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1.
中国人口省际流动重力模型的参数标定与误差估算 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
空间交互模型被广泛应用于地理要素关系强度的模拟,然而目前大量研究或建立在模型参数标定理想化、模式化的假设条件下,或是在暗箱中完成,由此导致模拟结果与实际的偏差却被严重低估。基于2015年中国春运期间人口省际流动的城市间O-D数据,在逐日、分市的研究精度下,实证推算人口流动重力模型变量的回归系数,探究模型代理变量影响效应的空间异质性,并评估重力模型在人口流动模拟上的误差。结果显示：① 重力模型参数标定的复杂性体现在交互对象代理变量影响程度的非对称性,和变量回归系数的空间异质性随研究精度加深显著加剧两个方面,因此模型参数标定的模式化将导致估算结果空间差异的趋势收敛;② 2015年春运期间中国人口省际流动距离衰减系数为1.970,在地级行政单元视角下,人口流出地距离衰减系数值域为0.712（驻马店）~7.699（乌鲁木齐）,人口流入地系数值域为0.792（三亚）~8.223（乌鲁木齐）;③ 应用重力模型模拟人口流动结果与实测流（百度迁徙数据）存在显著误差。就加权绝对平均误差而言,拟合总误差为85.54%,其中空间相互作用效应造成了86.09%的实测流与模拟流的最大误差,相对流出力、相对吸引力分别造成57.73%、49.34%的模型误差。因此,空间交互效应仍然是当前最难以模式化的因素。 相似文献
2.
Inspired by Christopher Alexander’s conception of the world – space is not lifeless or neutral, but a living structure involving far more small things than large ones – a topological representation has been previously developed to characterize the living structure or the wholeness of geographic space. This paper further develops the topological representation and living structure for predicting human activities in geographic space. Based on millions of street nodes of the United Kingdom extracted from OpenStreetMap, we established living structures at different levels of scale in a nested manner. We found that tweet locations at different levels of scale, such as country and city, can be well predicted by the underlying living structure. The high predictability demonstrates that the living structure and the topological representation are efficient and effective for better understanding geographic forms. Based on this major finding, we argue that the topological representation is a truly multiscale representation, and point out that existing geographic representations are essentially single scale, so they bear many scale problems such as modifiable areal unit problem, the conundrum of length and the ecological fallacy. We further discuss on why the living structure is an efficient and effective instrument for structuring geospatial big data, and why Alexander’s organic worldview constitutes the third view of space. 相似文献
3.
中国人口流动重力模型回归系数的定量估算及其空间异质性研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于中国337个地级及以上行政区划间人口省际流动数据,对人口流动重力模型代理变量的回归系数进行实证推算。结论包括：① 在地级行政单元研究精度下,中国人口流动重力模型代理变量的回归系数呈现出明显的空间异质性,及难以预期的作用效应,因此研究精度的提升将加剧空间交互模型构建的复杂程度,同时假定重力模型回归系数的空间均质性将导致模拟结果空间差异趋势的收敛;② 中国人口省际流动距离衰减系数为1.975,337个地级及以上行政区划距离衰减系数值域为0.434~4.438。研究所展示的各省该系数值域及直辖市、省会城市结果为今后模型应用提供了基础参考数据;③ 地级行政单元下的距离衰减系数存在空间异质性与梯度特征,高值区主要分布在东北沿疆、新疆和珠三角地区,低值区主要位于中国中部和西南地区。结合以往研究成果比较,中国人口省际流动的空间衰减特征与铁路客运网络的可达性格局存在一定程度的一致性。 相似文献
4.
Zhilin Li 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):855-880
Spatial data can be represented at different scales, and this leads to the issue of multi-scale spatial representation. Multi-scale spatial representation has been widely applied to online mapping products (e.g., Google Maps and Yahoo Maps). However, in most current products, multi-scale representation can only be achieved through a series of maps at fixed scales, resulting in a discontinuity (i.e., with jumps) in the transformation between scales and a mismatch between the available scales and users' desired scales. Therefore, it is very desirable to achieve smoothly continuous multi-scale spatial representations. This article describes an integrated approach to build a hierarchical structure of a road network for continuous multi-scale representation purposes, especially continuous selective omission of roads in a network. In this hierarchical structure, the linear and areal hierarchies are constructed, respectively, using two existing approaches for the linear and areal patterns in a road network. Continuous multi-scale representation of a road network can be achieved by searching in these hierarchies. This approach is validated by applying it to two study areas, and the results are evaluated by both quantitative analysis with two measures (i.e., similarity and average connectivity) and visual inspection. Experimental results show that this integrated approach performs better than existing approaches, especially in terms of preservation of connectivity and patterns of a road network. With this approach, efficient and continuous multi-scale selective omission of road networks becomes feasible. 相似文献
5.
中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制 总被引：49，自引：5，他引：44
地域功能具有明显的空间异质性和时间变异性。随着工业化、城镇化快速发展,地域空间的分异性与人地系统的多样性不断增强,地域功能及其发展定位呈现多元化趋势。本文通过构建地域多功能性评价指标体系与指数分析模型,开展了中国县域尺度经济发展、粮食生产、社会稳定、生态保育功能及其综合功能的分级评判研究。结果表明：经济发展功能一级区主要分布在珠江三角洲、长江三角洲、京津冀都市圈等东部沿海发达地区和中西部大城市周边地区;粮食生产功能一级区主要分布在东北平原、黄淮海平原、四川盆地、湖北中部及湖南东部等平原集中分布区;社会保障功能则大致由沿海到内地、由北到南逐渐减弱; 生态保育功能一级区集中分布在东北地区和秦岭-淮河一线以南地区;将各单项功能进行县域尺度耦合,评价了各县域的综合功能强度,划分出综合功能强势区和弱势区,探讨了强化县域主导功能与优化生产要素配置的财政转移支付、生态补偿、政绩考核等创新机制和政策,为统筹区域发展和提升县域竞争力提供决策依据。 相似文献
6.
《Urban geography》2013,34(1):66-82
Measuring the level of segregation often encounters two methodological issues: measures are sensitive to changes in the geographical scale of the data and the effectiveness of the measure in reflecting spatial segregation. Several spatial measures have been suggested to measure spatial segregation, but whether they are more or less sensitive to changes in spatial scale has not been investigated, while some spatial measures are relatively scale-insensitive. Using the 1990 Census data of 30 selected U.S. metropolitan areas, this paper demonstrates that these spatial measures, similar to the aspatial measure, report higher levels of segregation when smaller areal units are used in the analysis. Some spatial measures are even more sensitive to scale changes than aspatial measures. Certain patterns of the scale sensitivity were identified, but no general rules can be formulated. A preliminary explanation of the scale effect on spatial segregation measures is offered. 相似文献
7.
M. L. Shelton 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):368-383
Modeling the runoff subsystem for large drainage basins requires simplification in representing natural processes owing to the spatial variability of mass and energy transfers in a watershed. Many models represent temporally and spatially distributed watershed variables by some form of aggregation or lumping. Scale becomes a factor in the lumping decision because some of the variables are spatially continuous while others are spatially discontinuous. The effects of scale differences on lumping in large watersheds is examined using the 27,300 km2 drainage area of the Deschutes River, Oregon. The watershed is modeled using three different spatial aggregations for representing the runoff subsystem. Agreement between modeled and observed monthly runoff for water years 1951-60 is analyzed to evaluate the magnitude of the difference between corresponding observed and modeled values. Increasing the number of spatial units in the model from 1 to 9 reduces all of the error terms by about 35 percent, but 20 spatial units in the model reduce the error terms by 50 percent or more. These data provide explicit evidence of improved modeling accuracy achieved by employing a disaggregated watershed model to represent spatially heterogeneous conditions in a large drainage basin. [Key words: watershed modeling, scale, large watersheds, hydroclimate, Deschutes Basin.] 相似文献
8.
珠江三角洲都市经济区地域构成的判别与分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
随着经济全球化和城市化进程的加快, 单个城市的竞争逐渐转变为城市区域的竞争。 都市经济区是在国家战略需求的推动下应势而生的新概念, 已经广泛应用于全国国土规划和 主体功能区划。准确把握都市经济区内部的地域构成有助于进行有效地加强区域管理和空间调控。以往的相关研究主要集中于宏观分析或以区县为单元的空间分析, 从功能空间的角度对都市经济区内部地域构成的研究较少, 更缺少准确科学的划分和判读方法。为了准确把握 区域空间利用中的主要问题和潜在威胁, 规划者和政府官员需要探索判定都市经济区地域构成的新方法。文章在总结当前几种主要的地域类型判读方法优缺点的基础上, 深入探讨了运 用遥感和GIS 手段进行区域地域构成判别的思路, 并成功应用于珠江三角洲内部地域构成的 空间分析。研究发现, 当前珠江三角洲都市经济区正经历着大规模的城镇化, 大都市的发展 无序蔓延, 存在的用地粗放、结构混杂、功能有待优化等问题, 工业区、居住区等用地的空 间分布呈现较明显的向心型分布和交通导向型分布特征, 同种地域类型的集聚性分布明显增强。通过从单要素和整体特征上认识和把握珠江三角洲地域构成与空间组织特征, 可以有的放矢地进行空间管理和调控。还有助于深化区域地域构成的认识和空间结构的监测和分析, 也可作为制定土地利用政策的依据, 为从区域尺度上制定空间政策提供了新的参考依据。 相似文献
9.
Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%. 相似文献
10.
小流域土壤水分空间分异特征及时稳性分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用常规统计方法对川中丘陵区盐亭县截流小流域土壤水分空间监测资料进行了分析。结果表明,小流域土壤水分空间分异明显,且主要受地形和微地貌控制,台地水分含量明显高于坡地;土壤剖面垂直变化复杂,水分分层不明显;流域多级台地中,中、高台位土壤水含量大于低台位,中台位大于高台位;土壤水分随坡向的分异规律有:北向坡>南向坡>西向坡;同台林地水分含量大于农地;土壤水分空间分异随时间变化小,具有时稳性。研究还表明,流域内存在可反映流域表层土壤平均水分状况的均值点,可作为流域平均土壤含水量的监测点。 相似文献
11.
Global solar radiation(GSR) is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model(DEM) data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors(e.g. slope, aspect, etc.). Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%. 相似文献
12.
地理单元划分对城市热环境响应规律的影响——以北京为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
尺度效应及空间异质性决定了同一种影响因子在不同地理单元中对生态过程的作用程度存在差异。论文选择城市热环境效应这一典型城市生态过程为研究对象,针对地理单元划分对热环境效应响应规律研究较少的现状,选择土地利用分类、网格、街区、局地气候区4种地理单元,选取常用景观组分指标——归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)、不透水面比例(impervious surface area, ISA)和改进的归一化差值水体指数(modified normalized difference water index, MNDWI)为热环境影响因子,探究不同地理单元中城市热环境对景观组分响应规律的差异。以POI数据重新定义的北京市城区为研究区,结果表明：① 单因子与地表温度Pearson相关性分析得出街区和网格作为划分单元,各影响因子与地表温度相关性较高;② 利用多因子回归方法更适合于地表温度空间分异的解释,植被和不透水面比例因子的组合在4 km网格单元,植被、水体组合及植被、水体、不透水面比例的因子组合在局地气候区单元对地表温度空间分异的解释力度最强。论文为北方大城市热岛影响因素选择提供依据,充实了不同尺度热环境效应响应规律的案例研究,并为城市生态环境效应选择适当研究单元提供依据。 相似文献
13.
中国省域广播电视业发展水平的空间计量研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以2008~2014年中国31个省域的统计数据为基础,采用空间计量经济学方法对中国广播电视业发展水平的空间格局及其影响因素进行测算与分析。研究发现,中国省域广播电视业发展水平最高的集聚分布于东部沿海地区,部分东部地区和中部地区发展一般,西北、西南地区发展水平较低,总体呈现从东向西递减的梯度变化,但全国整体发展水平呈现显著上升趋势。经济发展水平、消费需求、财政投入和信息技术水平与中国广播电视产业呈现正相关,而产业结构与广播电视产业呈现负相关,且各省地理空间的邻接上未表现出溢出效应。 相似文献
14.
The classical geographic research problem of regionalization and resource allocation is most commonly tackled by means of location-allocation methods. This paper introduces the spatial-order method as an alternative for creating regions or clusters. The spatial-order method utilizes space-filling curves, also known as Peano curves, to determine the nearness or spatial order of areal units, such as counties. Given a capacity constraint, the areal units are grouped consecutively according to their spatial order values. We applied the method to create clusters of rural counties for a national sampling survey of HIV/AIDS patients in the United States. Using the criteria that each cluster had approximately 50 new AIDS cases in 1991–1993 and that contiguity of areal units was maximized, 226 clusters were created from the 1,853 rural counties or health districts. The rural clusters generated by this method have been adopted as the national rural sampling frame in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS) being undertaken by RAND. In addition to its simplicity and fast computational speed, the spatial-order method produces satisfactory results. With minor modifications, this method can be an efficient alternative to the location-allocation method for solving a wide variety of locational problems, such as routing, political districting, and facilities location and allocation. This paper also demonstrates how a classical geographic research methodology, with the enhancement of GIS, can contribute to the multidisciplinary study of a pressing societal problem in our nation. 相似文献
15.
Alejandro Graciano Antonio Jesús Rueda Francisco Ramón Feito 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(10):1999-2022
This paper presents a formal framework for the representation of three-dimensional geospatial data and the definition of common geographic information system (GIS) spatial operations. We use the compact stack-based representation of terrains (SBRT) in order to model geological volumetric data, both at the surface and subsurface levels, thus preventing the large storage requirements of regular voxel models. The main contribution of this paper is fitting the SBRT into the geo-atom theory in a seamless way, providing it with a sound formal geographic foundation. In addition we have defined a set of common spatial operations on this representation using the tools provided by map algebra. More complex geoprocessing operations or geophysical simulations using the SBRT as representation can be implemented as a composition of these fundamental operations. Finally a data model and an implementation extending the coverage concept provided by the Geography Markup Language standard are suggested. Geoscientists and GIS professionals can take advantage of this model to exchange and reuse geoinformation within a well-specified framework. 相似文献
16.
Tyler R. Bonnell Colin A. Chapman Raja Sengupta 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(10):2075-2088
Spatial simulations are a valuable tool in understanding dynamic spatial processes. In developing these simulations, it is often required to make decisions about how to represent features in the environment and how events unfold in time. These spatial and temporal choices have been shown to significantly alter model outcomes, yet their interaction is less well understood. In this paper, we make use of a simple group foraging model and systematically vary how features are represented (cell size of the landscape) as well as how events unfold in time (order in which foragers take action) to better understand their interaction. Our results show similar nonlinear responses to changes in spatial representation found in the literature, and an effect of the order in which agents were processed. There was also a clear interaction between how features are represented and how events unfold in time, where, under certain environmental representations results were found to be more sensitive to the order in which individuals were processed. Furthermore, the effects of feature representation, scheduling of agents, and their interaction were all found to be influenced by the heterogeneity of the spatial surface (food), suggesting that the statistical properties of the underlying spatial variable will additionally play a role. We suggest that navigating these interactions can be facilitated through a better understanding of how these choices affect the decision landscape(s) on which agents operate. Specifically, how changes to representation affect aggregation and resolution of the decision surface, and thereby the degree to which agents interact directly or indirectly. We suggest that the challenges of dealing with spatial representation, scheduling, and their interaction, while building models could also present an opportunity. As explicitly including alternate representations and scheduling choices during model selection can aid in identifying optimal agent–environment representations. Potentially leading to improved insights into the relationships between spatial processes and the environments in which they occur. 相似文献
17.
Chaoqing Yu Donna J. Peuquet 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):923-960
While current Geographic Information Systems (GISs) can represent observational spatial data well, they have limited capabilities in representing some non‐observational social elements and goal‐driven behaviours that can be important factors in a wide range of geographic issues. Such social components may include laws, regulations, polices, plans, culture, and customs, as well as their relations and interactions with the geographic environment at different scales. Getting beyond traditional data‐centred approaches, this research presents a knowledge‐oriented strategy in order to address these issues within a GIS context. We incorporate two major conceptual elements. First, extending from conventional agent notions and their geographic applications, geographic agents (GeoAgents) are considered as a basic representation component to specifically address social rules and goal‐driven behaviours that impact the Earth and environmental systems. Second, in order to incorporate GeoAgents with current space–time representation, a new conceptual representation framework, called ‘fields, objects, time, GeoAgents, and relations’ (FOTAR), is introduced to address the cross‐scale processes of both social and natural interactions. A Java‐based prototype, GeoAgent‐based Knowledge System (GeoAgentKS), is described to implement this framework by integrating agent technologies with multiple data and knowledge representation techniques, such as expert systems, concept maps, mathematical models, and geospatial databases. The application of this prototype in a case study is also presented, investigating scale‐dependent human–environment interactions under different emergency situations for community water systems in Central Pennsylvania, USA. In this case study, a systematic set of methodologies of knowledge acquisition, representation, and confirmation for constructing GeoAgents' knowledge bases by using expert systems were explored to formalize high‐level knowledge and social behaviours in the FOTAR‐based representations. The results show that the proposed conceptual representation framework is achievable at both implementation and application levels, and the prototype tool is demonstrated to be valuable in facilitating knowledge sharing, policymaking, municipal management, and decision‐making, especially for real‐world emergency management. 相似文献
18.
T. K. Alexandridis T. Katagis I. Z. Gitas N. G. Silleos K. M. Eskridge G. Gritzas 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):507-521
Monitoring vegetation condition is an important issue in the Mediterranean region, in terms of both securing food and preventing fires. Vegetation indices (VIs), mathematical transformations of reflectance bands, have played an important role in vegetation monitoring, as they depict the abundance and health of vegetation. Instead of storing raster VI maps, aggregated statistics can be derived and used in long-term monitoring. The aggregation schemes (zonations) used in Greece are the forest service units, the fire service units, and the administrative units. The purpose of this work was to explore the effect of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in vegetation condition monitoring at the above-mentioned aggregation schemes using 16 days Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites acquired by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite sensor. The effects of aggregation in the context of MAUP were examined by analyzing variance, from which the among polygon variation (objects' heterogeneity) and the within polygon variation (pixels' homogeneity) were derived. Significant differences in objects' heterogeneity were observed when aggregating at the three aggregation schemes; therefore there is a MAUP effect in monitoring vegetation condition on a nationwide scale in Greece with NDVI. Monitoring using the fire service units has significantly higher pixels' homogeneity; therefore there is indication that it is the most appropriate for monitoring vegetation condition on a nationwide scale in Greece with NDVI. Results were consistent between the two major types of vegetation, natural and agricultural. According to the statistical validation, conclusions based on the examined years (2003 and 2004) are justified. 相似文献
19.
北京城市公共服务设施空间分布均衡性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用空间分析和数理统计工具研究2014年北京市教育、医疗等城市公共服务设施空间分布的均衡性。以市域各街道和乡镇为评价单元,构建供给指数、需求指数度量各单元内城市公共服务设施的供给和需求,据此分析和评判北京市城市公共服务设施的空间分布及服务质量的均衡性。研究结果表明:在市域尺度上,由于城市发展历史的影响,北京城市公共服务设施空间分布均衡性呈现核心-边缘的格局;在区县尺度上,受行政体系和城镇体系的等级性影响,均衡性程度高低与城镇等级高低相一致;公共服务设施的供给指数与需求指数相关性显著,可判定设施空间分布总体上比较均衡;通过空间叠加分析发现北京市存在设施供给和需求不匹配的区域,其中教育设施、城市公园设施和医疗设施空间布局的均衡程度高于文体设施。 相似文献
20.
Childhood vaccination data are made available at a school level in some U.S. states. These data can be geocoded and may be considered as having a high spatial resolution. However, a school only represents the destination location for the set of students who actually reside and interact within some larger areal region, creating a spatial mismatch. Public school districts are often used to represent these regions, but fail to account for private schools and school of choice programs. We offer a new approach for estimating childhood vaccination coverage rates at a community level by integrating school level data with population commuting information. The resulting mobility-adjusted vaccine coverage estimates resolve the spatial mismatch problem and are more aligned with the geographic scale at which public health policies are implemented. We illustrate the utility of our approach using a case study on diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccination coverage for kindergarten students in California. The modeled community-level DTP coverage estimates yield a statewide coverage of 92.37%, which is highly similar to the 92.44% coverage rate calculated from the original school-level data. 相似文献