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1.
针对现有剖分模型的不足,提出了一种基于地图方里网的全球剖分系统,有效避免了传统经纬度格网模型在高纬度地区的形状退化和正多面体格网模型的面片形状不规则问题。制定了相应的编码,实现了面片编码与传统地理坐标之间的转换和邻接关系的计算,最后对方里网在地球椭球面上的变形规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:基于地图方里网的剖分系统不仅具有科学的数据组织形式,而且面片单元的变形面积小、变形规律稳定。  相似文献   

2.
Book Reviews     
Regular grid sampling structures in the plane are a common spatial framework for many studies. Constructing grids with desirable properties such as equality of area and shape is more difficult on a sphere. We studied the distortion characteristics of recursive partitions of the surface of the globe starting with the octahedron and icosahedron polyhedral models. We used five different methods for mapping from the polyhedral model to the surface of the sphere: the Gnomonic projection, Fuller's Dymaxion projection, Snyder's equal area polyhedral projection, direct spherical subdivision, and a recursive polyhedral projection. We increased partition density using both a 4-fold and a 9-fold ratio at each level of recursive subdivision by subdividing to the 8th level with the 4-fold density ratio (65 536 cells per polyhedral face) and to the fifth level with the 9-fold density ratio (59 049 cells per polyhedral face). We measured the area and perimeter of each cell at each level of recursion for each method on each model using each density ratio. From these basic measurements we calculated the range and standard deviation of the area measurement, and the mean, range, and standard deviation of a compactness measurement defined as the ratio of (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the cell) to (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of a spherical circle with the same area). We looked at these basic measurements and their statistics using graphs of variation with recursion level, sums of squares analyses of variation, histograms of the distributions, maps of the spatial variation, and correlograms. The Snyder projection performed best in area distortion and the Gnomonic projection performed best in compactness distortion. The Fuller projection and the Sphere method had moderate distortion in both area and compactness relative to the worst methods. There was little difference in distortion performance between partitions using the 4-fold density ratio and those using the 9-fold density ratio. Partitions based on the icosahedron performed better for all statistics than those based on the octahedron.  相似文献   

3.
In a mountainous region, the glacier area and length extracted form the satellite imagery data is the projected area and length of the land surface, which can’t be representative of the reality; there are always some errors. In this paper, the methods of calculating glacier area and length calculation were put forward based on satellite imagery data and a digital elevation model (DEM). The pure pixels and the mixed pixels were extracted based on the linear spectral un-mixing approach, the slop of the pixels was calculated based on the DEM, then the area calculation method was presented. The projection length was obtained from the satellite imagery data, and the elevation differences was calculated from the DEM. The length calculation method was presented based on the Pythagorean theorem. For a glacier in the study area of western Qilian Mountain, northwestern China, the projected area and length were 140.93 km2 and 30.82 km, respectively. This compares with the results calculated by the methods in this paper, which were 155.16 km2 and 32.11 km respectively, a relative error of the projected area and length extracted from the LandSat Thematic Mapper (TM) image directly reach to -9.2 percent and -4.0 percent, respectively. The calculation method is more in accord with the practicality and can provide reference for some other object’s area and length monitoring in a mountainous region.  相似文献   

4.
基于球体退化八叉树的全球三维网格与变形特征   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  
基于投影的度量空间变换为数字地球及数字区域建设带来了几何裂缝、投影变形等问题,解决问题的根本途径是摒弃投影.直接在球体流形空间建立统一的地球空间基础框架.该文将球面离散网格向球体内部扩展,基于球体退化八叉树提出一种全新的全球三维空间网格剖分方法--球体退化八叉树网格(SDOG).SDOG具有多层次、多分辨率特性,且网格单元面积、体积变形稳定,可对包括地球在内的任意球体进行有序的多层次三维空间剖分,可为全球空间数据集成组织与检索、多层次空间建模与可视化、地球系统科学研究等提供统一的地球空间基础框架.  相似文献   

5.
Existing algorithms of geomorphometry can be applied to digital elevation models (DEMs) given with plane square grids or spheroidal equal angular grids on the surface of an ellipsoid of revolution or a sphere. Computations on spheroidal equal angular grids are trivial for modelling of the Earth, Mars, the Moon, Venus, and Mercury. This is because: (a) forms of these celestial bodies can be described by an ellipsoid of revolution or a sphere and (b) for these surfaces, there are well-developed theory and algorithms to solve the inverse geodetic problem as well as to determine spheroidal trapezoidal areas. It is advisable to apply a triaxial ellipsoid for describing the forms of small moons and asteroids. However, there are no geomorphometric algorithms intended for such a surface. In this article, first, we formulate the problem of geomorphometric modelling on a triaxial ellipsoid surface. Then, we recall definitions and formulae for coordinate systems of a triaxial ellipsoid and their transformation. Next, we present analytical and computational solutions, which provide the basis for geomorphometric modelling on the surface of a triaxial ellipsoid. The Jacobi solution for the inverse geodetic problem has a fundamental mathematical character. The Bespalov solutions for determination of the length of meridian/parallel arcs and the spheroidal trapezoidal areas are computationally efficient. Finally, we describe easy-to-code algorithms for derivation of local and non-local morphometric variables from DEMs based on a spheroidal equal angular grid of a triaxial ellipsoid.  相似文献   

6.
平面影像数据到四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)像元的转换是实现全球QTM格网影像无缝建模的首要任务。提出基于面积权的数据转换方法,给出不同类型的权重及格网值的计算,并利用ArcGIS中256级灰度的Wsiearth.tif图像数据分析了转换精度。结果表明:将4 km分辨率的影像数据转换到12层的QTM像元时,转换误差在0~2灰度内占96.27%,对一般应用的影响可以忽略不计。  相似文献   

7.
基于TIN数据三维地质体的折剖面切割算法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为有效分析地质模型的内部结构,研究直接利用折切面对模型数据进行几何切割的算法。该算法面向基于TIN数据表达的三维地质体,包括"折剖面的生成"和"被切割地质体的拆分"两大关键步骤;采用向二维平面投影的策略,将复杂的切割转化为交线的快速连接、三角形重新剖分和点与多边形的包含测试等简单操作。对不同复杂程度的三维地质模型进行切割实验,发现化繁为简和二维投影策略极大地提高了算法效率。  相似文献   

8.
刘晓娟  黎夏  梁迅  石洪  欧金沛 《热带地理》2019,39(3):397-409
基于代表性浓度路径情景（Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs）,耦合FLUS-InVEST（Future Land Use Simulation-Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs, FLUS-InVEST）模型,以土地利用视角模拟了中国2100年的陆地生态系统碳储量,探讨其空间分异。结果表明：1）历史土地利用变化作用下,中国生态系统碳储量减少中心由华北地区转向东北地区,增加中心由西北地区转向西南地区;碳储量的减少由林地生态系统转向草地生态系统。2）未来RCPs情景下,中国林地生态系统碳储量都将持续增加,草地生态系统碳储量持续减少。RCP 6.0情景下,中国林地面积将增加9.43%左右,草地面积减少5.42%,全国林地碳储量较2010年增加2 332.64 Tg,而草地碳储量将损失1 719.03 Tg。在RCP 8.5情景下,全国林地面积增加5.15%,草地面积将减少5.10%,林地碳储量较2010年将增加1 754.59 Tg,草地碳储量将损失2 468.80 Tg。3）RCP 6.0情景对未来碳汇贡献度较RCP 8.5情景大。在RCP 6.0情景下,植被地上碳储量和表层土壤碳储量分别净增加127.12和83.67 Tg。但在RCP 8.5情景下,植被地上碳储量和表层土壤碳储量分别净减少24.67和32.41 Tg。4）不同RCPs情景下,碳储量增长均集中在横断山-秦岭-太行山-大兴安岭和雪峰山-太行山-大兴安岭两带;减少区域主要分布于云贵高原、四川盆地和京津冀地区。  相似文献   

9.
Summary. The 1973 Hawaii earthquake occurred north of Hilo, at a depth of 40 to 50km. The location was beneath the east flank of Mauna Kea, a volcano dormant historically, but active within the last 4000 yr. Aftershocks were restricted to a depth of 55–35km. The event and its aftershock sequence are located in an area not normally associated with the seismicity of the Mauna Loa and Kilauea calderas. The earthquake was a double event, the epicentres trending NE-SW. The events were of similar size and faulting mechanism. The fault plane solutions obtained by seismic waveform analysis are a strike-slip fault striking EW and dipping 55° S, the auxiliary plane a NS vertical plane with a faulting plunge of 35°. The axis of maximum compressive stress is aligned with the direction of the gravity gradient associated with the island of Hawaii. The fault plane striking EW parallels a surface feature, the Mauna Kea east rift zone. The earthquakes were clearly not associated with volcanic activity normally associated with Mauna Loa and Kilauea and may indicate a deep seated prelude to a resumption of activity at Mauna Kea.  相似文献   

10.
Summary. A first-order form of the Euler's equations for rays in an ellipsoidal model of the Earth is obtained. The conditions affecting the velocity law for a monotonic increase, with respect to the arc length, in the angular distance to the epicentre, and in the angle of incidence, are the same in the ellipsoidal and spherical models. It is therefore possible to trace rays and to compute travel times directly in an ellipsoidal earth as in the spherical model. Thus comparison with the rays of the same coordinates in a spherical earth provides an estimate of the various deviations of these rays due to the Earth's flattening, and the corresponding travel-time differences, for mantle P -waves and for shallow earthquakes. All these deviations are functions both of the latitude and of the epicentral distance. The difference in the distance to the Earth's centre at points with the same geocentric latitude on rays in the ellipsoidal and in the spherical model may reach several kilometres. Directly related to the deformation of the isovelocity surfaces, this difference is the only cause of significant perturbation in travel times. Other differences, such as that corresponding to the ray torsion, are of the first order in ellipticity, and may exceed 1 km. They induce only small differences in travel time, less than 0.01s. Thus, we show that the ellipticity correction obtained by Jeffreys (1935) and Bullen (1937) by a perturbational method can be recovered by a direct evaluation of the travel times in an ellipsoidal model of the Earth. Moreover, as stated by Dziewonski & Gilbert (1976), we verify the non-dependence of this correction on the choice of the velocity law.  相似文献   

11.
Volcanic rocks forming sills, dykes or lava flows may display a magnetic anisotropy derived from the viscous flow during their emplacement. We model a sill as a steady-state flow of a Bingham fluid, driven by a pressure gradient in a horizontal conduit. The magma velocity as a function of depth is calculated from the motion and constitutive equations. Vorticity and strain rate are determined for a reference system moving with the fluid. The angular velocity and the orientation of an ellipsoidal magnetic grain immersed in the fluid are calculated as functions of time or strain. Magnetic susceptibility is then calculated for a large number of grains with a uniform distribution of initial orientations. It is shown that the magnetic lineation oscillates in the vertical plane through the magma flow direction, and that the magnetic foliation plane changes periodically from horizontal to vertical. The results are compared with the magnetic fabric of Ferrar dolerite sills (Victoria Land, East Antarctica) derived from low-field susceptibility measurements.  相似文献   

12.
Summary. A residual map of the total magnetic field (above 25 000 nT base) is presented for a portion of the central crystalline shield area of Nigeria and overlapping small portions of the Chad basin and the Benue rift (8°30'−12° 00'lat, and 7°−10°30' long). The map (based on a dataset digitized from recently released aeromagnetic sheets of Nigeria) leads to four results. (1) A magnetic boundary, evident on the map, separates the Younger Granite complexes into two groups. The groups are petrologically different, and the boundary may be a fault line with uplift to the south. (2) South of the boundary the map is dominated by a system of sub-parallel anomalies striking NE–SW, possibly representing major tectonic trends, and a set of fractures through which the Younger Granite complexes were intruded. The trend of the system parallels the Benue rift and lineaments in the oceanic crust off West Africa. (3) Negative magnetic anomalies lie over most of the known ring complexes, and over some suspected buried ring complexes and other intrusions. (4) 2½-and 3-D modelling shows that the larger complexes extend to 12 km depth, and the smaller ones to 6 km. They have nearly vertical sides, and magnetization contrasts range from 0.3 to 0.5 A m−1.  相似文献   

13.
分布式时变增益流域水循环模拟   总被引：55，自引：0，他引：55  
夏军  王纲胜  吕爱锋  谈戈 《地理学报》2003,58(5):789-796
针对分布式水文模拟的问题,结合河西走廊黑河流域实际资料条件,提出将水文循环空间数字化信息与水文系统理论相结合的分布式时变增益水循环模型 (DTVGM)。DTVGM将单元时变增益水文非线性模型(TVGM)拓广到由DEM划分的流域单元网格上建立非线性地表水产流模型,基于水量平衡方程和蓄泄方程建立土壤水产流模型,并应用运动波方法建立分级网格汇流模型。最后,以黑河干流山区流域为例应用DTVGM开展了实例研究,设计开发了模型系统。研究区域被划分为38 277个网格单元 (网格大小为500 m×500 m),在此基础上将流域划分为456级带状汇流区域。考虑到黑河干流山区的寒区特点,模型耦合了融雪径流模型。模拟结果表明,DTVGM既有分布式水文概念性模拟的特征,同时具有水文系统分析适应能力强的优点,能够在水文资料信息不完全或者有不确定性干扰条件获得比较好的分布式水文模拟效率,在黑河干流山区的应用能够较好地满足水资源管理的要求。  相似文献   

14.
Summary. New boundary conditions applicable on the sides and top of numerical grids used in the solution of E -polarization problems in electromagnetic induction are proposed. It is demonstrated that these new boundary conditions improve the accuracy of the numerical solution and also that their use allows such problems to be solved on grids of much smaller overall size than were formerly necessary.  相似文献   

15.
球面似均匀格网的剖分方法及特征分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
给出球面"似均匀格网"概念的内涵,并介绍3种常用的球面似均匀格网(三角形格网、菱形格网和六边形格网)的剖分方法.从几何上分析3种格网的单元特征及不同格网在不同领域的应用优势.通过对比得出3种格网的特征对照表及相互关系,即:三角形格网是最基本的球面剖分格网,球面六边形格网和菱形格网可以通过球面三角格网来生成,且这3种剖分格网各有优缺点并在一定条件下可以相互转换.  相似文献   

16.
This paper describes a new algorithm for calculating all equations (direct and inverse transformation, convergence of meridians, linear distortion, calculus of surfaces, and arc‐to‐chord correction) for the Gauss–Krüger projection. Instead of using different equations for each problem, all the calculi are based on the equations used to obtain the direct transformation. These equations are also more accurate than previous ones and can be extended to an arbitrary width. This paper also explains how the Gauss–Krüger projection may satisfy the needs and requirements of civil engineers as well as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) users, particularly if extended beyond its usual 4° longitudinal range, and therefore can be used as a global reference system for GIS.  相似文献   

17.
A projection family, named Equal Arc Ratio Projection (EARP), is proposed in this paper, which has two kinds of geometric cases. Coordinates in the projections are determined by the ratios between four special arcs. The projection for spherical octahedron is derived, which is available for Dutton's Quaternary Triangular Mesh (QTM), and both projections of Goodchild's and Otoo's for QTM are found to be two special implementations of EARP. The icosahedral projection and thus the corresponding spherical triangle quadtree partition model are also developed. The partition model is compared with several other global grid models.  相似文献   

18.
A field study was conducted to ascertain the amount of protection that mesquite-dominated communities provide to the surface from wind erosion. The dynamics of the locally accelerated evolution of a mesquite/coppice dune landscape and the undetermined spatial dependence of potential erosion by wind from a shear stress partition model were investigated. Sediment transport and dust emission processes are governed by the amount of protection that can be provided by roughness elements. Although shear stress partition models exist that can describe this, their accuracy has only been tested against a limited dataset because instrumentation has previously been unable to provide the necessary measurements. This study combines the use of meteorological towers and surface shear stress measurements with Irwin sensors to measure the partition of shear stress in situ. The surface shear stress within preferentially aligned vegetation (within coppice dune development) exhibited highly skewed distributions, while a more homogenous surface stress was recorded at a site with less developed coppice dunes. Above the vegetation, the logarithmic velocity profile deduced roughness length (based on 10-min averages) exhibited a distinct correlation with compass direction for the site with vegetation preferentially aligned, while the site with more homogenously distributed vegetation showed very little variation in the roughness length. This distribution in roughness length within an area, defines a distribution of a resolved shear stress partitioning model based on these measurements, ultimately providing potential closure to a previously uncorrelated model parameter.  相似文献   

19.
Summary. Kelvin-Christoffel equations describing plane wave propagation in anisotropic media are generalized to account for the effects of nonlinear elasticity. The polarization and waveform of nonlinear distortions of a transient plane wave are investigated by means of perturbation theory. Detailed analysis for an anisotropic medium with hexagonal symmetry shows that for "pure" shear-waves the polarization vector of the nonlinear component is always perpendicular to that of the linear wave. In the case of a high-amplitude excitation (for instance, in the vicinity of large earthquakes) the influence of nonlinearity may cause distortions of shear-wave polarization, which contains the most reliable information on the presence and characteristics of anisotropy. The solutions presented in this paper make it possible to solve reflection-transmission problems in nonlinear-elastic anisotropic media.  相似文献   

20.
地理信息系统中图形数据的投影变换研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
李红燕 《中国沙漠》1996,16(1):55-60
投影变换是地理信息系统(GIS)中空间处理的重要环节, 根据GIS中图形数据操作与分析, 介绍投影变换的两种基本方法——反解变换法和数值交换法。反解交换法适用于两种投影的坐标公式较简单, 较易求出两种投影平面直角坐标之间直接联系的情况。数值变换法应用范围较广, 它可以避开较复杂的投影坐标公式的反解问题, 求出两个不同投影平面场上点的对应关系。  相似文献   

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