平曲率所得适宜分辨率结果基本相同,但采用坡度所得出的适宜分辨率结果则有明显差别,后者所得的适宜分辨率更粗;② 采用不同地形信息时,越是在平缓地形为主的研究区,所得的适宜分辨率结果越相近,在复合地形特征的研究区所得到的适宜分辨率区间均明显较宽;③ 地形属性计算时所用的算法对适宜分辨率结果的影响不明显。 相似文献
9.
Jozef Minár Marián Jenčo Ian S. Evans Jozef Minár Jr. Martin Kadlec Jozef Krcho 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1381-1402
Third-order geomorphometric variables (based on third derivatives of the altitudinal field) have been neglected in geomorphometry, but their application to the delimitation of surface objects will lead to their increasing significance in future. New techniques of computation, presented and evaluated here, facilitate their use. This paper summarizes recent knowledge concerning definition, computation and geomorphologic interpretation of these variables. Formulae defining various third-order variables are unified based on the physical definition of slope gradient. Methods for their computation are compared from the point of view of method error and error generated by digital elevation model (DEM) inaccuracy. For exact mathematical test surfaces, the most natural and simple variant of the method of central differences (CD2) shows a method error 2–3 times smaller than the other methods used recently in geomorphometry. However, success in coping with DEM inaccuracy depends (for a given grid mesh) on the number and weighting of points from which the derivative is computed. This was tested for surfaces with varying degrees of random error. Here least squares-based methods are the most effective for mixed derivatives (especially for finer grids and less accurate DEMs), while a variant of the CD method, that repeats numerical evaluation of first derivatives (CD1), is the most successful for derivatives in cardinal directions. The CD2 method is generally the most successful for coarser grids where the method error is dominant. Utilization of third-order variables is documented from examples of terrain feature (ridge, valley and edge) extraction and from a first statistical test of the hypothesis that real segments of the land surface have a tendency to a constant value of some morphometric variable. For detection of (sharp) ridges and valleys, it is shown that the rate of change of tangential curvature is inadequate: rate of change of normal curvature is also required. A basic confirmation of the constant-value tendency is provided. 相似文献
10.
11.
数字高程模型（DEM）在表达地貌形态、认知地表过程、揭示地学机理等研究中发挥着基础性的作用,是重要的地理空间数据模型,广泛地应用于地学分析与建模中。但是,传统DEM具有属性单一的天然缺陷,难以支撑面向地学过程与机理挖掘的地球系统科学研究。亟待在传统DEM的基础上实现其数据模型的增值,服务于新地貌学研究范式和新对地观测技术背景下的数字地形建模与分析。立足于以上问题,本文构建了DEM增值的理论框架,主要包括DEM增值的概念、内涵、内容、类别、不同增值类别之间的相互关系,以及此理论框架的研究意义和应用范畴。提出了DEM增值的构建方法,包含：① 强调地上地下一体化、时间空间相耦合的DEM空间维度和时间维度增值方法;② 重视地下、地表和地上物质构成,形态属性耦合的物质属性和形态属性增值方法;③ 顾及自然过程、人工作用的地物对象、地貌形态的地物要素和形体要素增值方法。最后,分别以数字阶地模型、数字坡地模型和数字流域模型为例,阐释DEM在面向地貌学本源问题时的不同增值方法及应用场景。期望通过对DEM进行维度、属性和要素3个层面的增值,实现现代对地观测技术背景下数字高程模型表达方法的突破,并支撑知识驱动的数字地貌问题分析。 相似文献
12.
Monia Santini Salvatore Grimaldi Fernando Nardi Andrea Petroselli Maria Cristina Rulli 《Geomorphology》2009,113(1-2):110
Terrain analysis applications using remotely sensed Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), nowadays easily available, permit to quantify several river basin morphologic and hydrologic properties (e.g. slope, aspect, curvature, flow path lengths) and indirect hydrogeomorphic indices (e.g. specific upslope area, topographic wetness index) able to characterize the physical processes governing the landscape evolution (e.g. surface saturation, runoff, erosion, deposition). Such DEMs often contain artifacts and the automated hydrogeomorphic characterization of the watershed is influenced by terrain analysis procedures consisting in artificial depression (pit) and flat area treatment approaches combined with flow direction methods.In shallow landslide deterministic models, when applied using topographic dataset at medium scale (e.g. 30 m of resolution), the choice of the most suitable DEM-processing procedure is not trivial and can influence model results. This also affects the selection of most critical areas for further finer resolution studies or for the implementation of countermeasures aiming to landslide risk mitigation.In this paper such issue is investigated using as topographic input the ASTER DEMs and comparing two different combinations of DEM correction and flow routing schemes. The study areas comprise ten catchments in Italy for which hydrogeomorphic processes are significant. Aims of this paper are: 1) to introduce a parameter estimation procedure for the physically-based DEM correction method PEM4PIT (Physical Erosion Model for PIT removal); 2) to investigate the influence of different terrain analysis procedures on results of the slope stability model SHALSTAB (SHAllow Landsliding STABility) using remotely-sensed ASTER DEMs; 3) trying to assess which of terrain analysis methods is more appropriate for describing terrain instability. 相似文献
13.
顾及数据特性的格网DEM分辨率计算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
水平分辨率是格网DEM的决定性变量之一,直接决定着DEM对地形的逼近程度和地形参数计算、地学模拟的精度。基于地统计学理论和非参数密度估计方法,提出了地形宏观变异和微观变异相结合的DEM适宜分辨率计算方法。即首先按系列支撑对采样数据进行格网划分,形成具有不同尺度的支撑域;然后利用正则化理论,对高程点数据进行正则化变换,通过不同支撑上正则化变量的半变异函数分析,探索不同支撑尺度上的地形宏观变异规律,从而确定地形宏观变异的最佳支撑尺度;第三,在所确定的宏观变异最佳支撑尺度内,借鉴非参数密度估计中直方图的理论方法,从微观角度计算DEM适宜分辨率。最后通过陕北黄土高原的实际采样数据,对本文提出的方法进行了验证。 相似文献
14.
基于DEM的地形单元多样性指数及其算法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在阐述地形信息表达研究进展的基础上,提出基于DEM地形单元多样性指数的概念和算法。地形单元多样性指数综合了高程、坡度、坡位、坡向、汇流量和水域信息等要素。其算法集成地形位置指数和地形湿度指数算法,采用图层叠加分析,设定分类、分级指标,进行重分类组合,划分地形单元类型,利用窗口分析法计算地形单元多样性指数。以四川省为试验区,利用精度为100 m的DEM数据和水域分布数据进行模拟计算,地形单元划分为13种典型类型,统计窗口半径设为900 m,计算出的多样性指数值小于0.5的区域仅占总面积的11%,大于0.75的区域达57%,符合实验区地形特征,并对算法进行了可行性分析和验证。结果表明,该算法提取的地形单元多样性指数可以有效反映地表形态的多样性特征及其变化。该研究结果为进一步探讨基于DEM地表形态信息的概念体系,以及从微观到宏观的地形信息空间分析研究创造了条件。 相似文献
15.
面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析研究进展与展望 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
数字地形分析（DTA）是地理信息科学（GIS）研究的热点。但是,当前基于数字高程模型（DEM）的数字地形分析在地貌学研究中存在重形态轻机理、重现象轻过程、重地上轻地下等问题,急需从单一的地貌形态分析,迈向面向成因、过程与机理等地貌学本源问题的研究转变。据此,本文系统梳理了面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析的相关研究现状,并从地貌学本源认识、地貌形态建模、地形因子提取、以及其他地形分析方法等研究进行了系统的回顾、梳理与分析。研究表明,基于DEM的数字地形分析虽具有地貌特征分析的潜力与优势,但是,数字地形分析存在数据表达与分析模式上的先天缺陷,亟待通过基础理论与关键技术的突破,实现理论与方法的创新发展,实现从“坡面”走向“区域”,从“形态”走向“过程”,从“地形”走向“地貌”。而当今地球系统科学的研究发展态势也到了数字地形分析研究从重视地貌形态走向揭示地貌学本源的关键阶段。因此,本文从DEM数据模型增值、地形因子及其地形空间关系、以及宏观地形分析等侧面展望了面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析研究。当今基于DEM的数字地形分析研究,正像当前的GIS是否能够真正支撑地理学发展一样,已经处于一个非常关键的十字路口。面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析研究思路可望成为地理信息科学领域理论与方法创新的一次重要探索与实践。 相似文献
16.
基于无人机低空摄影测量获取到的高分辨率数字正射影像图/数字高程模型（DOM/DEM），选取榆林榆阳区岔河则乡附近一片较为典型的风沙草滩为研究区，分别对沙丘地形因子（坡度、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度、剖面曲率）、斑块形状指数及植被覆盖度进行提取并构建稳定性评价体系，然后利用GIS空间分析功能对该区域内的沙丘稳定性进行了评价。结果表明：（1）无人机航测以便捷高效的特点，可生成高精度地形数据并实现小尺度沙丘地形特征提取；（2）在人工飞播固沙和风沙缓慢侵蚀的双重作用下，研究区已体现出较为稳定的风沙草滩区特有地貌环境特征；（3）该区域已经拥有一定程度的抵抗力稳定性，但不具备恢复力稳定性。 相似文献
17.
Terrain maps displaying hill-shading with curvature 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Many types of maps can be created by neighborhood operations on a continuous surface such as provided by a digital elevation model. These most commonly include first derivatives slope or aspect, and second derivatives planimetric or profile curvature. Such variables are often used in geomorphic analyses of terrain. First derivatives also provide subtle enhancements to hill-shaded maps. For example, some maps combine oblique and vertical illumination, with the latter reflecting variations in slope.This study illustrates how second derivative maps, in conjunction with hill-shading, can cartographically enhance topographic detail. A simple conic model indicates that image-tone edges where slope or aspect varies by less than 0.5° are visible on curvature maps. Hill-shaded images combined with curvature enhance the continuity of naturally occurring tonal edges, especially in strongly illuminated areas. Variations in planimetric and profile curvature seem to be especially effective at highlighting convergent and divergent drainages and variations in erosion rate between or within sedimentary units, respectively. Shading curvature with consideration given to illumination models can add detail to hill-shaded terrain maps in a manner similar to cognitive models employed by map viewers. 相似文献
18.
Igor V. Florinsky 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):213-231
Loci of extreme curvature of the topographic surface may be defined by the derivation function (T) depending on the first‐, second‐, and third‐order partial derivatives of elevation. The loci may partially describe ridge and thalweg lines. The first‐ and second‐order partial derivatives are commonly calculated from a digital elevation model (DEM) by fitting the second‐order polynomial to a 3×3 window. This approach cannot be used to compute the third‐order partial derivatives and T. We deduced formulae to estimate the first‐, second‐, and third‐order partial derivatives from a DEM fitting the third‐order polynomial to a 5×5 window. The polynomial is approximated to elevation values of the window. This leads to a local denoising that may enhance calculations. Under the same grid size of a DEM and root mean square error (RMSE) of elevation, calculation of the second‐order partial derivatives by the method developed results in significantly lower RMSE of the derivatives than that using the second‐order polynomial and the 3×3 window. An RMSE expression for the derivation function is deduced. The method proposed can be applied to derive any local topographic variable, such as slope gradient, aspect, curvatures, and T. Treatment of a DEM by the method developed demonstrated that T mapping may not substitute regional logistic algorithms to detect ridge/thalweg networks. However, the third‐order partial derivatives of elevation can be used in digital terrain analysis, particularly, in landform classifications. 相似文献
19.
该文对基于局部误差、曲率和法向量的5个地形简化指标进行分析评价,用离散的高斯合成曲面来模拟真实DEM,以解析得到的高斯曲率作为地形简化指标“真值”,通过对各个指标“保特征性”可信度的分析,获得对这5个指标的整体评价：1)基于法向量的地形简化指标更能反映地形特征;2)各指标的“保特征性”随简化比的减小呈线性上升;3)各指标的优劣排序对地表形状和分辨率不敏感;4)各指标“保特征性”可信度在同一分辨率下较为稳定。并用实例验证结论的正确性。 相似文献
20.
Digital terrain analysis(DTA) is one of the most important contents in the research of geographical information science(GIS). However, on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM), many problems exist in the current research of DTA in geomorphological studies. For instance, the current DTA research appears to be focused more on morphology, phenomenon, and modern surface rather than mechanism, process, and underlying terrain. The current DTA research needs to be urgently transformed from the study of landform morphology to one focusing on landform process and mechanism. On this basis, this study summarizes the current research status of geomorphology-oriented DTA and systematically reviews and analyzes the research about the knowledge of geomorphological ontology, terrain modeling, terrain derivative calculation, and terrain analytical methods. With the help of DEM data, DTA research has the advantage of carrying out geomorphological studies from the perspective of surface morphology. However, the study of DTA has inherent defects in terms of data expression and analytic patterns. Thus, breakthroughs in basic theories and key technologies are necessary. Moreover, scholars need to realize that DTA research must be transformed from phenomenon to mechanism, from morphology to process, and from terrain to landform. At present, the research development of earth science has reached the critical stage in which the DTA research should focus more on geomorphological ontology. Consequently, this study proposes several prospects of geomorphology-oriented DTA from the aspects of value-added DEM data model, terrain derivatives and their spatial relations, and macro-terrain analysis. The study of DTA based on DEM is at a critical period along with the issue on whether the current GIS technology can truly support the development of geography. The research idea of geomorphology-oriented DTA is expected to be an important exploration and practice in the field of GIS. 相似文献