共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
8种湿地植物的生长状况及泌氧能力 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湿地植物是人工湿地的核心部分,筛选优良的植物种类,将有利于充分发挥湿地植物的功能,提高人工湿地污水处理的能力.分析4种须根型植物香蒲(Typha orientalis)、美人蕉(Canna indica)、灯芯草(Juncus effusus)、纸莎草(Cyperus papyrus)和4种根茎型植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)在厌氧、水培条件下的生长状况及根系泌氧特性;比较它们的根和茎叶生物量、相对生长速率(RGR)、根长、根孔隙度和泌氧量(率)等生理生态特性.结果表明,8种湿地植物在厌氧条件下生长状况良好;其中,须根型植物的生物量、RGR和泌氧能力均显著优于根茎型植物.在相同光照条件下,灯芯草的泌氧率最大,为192.62μmol O2/(d·g (DWroot)),而黄菖蒲的根系泌氧率最小,仅为68.81μmol O2/(d·g(DWroot)).各植物根系泌氧率大小为:灯芯草> 纸莎草> 香蒲> 美人蕉> 菖蒲> 再力花> 芦竹> 黄菖蒲.方差分析显示:植物根系泌氧率与根孔隙度呈极显著正相关,而植物泌氧量与RGR、各生物量呈极显著正相关,但与根茎比呈显著负相关. 相似文献
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以湿地植物菖蒲为研究对象,在水培条件下观察3个浓度梯度的氮磷污水(处理组1、2、3依次为N:40 mg/L、P:4 mg/L;N:80 mg/L、P:8 mg/L;N:120 mg/L、P:12 mg/L)对其胁迫后的根系释氧和通气组织的变化规律,研究发现高氮磷胁迫明显抑制菖蒲株高和根系长度的生长,减少植物根系数量;高氮磷胁迫还可以增加植物根系释氧量和促进根系通气组织形成,由于根系长度和数量的减少,处理组的根系释氧总量不及对照组;高氮磷胁迫不改变菖蒲根系释氧趋势,根尖最大,离根尖越远释氧越小.研究还发现,根尖释氧量大小和通气组织呈正相关,根基和根中部释氧量与通气组织关系不显著,说明植物通气组织的形式更有利于根尖释氧. 相似文献
3.
城市河道黑臭底泥对挺水植物光合荧光特性的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
城市河道黑臭现象日益严重,探讨常见湿地植物在黑臭底泥中的生长,有利于为河道修复物种选择提供科学依据.研究黑臭底泥对3种常见湿地植物——菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、美人蕉(Canna indica)及慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia)生长状况和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:菖蒲和美人蕉在第30~40 d时生物量增量明显降低,慈姑的生物量增量在整个实验中持续增加;通过比较3种湿地植物的荧光参数可知,菖蒲和美人蕉的光化学淬灭系数(q P)、相对光合电子传递速率(r ETR)值在第10 d时达到最大,分别为41.33μmol/(m2·s)和68.60μmol/(m2·s),后30 d一直下降;慈姑q P、r ETR值在第30 d时增加;在第40 d时,美人蕉q P值下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q N)值上升,叶片有较强的热耗散能力,而菖蒲的q P、q N值同时下降,黑臭底泥对菖蒲叶片的光合系统PSⅡ造成伤害.这说明黑臭底泥对菖蒲和美人蕉的光合能力产生较长期抑制,而慈姑可较快适应黑臭底泥的胁迫.因此利用湿地植物修复黑臭河道时,可优先选择慈姑,其次是美人蕉,最后是菖蒲. 相似文献
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几种水陆交错带植物对湖滨带底质的稳固作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究几种常见水陆交错带植物对底质稳固性的影响,选取太湖贡湖湾水陆交错带内的双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)、李氏禾(Leersia hexandra)、香菇草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)、黄花水龙(Ludwigia peploides)和黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)5种水生/湿生植物植物,并利用长江下游常见沙壤土和湖滨带新生底质两种土壤,开展了5种植物对底质稳固作用的室内研究.结果表明底质孔隙度减少、细小粒径(50μm)增加有利于底质稳固,改善上覆水指标,减少扰动给上覆水所带来的悬浮颗粒物.直径≤1 mm的须根量、须根长度和须根面积与底质孔隙度和粒径分布增益值之间存在线性回归关系,双穗雀稗、李氏禾、香菇草的根系参数与增益值之间存在斜率为0.006~1.727的线性正相关关系;黄花水龙、黄菖蒲植物根系参数与增益值之间则存在斜率为-0.091~-0.011的线性负相关关系.黄菖蒲与黄花水龙的根长密度分别为11.495和9.475 cm/cm~3,根表面积密度分别为0.368和0.294 cm~2/cm~3,根重密度分别为1.844和0.944 mg/cm~3,两种植物对底质孔隙度的增益值分别为15%和9%,对底质粒径分布的增益值分别为92%和47%;双穗雀稗、李氏禾、香菇草的根长密度分别为1.057、7.368和0.651 cm/cm~3,根表面积密度分别为0.033、0.228和0.022 cm~2/cm~3,根重密度分别为0.678、2.537和0.160 mg/cm~3,3种植物根系参数对底质孔隙度的增益值分别为6%、36%和1%,3种植物根系参数对底质粒径分布的增益值分别为16%、17%和-13%.5种植物通过根系提高底质的稳定性,减少底质在水力扰动下悬浮物质以及营养盐的释放,从效能上表现为李氏禾双穗雀稗黄菖蒲黄花水龙香菇草. 相似文献
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污水低碳氮比(C/N)是影响人工湿地氮去除效果限制因素,传统的碳源添加及利用存在成本较高、补充困难的局限性. 本研究契合“就地取材,原位处理”的废物利用原则,选择人工湿地常见的水生植物和农业废弃物(玉米芯、稻草)作为对照,对比了挺水植物(香蒲、美人蕉)、浮叶植物(莲)、沉水植物(菹草)、湿生植物(南荻、短尖苔草)的释碳能力,初步确定了以香蒲、美人蕉、南荻为代表的植物具有较好的释放碳能力,在中国湿地中分布广泛,且均对水体二次污染较小. 以南荻、美人蕉、玉米芯作为碳源添加的模拟人工湿地实验验证表明,在低碳氮比的模拟表流人工湿地投入植物碳源,能有效提高系统的脱氮效率,对照组、南荻组、美人蕉组和玉米芯组的出水总氮浓度分别为(5.24±0.07)、(4.50±0.10)、(3.75±0.17)和(2.97±0.18)mg/L,对应的去除率分别为58%、64%、70%和76%,确定南荻和美人蕉植物残体以及改性材料均残体和改性材料适合作为人工湿地中原位利用的外加碳源. 本研究探索了通过湿地植物配置解决人工湿地水体低C/N比的问题,为提高湿地脱氮效果提供了有意义的新途径. 相似文献
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苏北溱湖芦苇和芦苇+香蒲群落中植物对湿地土壤N、P的固持效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湿地土壤是湿地生态系统固持氮(N)、磷(P)的重要库,水生高等植物在湿地土壤固持N、P过程中起到了非常重要的作用.本研究采用室外取样与室内实验结合的方法,对溱湖湿地两种主要湿地类型(芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和芦苇+香蒲(Typha latifolia)群落)影响湿地土壤N、P固持过程的规律展开研究.分析了芦苇、香蒲各器官生物量和总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及储量对于土壤各土层TN和TP含量的影响.结果显示:(1)溱湖湿地对于水体TN和TP有一定的削减作用,且对TN的削减作用更大;(2)芦苇可以增强湿地土壤(30 cm以下的土层)富集N的效率,并且芦苇+香蒲群落中土壤固N效率更高,芦苇植株内TN和TP储量都是根茎叶穗,而香蒲则是根穗茎叶;(3)芦苇和香蒲茎、叶器官的TN和TP含量在夏季均显著高于其他几个季节,尤其是芦苇茎的TN含量在夏季高出其他几个季节70%~84%,而TP含量甚至高出其他几个季节81%~92%;(4)芦苇、香蒲对于P贫瘠的响应机制不同,导致芦苇会消耗土壤P,而香蒲的介入可以抵消这一消耗过程.因此,芦苇+香蒲的植物配置模式可以提高湿地土壤固持N、P的综合效率. 相似文献
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移栽胁迫对3种湿地植物的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
湿地植物的移栽是人工湿地修复的主要组成部分,移栽期间,植物从起苗、运输到栽植时间的长短等都直接影响到湿地植物移栽后的成活率和生长状况。以南四湖人工湿地中芦竹(Arundo donax)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和香蒲(Typha latifolia)为研究对象,研究了移栽胁迫在起苗后24h内对3种植物的影响。结果表明:起苗后,芦苇的生物量和叶绿素含量下降速率最小,芦竹的叶绿素含量下降最快;叶绿素荧光方面,芦竹光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和潜在最大光合能力(Y)最大,光保护能力(NPQ)也最强;香蒲的实际光合效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))最大;3种湿地植物的光化学淬灭(qP)、光保护能力和实际光合效率在5h左右即降至最低,而潜在最大光合能力下降至22h后达到稳定的较低值;芦苇的Φ_(PSⅡ)、Y、qP、NPQ和香蒲的Φ_(PSⅡ)、qP均与叶绿素含量的减少呈极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。以上结果表明,移栽胁迫对3种湿地植物产生了严重的影响,且影响程度为芦苇香蒲芦竹,起苗后栽植时间分别不宜超过4-6h、6-8h和14-16h,以保证移栽后的植物成活率和正常生长。 相似文献
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基于植物昼夜释氧变化规律的复合垂直流人工湿地氮形态 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究植物根系释氧规律对人工湿地中硝化与反硝化作用的影响,采用传统连续运行方式及根据释氧规律调节的新型运行方式(白天连续进水、夜间停水),在复合垂直流人工湿地小试系统中进行实验,采用代表性的挺水植物香蒲作为湿地植物,水力负荷为0.71 m3/(m2.d).结果表明:系统内白天以好氧的硝化作用为主,夜间以厌氧、缺氧的反硝化作用为主,且在新型运行方式下,系统内白天亚硝酸盐氮累积量为传统运行方式的5倍,硝酸盐氮累积量为其2倍,夜间亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮减少量又分别比传统运行方式高64%和26%.这说明在新型运行方式下,人工湿地脱氮效果优于传统运行方式. 相似文献
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不同湿地植物对污水中氦磷去除的贡献 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
选择5种湿地植物(芦苇、东方香蒲、菖蒲、茭白、鸢尾)和1种喜湿灌木(蒿柳),研究重度富营养化水体中植物的生长特性和氮磷去除效果.研究发现,所选用的6种植物在实验池中均生长良好.稳定生长105d以后,各种植物的总生物量在424-1772g/m2之间,除了香蒲的地上地下生物量比(A/U)达到3.23外.其它的比值在0.63-1.49之间.6种植物地上部N和P浓度分别在13.12-28.83mg/g及1.55-3.77mg/g之间,地下部N和P浓度在7.76-15.60mg/g及1.70-2.71mg/s之间,大部分植物地上部N和P的浓度大于地下部.6种植物平均氮、磷积累量分别为20.60g/m2和3.08g/m2,其中地上部平均氮、磷积累量分别占66.60%和58.22%.不同植物筛选池对不同污染物的净化效果有差异,鸢尾池对TN的净化效果最好,芦苇池对TP的净化效果最好.植物的氮、磷积累量与浓度及生物量之间均存在显著相关. 相似文献
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Impact of salt stress on the features and activities of root system for three desert halophyte species in their seedling stage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Linkage between belowground and aboveground sections of ecological system is mainly depending on root system. But root system is the parts of plant that people less understand. The absorption function of root system is closely related to their morphology and activity. Moreover root system can interact with the environmental stress under the adverse situation, and adjust its system to take adaptation responses in morphology and physiology to strengthen its survival chance. This research is focused on three desert halophyte species of H. ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge., S. physophora Pall., and S. nitraria Pall. under solution culture, to study the differences of their root system morphology and activity in the seedling stage under varying salt concentration conditions. The study results show that: A certain salt concentration can promote development of these three halophytes; but rather high salt concentration will restrain their growth, in particular inhibit the root system development. Under the same salt concentration condition, S. nitraria Pall. grows fast and accumulates the largest amount of biomass. Under relatively low salt concentration, the length of axial root and the total length of root system of these three halophyte species are all increased; and compared to the checking samples, S. physophora Pall. occupies the top place of root system growth, but the high salt concentration will restrain the increase of total root length; among them, the impact intensity on S. physophora Pall. is lighter than to H. ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge. and S. nitraria Pall. is lighter; the salinity does not bring distinct influence on the average diameter of root system of these three plant species, but trends to reducing the size; under the solution culture conditions, the middle and lower parts of the axial root of H. ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge. and S. physophora Pall. are rather equally distributed, but the central zone of S. nitraria Pall. root system is more significantly increased than the upper and lower zones; salt concentration does not bring significant impact on the root system spatial distribution of each species. The root activity of the three plants is increased along with the increase of the salt concentration. When the salt concentration is low, the root activity is not significantly increased; but when the salt concentration is high, the root activity is increased significantly. The experimental results show that the saline tolerance capacity of H. ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge. is lower than the other two species, and the capacity of S. physophora Pall. ranks the top place. 相似文献
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多层螺旋CT三维成像技术观测植物根系的实验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在作物根系观测中的应用价值。方法:选取有代表意义分别种植在3种不同生长基质共九个花盆中的三种作物,将作物根系连同基质、花盆一起利用多层螺旋CT机进行容积扫描,把获得的作物根系图像的容积数据导入CT3D工作站,利用机器设备所附带的图像后处理软件MIP、SSD、MPR、VR对图像进行成像。经处理过的图像由两位CT专职医生和两位植物根系研究人员对图像质量进行评价。结果:采用多层螺旋CT成像技术能够实现植物根系原位形态构型的定性观察和定量测量。结论:多层螺旋CT可作为一种原位、快速、准确、无损观察作物根系构形的方法;几种CT成像方法中,以最大密度投影(MIP)成像法图像效果最好。 相似文献
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Influence of root characteristics and soil variables on the uprooting mechanics of Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings 
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下载免费PDF全文 Katharina Edmaier Benoît Crouzy Roland Ennos Paolo Burlando Paolo Perona 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(10):1354-1364
The success of seedlings and rejuvenated woody debris growing on river bedforms depends on the resistance to uprooting by flow provided by their simple root architecture. Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings were used in flume experiments as prototypes for juvenile riparian plants. Very little is known about the magnitude of root anchoring forces and the role of secondary roots of such simple root systems. We performed 1550 vertical uprooting experiments on Avena sativa and Medicago sativa seedlings grown in quartz sand. Seedlings were pulled up by direct traction using a wheel driven by a computer‐controlled motor and the force was recorded. Roots were scanned and architectural parameters (root length and number of roots) determined. Uprooting force and work (the integral of the applied force times the distance over which it is applied) were then related to root architecture and soil variables. Resistance to uprooting increased with decreasing sediment size and sediment moisture content. The initial response of the root–soil system to uprooting showed linear elastic behaviour with modulus increasing with plant age. While the maximum uprooting force was found to increase linearly with total root length and be mainly dependent on the length of the main root, uprooting work followed a power law and has to be related to the whole root system. Thus, for the young plants we considered, secondary roots are responsible for the ability to withstand environmental disturbances in terms of duration rather than magnitude. This distinction between primary and secondary roots can be of crucial importance for seedlings of riparian species germinating on river bars and islands where inundation is a main cause of mortality. Beyond clarifying the biomechanical role of soil and root variables, the uprooting statistics obtained are useful in interpreting and designing ecomorphodynamic flume experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Filippo Giadrossich Denis Cohen Massimiliano Schwarz Antonio Ganga Roberto Marrosu Mario Pirastru Gian Franco Capra 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(8):1602-1609
Tree roots provide surface erosion protection and improve slope stability through highly complex interactions with the soil due to the nature of root systems. Root reinforcement estimation is usually performed by in situ pullout tests, in which roots are pulled out of the soil to reliably estimate the root strength of compact soils. However, this test is not suitable for the scenario where a soil progressively fails in a series of slump blocks – for example, in unsupported soils near streambanks and road cuts where the soil has no compressive resistance at the base of the hillslope. The scenario where a soil is unsupported on its downslope extent and progressively deforms at a slow strain rate has received little attention, and we are unaware of any study on root reinforcement that estimates the additional strength provided by roots in this situation. We therefore designed two complementary laboratory experiments to compare the force required to pull the root out. The results indicate that the force required to pull out roots is reduced by up to 50% when the soil fails as slump blocks compared to pullout tests. We also found that, for slump block failure, roots had a higher tendency to slip than to break, showing the importance of active earth pressure on root reinforcement behaviour, which contributes to reduced friction between soil and roots. These results were then scaled up to a full tree and tree stand using the root bundle and field-measured spatial distributions of root density. Although effects on the force mobilized in small roots can be relevant, small roots have virtually no effect on root reinforcement at the tree or stand scale on hillslopes. When root distribution has a wide range of diameters, the root reinforcement results are controlled by large roots, which hold much more force than small roots. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
The effect of plant species on erosion processes may be decisive for long‐term soil protection in degraded ecosystems. The identification of functional effect traits that predict species ability for erosion control would be of great interest for ecological restoration purposes. Flume experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the root systems of three species having contrasted ecological requirements from eroded marly lands of the French Southern Alps [i.e. Robinia pseudo acacia (tree), Pinus nigra austriaca (tree) and Achnatherum calamagrostis (grass)], on concentrated flow erosion rates. Ten functional traits, describing plant morphological and biomechanical features, were measured on each tested sample. Analyses were performed to identify traits that determine plant root effects on erosion control. Erosion rates were lowest for samples of Robinia pseudo acacia, intermediate in Achnatherum calamagrostis and highest in Pinus nigra austriaca. The three species also differed strongly in their traits. Principal components analysis showed that the erosion‐reducing potential of plant species was negatively correlated to root diameter and positively correlated to the percentage of fine roots. The results highlighted the role of small flexible roots in root reinforcement processes, and suggested the importance of high root surface and higher tensile strength for soil stabilization. By combining flume experiment to plant functional traits measurements, we identified root system features influencing plant species performance for soil protection against concentrated flow erosion. Plant functional traits related to species efficiency for erosion control represent useful tools to improve the diagnosis of land vulnerability to erosion, plant community resistance and the prediction of ecosystem functioning after ecological restoration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Effects of Soil Rhizosphere Aeration on the Root Growth and Water Absorption of Tomato 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Soil rhizosphere aeration status is an important aspect of soil quality and soil ecology. The objective of the current study was to determine the appropriate moisture environment that facilitates rhizosphere soil aeration and ensures normal root respiration in tomato. In the potted experiment, five treatments of soil aeration were used (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 ventilation volume of 50% porosity of soil, and no ventilation) under conditions of the different soil moisture upper limits. The effects of different rhizosphere soil aerations on the physiological indicators and water absorption of tomato were studied. Under the same soil moisture condition, plant growth and root vitality initially increased, and then decreased when the soil ventilation volume increased. The combination of soil moisture with 80% of field capacity and 0.8 ventilation volume with 50% soil porosity raised the chlorophyll content by 29.98% and the root vitality by 61.55%, as compared with the non‐ventilated treatment. Therefore, the appropriate volume of rhizosphere ventilation can effectively improve the capacity of water absorption in tomato. The result provides a new view about soil quality and soil ecology in terms of soil–root system. 相似文献
17.
Runoff initiation in a preserved semiarid Caatinga small watershed,Northeastern Brazil 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 José Vidal de Figueiredo José Carlos de Araújo Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros Alexandre C. Costa 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2390-2400
This study analyses some hydrological driving forces and their interrelation with surface‐flow initiation in a semiarid Caatinga basin (12 km2), Northeastern Brazil. During the analysis period (2005 – 2014), 118 events with precipitation higher than 10 mm were monitored, providing 45 events with runoff, 25 with negligible runoff and 49 without runoff. To verify the dominant processes, 179 on‐site measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were conducted. The results showed that annual runoff coefficient lay below 0.5% and discharge at the outlet has only occurred four days per annum on average, providing an insight to the surface‐water scarcity of the Caatinga biome. The most relevant variables to explain runoff initiation were total precipitation and maximum 60‐min rainfall intensity (I60). Runoff always occurred when rainfall surpassed 31 mm, but it never occurred for rainfall below 14 mm or for I60 below 12 mm h?1. The fact that the duration of the critical intensity is similar to the basin concentration time (65 min) and that the infiltration threshold value approaches the river‐bank saturated hydraulic conductivity support the assumption that Hortonian runoff prevails. However, none of the analysed variables (total or precedent precipitation, soil moisture content, rainfall intensities or rainfall duration) has been able to explain the runoff initiation in all monitored events: the best criteria, e.g. failed to explain 27% of the events. It is possible that surface‐flow initiation in the Caatinga biome is strongly influenced by the root‐system dynamics, which changes macro‐porosity status and, therefore, initial abstraction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Physical environmental controls on riparian root profiles associated with black poplar (Populus nigra L.) along the Tagliamento River,Italy 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Tree roots contribute to the resistance of riparian sediments to physical deformation and disintegration. Understanding reinforcement by roots requires information on root distributions within riparian soils and sediments. Continuous‐depth models or curves have been proposed to describe vertical root density variations, providing useful indicators of the types of function that may be appropriate to riparian trees, but have generally been estimated for terrestrial species or broad vegetation types rather than riparian species or environments. We investigated vertical distributions of roots >0.1 mm diameter of a single riparian tree species (Populus nigra L.) along the middle reaches of a single river (Tagliamento River, Italy), where Populus nigra dominates the riparian woodland. Root density (hundreds m?2) and root area ratio (RAR in cm2 m?2) were measured within 10 cm depth increments of 24 excavated bank profiles across nine sites. Sediment samples, extracted from distinct strata within the profiles, were analysed for moisture content, organic matter content and particle size. Statistical analyses identified two groups of wetter and drier profiles and five sediment types. Following loge‐transformation of root density and RAR, linear regression analysis explored their variation with depth and, using dummy variables, any additional influence of moisture and sediment type. Significant linear regression relationships were estimated between both root density and RAR and depth which explained only 15% and 8% of the variance in the data. Incorporating moisture and then sediment characteristics into the analysis increased the variance explained in root density to 29% and 36% and in RAR to 14% and 26%. We conclude that riparian tree root density and RAR are highly spatially variable and are poorly explained by depth alone. Complex riparian sedimentary structures and moisture conditions are important influences on root distributions and so need to be incorporated into assessments of the contribution of roots to river bank reinforcement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献