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1.
基于手机基站数据的城市交通流量模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
基于移动定位数据的城市内社会经济活动特征分析是人类移动性的重要研究内容,而交通流量更是这些特征的基本反映。为还原城市道路网络的使用情况并分析其分布特征,本文从产生交通流量的个体出发,对包含基站位置的手机话单数据进行系统抽样,利用蒙特卡洛方法产生个体的出行起止点,并结合当地道路交通网络求得最短路径,最后估算出一天内道路交通网络上的流量分布。通过分析发现：城市内大部分道路的流量小,使用率低,大部分交通流量集中在小部分主干道路;进一步统计分析可知,当地道路交通流量符合20/80规律,即大约20%的道路承担着80%的交通流量;而对不同类型的道路,流量分布也反映出其在城市道路网络中的地位和作用。此研究对于历史交通流量分布的重现、城市道路交通模式的研究以及基于此的道路网络规划情景模拟都有着重要意义。 相似文献
2.
基于空间句法、核密度估计和皮尔森相关分析等方法,以北京城市中心区为例,结合空间句法轴线模型与百度POI（Points of Interest）数据,探讨服务业区位选择的交通网络指向规律。结果表明：①北京城市中心区的交通网络总体呈现“东优西劣、北优南劣、西南最劣”的空间格局,高层级网络则呈现“中心环状集聚—外围多极分布”的分布模式。②与高穿行度交通网络相比,高整合度交通网络的区位指向性更强,在不同尺度均更易诱发服务业的集聚。③总体而言,服务业区位选择的交通网络指向性明显,但不同类型服务业的区位指向程度依据研究尺度的不同具有显著差异,并据此将25类主要服务业划分为街区指向型、街道指向型、双重指向型和无指向型四类。本文对探索服务业集聚发展规律、提高服务业和交通网络规划的科学性具有参考意义,并可为北京城市中心区服务业存量优化提供决策依据。 相似文献
3.
作为要素流动的载体和空间重塑的主体,春运交通客流更能透视中国区域发展的新情况新问题。基于2017年春运期间交通客流数据,从整体网络、城际联系和城市节点维度对交通客流网络结构特征进行比较分析并综合识别城市地域交通类型。研究发现：① 与公路客流辐射范围和流量相比,铁路客流较大,航空客流较小;交通客流网络趋于发育为复杂网络;公路客流网络以邻省组合型城市组团为主,铁路客流网络主要为跨省组合型城市组团,航空客流网络均为“破碎”组合型城市组团。② 由短途为主的公路客流、中短途为主的铁路客流和中长途为主的航空客流分别构筑形成的区域空间结构具有显著的分化态势和极化现象,主要发生在“胡焕庸线”东南侧城市群内以及城市群之间。③ 在空间距离制约下,基于城市首位联系刻画而成的交通客流网络空间组织模式存在显著差异。公路客流形成5种区域空间组织模式,铁路客流形成多重组合的核心-边缘空间组织模式,而航空客流则形成多重组合的轴-辐空间组织运营模式。④ 城市地域交通类型分化显著,形成泾渭分明的“沉睡”区与“活跃”区,且中心城市和城市群成为集散客流的主要动力。希冀能为新形势下推动形成优势互补高质量发展的区域经济布局提供借鉴。 相似文献
4.
随着我国汽车产业的发展和民用汽车拥有量的增加,人们对汽车服务的需求越来越大。以郑州市主城区为例,基于核密度估计法、局部Getis-Ord G*指数,采用汽车服务业电子地图兴趣点（POI）大数据对郑州市主城区汽车服务业的空间集聚格局及其与内外交通的空间关系进行分析。研究表明：（1）郑州市主城区汽车服务业空间分布极不均衡,街道之间汽车服务企业数量的空间分布差异明显,且呈不断拉大的趋势;（2）汽车服务业空间集聚特征显著,空间上形成了中心城区双核块状集聚、边缘城区次中心分散发展的多中心、轴带状集聚格局,两大集聚热点片区越来越突出;（3）各细分行业也表现出不同程度的集聚趋势,汽车配件和汽车销售行业的专业化集聚区域逐步收缩,而汽车维修养护和汽车租赁业的专业化区域则大幅度地向城市外围地区拓展;（4）城市内部交通和对外交通便捷性是影响汽车服务业空间布局的重要因素,沿城市道路的轴线分布和沿高速公路出入口邻近分布是汽车服务企业区位选择的主导趋势。 相似文献
5.
基于广州地铁交通流的始发地（Origin）—目的地（Destination）（OD分析）,运用出行成本（距离/时间）、集中出行距离区间等指标对地铁站点交通流特征及居民地铁出行的人群分异进行刻画。结果表明：1）地铁站点随出行距离增加的乘客累积比例呈“S”型曲线变化,广州地铁站点的平均出行成本约为14.04 km（20.48 min）,并由中心向外逐层增加约4 km（5 min）和13 km（10 min）,周末平均出行成本略高于工作日。2）广州地铁出行的集中距离区间为8.55~26.61 km,在该出行距离范围内的乘客量占总数的71.88%;周末出行集中距离区间宽度变窄,但乘客量的集中比例却有所下降。3）社会弱势群体如女性、老年人、固定上下班的大学以上学历人群、办事人员、商服人员等是地铁潜在客流的主要构成群体;不同人群的地铁平均出行距离出现分化,其中出行需求小、出行能力偏弱的群体平均出行距离较短,出行需求大的群体平均出行距离普遍较长;除个别人群外站点集中出行距离区间相对差异不大。 相似文献
6.
地理信息系统中的网络模型 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
社会中的很多空间现象,如交通、信息交流和生活消费品的运输等都是线性的。在ARC INFO地理信息系统(GIS)中,这些线性现象经过组织和处理,能够建立成网络及其数据库。从而可用来解决资源的合理分配和流动、交通运输中的最佳路线选择等问题。 相似文献
7.
中国城市网络等级结构特征及组织模式——基于铁路和航空流的比较 总被引：34，自引：6，他引：28
交通流是反映城市间社会经济联系的重要表征,被广泛应用于城市网络研究中。基于2010年中国城际铁路与航空客流OD数据,本文从城市节点、流量、子网络视角对中国城市网络的结构特征与组织模式进行了比较研究,发现：① 铁路与航空流视角下的中国城市网络均呈现出以北上广为顶层节点的空间等级结构体系,但除顶层结构外两种网络结构差异较大。② 城市网络体系中的铁路流联系表现出空间邻近性特征,而航空流联系则主要受到城市节点的规模大小与职能属性的影响。③ 铁路流的首位联系受省级行政区划的制约,航空流的首位联系空间跨度大,形成了若干具有垂直层间联系的地域子系统。④ 铁路网络拥有具有显著地域特征的7个子网络,而航空网络中则不存在明显的子网络。技术经济特征与管理体制是造成铁路与航空两种网络特征差异的主要原因。 相似文献
8.
以长春市这一典型单中心扩展型城市为例,通过对1980年、1985年、2000年和2007年4个时间断面60个道路交叉口交通量的数据分析,研究典型单中心扩展型城市的主要道路交叉口交通量时空演变特征和规律,得出的主要结论为:(1)主要道路交叉口人流量与车流量的空间分布及演变特征带有典型的单中心圈层式扩展和轴向集聚特点,即圈层式中心放射状特征。具体表现为城市中心区交通量和道路利用率较高,边缘区交通量和道路利用率偏低;(2)主要道路交叉口人流量与车流量时空演变特征存在差异,人流量增幅较小、增速较慢,历年间变异系数均维持较高水平且变化不大,中心集聚特征明显。车流量增幅较大、增速较快,历年间变异系数均较人流量小且变化较大,在中心集聚的基础上,沿主要交通干道呈现明显的点轴式集中特征;(3)虽然1980~2007年主要道路交叉口人流量与车流量发生较大变化,但交通量时空分布格局并没有根本改变,反映出单中心扩展型城市空间结构对交通量空间分布的强大制约性。 相似文献
9.
In addition to socio-economic factors,major landforms may affect the city structure and urban form. Here we show that landforms have significant effects on the city shape and street patterns of the fast-growing Iranian cities of Dezful (a river) and Khorramabad (mountains and valleys),but no clear effects on the cities of Yazd and Nain. Also,where the street orientation is peaked,the Gibbs/Shannon entropy (a measure of dispersion or spread) is low,but increases as the distribution becomes more uniform because of landform constraints. The streets in the old inner parts of all the cities are,on average,shorter and denser (more streets per unit area) than the streets of the newer outer parts. The entropies of the outer parts are also greater than those of the inner parts,implying that the street-length distribution gradually becomes more dispersed or spread as the city expands. All these cities have been fast growing in the past decades,with the newer outer parts expanding rapidly. As shown here,the rapidly formed outer parts (with greater dispersion in street patterns) have significantly different textures from those of the older inner parts,indicating different functionality and growth processes. These quantitative methods for street-network analysis can be used worldwide,particularly for analysing the effects of landforms on city shape and texture. 相似文献
10.
广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院的树木和景观研究* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院树木的组成、结构、空间格局、树木与生境的关系,以及私人庭院树木与公共绿地的不同特点进行了研究。结果表明:华侨新村庭院树木的种类多样性很高,共有114个树种。与广州城市行道树相比,华侨新村的乡土树种和果树比例较高。在调查的树木中84.75%的树木没有结构损伤现象,只有1.5%的树木生长较差。私人庭院内的树种较为分散,有45种树木为每个庭院仅一棵的单生种,有67.1%的庭院其树种在5种或以上。树木在街道的空间分布则有相对集中的趋势。庭院的大小是影响树木生长的重要条件,在有限空间的庭院内种植过多的树木是造成树木和环境关系紧张的重要原因。 相似文献
11.
In addition to socio-economic factors, major landforms may affect the city structure and urban form. Here we show that landforms have significant effects on the city shape and street patterns of the fast-growing Iranian cities of Dezful(a river) and Khorramabad(mountains and valleys), but no clear effects on the cities of Yazd and Nain. Also, where the street orientation is peaked, the Gibbs/Shannon entropy(a measure of dispersion or spread) is low, but increases as the distribution becomes more uniform because of landform constraints. The streets in the old inner parts of all the cities are, on average, shorter and denser(more streets per unit area) than the streets of the newer outer parts. The entropies of the outer parts are also greater than those of the inner parts, implying that the street-length distribution gradually becomes more dispersed or spread as the city expands. All these cities have been fast growing in the past decades, with the newer outer parts expanding rapidly. As shown here, the rapidly formed outer parts(with greater dispersion in street patterns) have significantly different textures from those of the older inner parts, indicating different functionality and growth processes. These quantitative methods for street-network analysis can be used worldwide, particularly for analysing the effects of landforms on city shape and texture. 相似文献
12.
In addition to socio-economic factors, major landforms may affect the city structure and urban form. Here we show that landforms have significant effects on the city shape and street patterns of the fast-growing Iranian cities of Dezful （a river） and Khorramabad （moun- tains and valleys）, but no clear effects on the cities of Yazd and Nain. Also, where the street orientation is peaked, the Gibbs/Shannon entropy （a measure of dispersion or spread） is low, but increases as the distribution becomes more uniform because of landform constraints. The streets in the old inner parts of all the cities are, on average, shorter and denser （more streets per unit area） than the streets of the newer outer parts. The entropies of the outer parts are also greater than those of the inner parts, implying that the street-length distribution gradually becomes more dispersed or spread as the city expands. All these cities have been fast growing in the past decades, with the newer outer parts expanding rapidly. As shown here, the rapidly formed outer parts （with greater dispersion in street patterns） have significantly different textures from those of the older inner parts, indicating different functionality and growth processes. These quantitative methods for street-network analysis can be used worldwide, particularly for analysing the effects of landforms on city shape and texture. 相似文献
13.
14.
Head/Tail Breaks: A New Classification Scheme for Data with a Heavy-Tailed Distribution 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bin Jiang 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):482-494
This article introduces a new classification scheme—head/tail breaks—to find groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. The heavy-tailed distributions are heavily right skewed, with a minority of large values in the head and a majority of small values in the tail, commonly characterized by a power law, a lognormal, or an exponential function. For example, a country's population is often distributed in such a heavy-tailed manner, with a minority of people (e.g., 20 percent) in the countryside and the vast majority (e.g., 80 percent) in urban areas. This new classification scheme partitions all of the data values around the mean into two parts and continues the process iteratively for the values (above the mean) in the head until the head part values are no longer heavy-tailed distributed. Thus, the number of classes and the class intervals are both naturally determined. I therefore claim that the new classification scheme is more natural than the natural breaks in finding the groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. I demonstrate the advantages of the head/tail breaks method over Jenks's natural breaks in capturing the underlying hierarchy of the data. 相似文献
15.
Gang Liu Yongshu Li Jun Yang Guolin Cai Xiping Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(1):39-55
Traffic flow transmission is a constantly important aspect of complex networks, geographical information science, and other science and engineering fields. Previous studies have shown that vehicle flow is more strongly correlated with morphological properties of streets than those of axial lines. In addition, street-based topological representations are more suitable for vehicle flow prediction, as well as more memory-oriented and global in nature. In this study, we construct a dual graph to represent the street–street relationship and propose a routing strategy for networks on the basis of gravitational field theory. We aim to diminish traffic congestion and enhance the transmission performance of networks. We borrow from gravitational field theory in establishing a gravitational field stimulated by a node in packet transmission and in defining the corresponding gravitational field equation. On the basis of this study, we present a mathematical model and a routing strategy. Experimental results indicate that compared with the shortest path routing strategy, the proposed method considerably enhances network capacity and effectively balances network traffic flow, especially for congested networks. We achieve critical gravitation that can always maximize network capacity, regardless of the values of other parameters. 相似文献
16.
Russell Robinson 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,55(3):693-702
Summary. A telemetered network of sensitive seismographs is being used to study the seismicity of the Wellington region, within the broad shear belt through New Zealand that marks the convergence of the Pacific and Indian plates. On average about 4 event/day are detected within 75 km of the network centre. Of the events located during the first two years of operation, the majority define a band of relatively intense activity, at depths from 20 to 40 km, dipping gently to the north-west and marking some surface near the top of the underthrust Pacific lithosphere. There is less intense and more diffuse activity both above and below this zone. The shallower activity does not correlate with major surface faults and reflects the widespread nature of shallow deformation throughout the shear belt. The mechanism of shallow events well above the band of high activity appears to be a mixture of strike-slip and thrust faulting, while that of at least part of the activity in the band is normal faulting. The rate of activity and b value, as functions of time, show significant variations, some of which may be related to the occurrence of the largest shock of the period, M L = 6.1. 相似文献
17.
外部性视角下中国城市网络演化及其环境效应研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
在全球化、快速城市化和新技术革命的背景下,要素流与网络关系构成的“流空间”愈发重要,城市网络结构不断受到冲击与重塑,人地关系矛盾日益凸显,区域空间组织模式及其环境效应已成为环境经济地理学研究的重要议题。本文利用腾讯位置大数据,构建了2015—2018年288个地级以上城市之间的人口迁徙网络,采用社会网络分析和面板空间计量模型,对中国城市网络演化格局及其环境效应进行实证分析。结论如下：① 中国城市网络联系强度高的城市主要分布在“胡焕庸线”东侧的京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝城市群组成的菱形结构;城市网络密度和关联性逐渐增强,度数和中介中心性呈现多中心和分散化的发展趋势。② 中国城市空气质量总体有所好转,空间上呈现显著的集聚特征;88.89%的城市空气质量指数（AQI）下降,PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO和NO2年均浓度有所下降,而O3年均浓度有所上升。③ 中国城市网络对环境质量的影响主要来源于城市网络外部性所带来的空间溢出效应;城市网络中节点权力地位和影响力的增强,提高了借用规模和借用技术,从而促进环境质量提升。④ 度数中心性提升了东部、中部和东北地区的环境质量,减少了PM2.5、PM10、SO2和O3的年均浓度,增加了CO的年均浓度;而中介中心性则提高了西部地区的环境质量,降低了NO2的年均浓度。 相似文献
18.
山地城市街道意象及景观特色塑造 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
街道是人们对城市景观最直接最经常的感受来源，是人们认识城市的重要场所。山地城市因其特殊的地理地貌环境，其街道的景观形象对整个城市形象具有更大的影响力。从山地城市道路形态特征意象、视觉特征意象及城市街道景观的三个构成要素，探讨了山地城市街道意象及其景观特色，以及如何构筑具有山地特色的城市空间。 相似文献
19.
It is well received in the space syntax community that traffic flow is significantly correlated to a morphological property of streets, which are represented by axial lines, forming a so called axial map. The correlation co‐efficient (R 2) approaches 0.8 and even a higher value according to the space syntax literature. In this paper, we study the same issue using the Hong Kong street network and the Hong Kong Annual Average Daily Traffic datasets, and find surprisingly that street‐based topological representations (or street–street topologies) tend to be better representations than the axial map. In other words, vehicle flow is correlated to a morphological property of streets better than that of axial lines. Based on the finding, we suggest the street‐based topological representations as an alternative GIS representation, and the topological analyses as a new analytical means for geographic knowledge discovery. 相似文献
20.
近年来,暴雨内涝频繁发生,常引发严重的城市交通拥堵问题。本文利用自主开发的宏观交通模拟工具,模拟了上海市中心城区50年一遇和100年一遇暴雨强度情景下每条路段的小时交通量,通过计算道路饱和度,研究了不同强度暴雨内涝对中心城区高架出入口和重要道路拥挤程度的影响。结果表明：①100年一遇暴雨内涝对上海市中心城区道路交通服务能力影响显著,可导致7个高架道路出入口关闭,部分出入口严重拥堵;②暴雨内涝对道路拥堵状况影响的差异性明显,变拥挤路段占道路总里程的13.35%,其中一级道路的拥挤程度变化最为明显,如：大连路、武宁路,周家嘴路和长寿路等主要路段服务水平下降。 相似文献