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1.
兰州东盆地最近1.2Ma的黄河阶地序列与形成原因 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
毗邻青藏高原的兰州地区的黄河阶地系列是地面抬升和气候变化的信息载体.通过古地磁、光释光测年及黄土-古土壤地层序列对比,初步确定了兰州东盆地1.2Ma以来主要有两个阶地发育时期.第1个时期是1.24～0.86Ma, 黄河至少发育了4级阶地,其形成时代分别为:1.24Ma, 1.05Ma, 0.96Ma和0.86Ma; 第2时期为最近0.13Ma,黄河发育3级阶地,时代分别为0.13Ma, 0.05Ma和0.01Ma.每级阶地河漫滩顶部都有一层古土壤发育,表明黄河下切形成阶地发生在古土壤开始发育的冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,但是并非1.2Ma以来的每次冰期-间冰期的气候交替都能引起黄河下切形成阶地.气候变化只是阶地形成的必要条件之一,不是充分条件.对比黄河下切速率和阶地年代序列发现,地面上升仍然是影响黄河下切的重要因素.只有在地面上升速率达到一定程度的时候 (例如:1.2～0.8Ma和最近0.13Ma),气候变化才能导致黄河堆积与下切交替形成阶地;而在地面上升缓慢时期(例如:0.80～0.13Ma),即使发生了大幅度的气候变化,黄河也没有阶地记录. 相似文献
2.
末次冰期是距离人类最近的一次冰期,气候异常寒冷且存在高频高幅波动,河流系统如何响应冰期气候的变化值得关注与研究。基于河流系统对气候变化的敏感响应,传统的经典地貌理论认为河流下切在河流阶地形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,河流的下切行为发生在间冰期或者冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,堆积行为发生于冰期,然而近年来最新的河流地貌研究成果表明,末次冰期河流下切较为普遍。首先对河流阶地形成的传统模式进行总结分析,认为单纯的构造驱动模式存在不合理性,气候也发挥着重要的调节作用;单一的气候变化无法驱动多级且高差较大阶地的形成,地壳抬升往往是必要因素;气候变化是引发河流堆积-下切行为转换形成河流阶地的关键因素。其次通过前人的研究案例总结出末次冰期河流下切行为响应气候变化的三种模式：(1)气候的高度不稳定性引发大规模的洪水事件驱动河流快速下切;(2)快速隆升区气候高频波动叠加构造抬升驱动河流下切;(3)沿海平原地区海平面大幅度下降驱动河流下切。这三种模式对于理解末次冰期河流系统对短尺度高频气候变化的响应以及对河流阶地成因的判断具有十分重要的指导意义。 相似文献
3.
川西硕曲河流阶地及其对山地抬升和气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山地抬升和气候变化是影响内陆地区河流地貌发育的两个关键因素,不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.位于川西高原西部活动构造区的硕曲河谷下游亚金段保留有6级河流阶地,运用ESR和TL技术对其中T2到T6级阶地的砾石层及邻近的冰碛物进行了测年,并结合阶地沉积物特征分析了阶地对山地抬升和气候变化的响应.结果表明:亚金T2～T6级阶地砾石层均堆积于冰期;阶地基座均形成于间冰期-冰期过渡时段;形成这些阶地的下切过程均开始于冰期晚期,可分别与深海同位素阶段的MIS 2、6、8、14和16阶段晚期相对应.自MIS16阶段晚期以来,硕曲河谷亚金段平均下切速率约为1.22 mm·a-1,小于该地区山地同期平均抬升速率2 mm·a-1,这与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致. 相似文献
4.
临汾盆地末次间冰期以来地貌演化的构造和气候响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
野外调查发现,末次间冰期(MIS5)以来临汾盆地普遍发育了一级冲湖积台地(T3)、一级湖蚀台地、两级堆积阶地(T2、T1).利用黄土磁化率地层定年法、TL测年法,确定这些台地或阶地的年龄分别为130kaBP、130kaBP~52kaBP、52kaBP和9kaBP.分析构造和气候因素对河湖地貌发育的影响规律,得出T3台地的形成是130kaBP的区域构造抬升的结果;T2、T1阶地的出现是河流响应晚更新世以来气候变化的产物;湖蚀台地的存在反映了汾河下游黄河三门峡河段可能曾因古崩塌滑坡而被堵塞过。 相似文献
5.
《地球科学进展》2020,(4)
兰州盆地作为黄河自青藏高原流入黄土高原的转折点,其河谷演化对黄河水系在不同地貌单元的演化研究有承上启下的意义。兰州黄河河谷演化研究至今已有近100年的历史,在研究过程中取得了重要的研究成果和认识:①兰州盆地黄河河谷之上发育1级剥蚀面,河谷中发育了宽广连续的9级阶地;利用多种测年技术较系统地测定了1级剥蚀面和9级黄河阶地的年代。②提出兰州黄河基座阶地的形成模式——在长期地面抬升的背景下,气候变化控制阶地形成的年代,抬升速率影响阶地的级数。③兰州至其上游各盆地内黄河最高级阶地年代逐渐年轻化,揭示现代黄河上游水系格局的形成是黄河自兰州盆地不断溯源侵蚀,逐渐贯通上游内流盆地的结果。同时,阶地序列年代学仍需继续深入,区域构造抬升变形特征缺乏直接证据,阶地发育模式需要模型模拟进行验证,水系变化的地貌响应不清楚,以及阶地河漫滩沉积记录的河流过程缺乏关注,这些问题将是今后研究的重点。 相似文献
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7.
川滇块体东北缘晚第四纪区域气候-地貌分析及其构造地貌年代学意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地貌年代是新构造特别是活动构造定量研究的瓶颈问题.通过对川滇块体北东边界构造带所在的区域气候变化过程和地貌研究成果的综合分析.利用众多的年代学数据,从区域尺度对地貌的年代、形态和物质组成等特征对比分析,探讨了该区冰川地貌、河流阶地和冲洪积扇的演化特征,揭示了区域气候变化与区域性地貌演化存在的内在对应关系.气候变化产生的气温、湿度、降水量等变化控制了该区冰川地貌和流水地貌的演化.区域内冰川地貌主要是末次冰期的产物,对应于末次冰期两个冰阶,河流作用在7～10ka和1～5ka两个阶段改造末次冰期堆积地貌形成相应的侵蚀地貌.主要河流阶地发育对应于降水量剧烈变化的气候过程,其中形成三级阶地而的流水下切作用最强,随后堆积的深厚物质是二级阶地的主体,并一直没有被后期流水下切作用蚀穿,与气候变化的强度等特点对应.区内冲洪积扇主要有3个堆积时期,即3～5ka,7～10ka和20～25ka,主要发育在气候变化最剧烈的时期,大量的碎屑物形成并短距离搬运堆积.将区域分析综合的结果应运到康定南团结乡附近的地貌分析,可以很好的理解该区的地貌演化,用侵蚀改造的地貌演化结论否认了以前的堆积地貌认识,理清了地貌发育的年龄序列.综合分析与应用的结果表明,区域气候-地貌-构造系统研究对于活动构造年代学具有非常重要的意义. 相似文献
8.
新生代构造运动对黄土高原地貌分异与黄河形成的控制作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土高原面积广大,不同区域的新生代构造演化有很大差别,根据新生代构造运动特征与沉积过程的差异,将黄土高原划分为鄂尔多斯稳定地块、陇西地区和汾渭新生代裂谷3个新生代构造运动分区.新生代构造运动控制黄土高原新生代沉积与侵蚀过程,从而产生明显地貌分异,并可划为3个一级地貌分区:1)鄂尔多斯黄土地貌区.第四纪黄土覆盖在新近纪红土梁、峁及红土盆地等古地形之上,后被侵蚀,形成复杂多变的黄土地貌景观;2)陇西黄土地貌区.主体为新近纪红土地貌,上覆少许第四纪黄土,实际为红土地貌区;3)汾渭裂谷黄土地貌区.裂谷盆地的地貌主体为河流两侧的阶地和台地,其上堆积第四纪黄土,形成不同时期的黄土台塬.鄂尔多斯周边新生代裂谷的出现控制了黄河的发育.新近纪末银呼裂谷与汾渭裂谷进入快速发展期,吕梁山相应隆起;鄂尔多斯地块西北部也轻微抬升,使古黄河初步形成并流经晋陕峡谷一带,进入三门湖并东流入海.第四纪时期早期,黄河曾长期处于河湖并存期,中更新世末,黄河溯源侵蚀使湖泊消失,并呈现目前的黄河地貌景观. 相似文献
9.
黄河干流奇特的"几"字形格局是其复杂发育历史的表现。由于流域内的地质与气候条件复杂多样,分段开展深入研究是全面认识黄河的基础。晋陕峡谷是研究黄河演化的关键地段之一,河流阶地忠实地记录着河流发育的历史。文章选择山西河曲县城附近黄河阶地发育典型的河段进行研究,在实测河流阶地地貌剖面的基础上,系统采集了20个年代样品进行光释光(OSL)测年。依据地貌类型、沉积特征以及定年结果,建立了该河段黄河阶地的演化序列,得出以下结论:1)河曲地区黄河曲流凸岸形成有4级阶地,T4阶地的形成主要受构造控制,而T3,T2和T1阶地的形成主要与气候变化有关,各阶地的年龄分别是T4为90ka,T3为30ka,T2为20ka,T1为3.4ka。2)河曲地区约140ka以来河流地貌的演化经历了5个阶段,各阶段以下切侵蚀开始,结束于各阶地堆积面的塑造。约90ka以来,该地区河谷谷底下降速度和曲流可能最大侧蚀速度的平均值分别为0.9mm/a和33.4mm/a。在不同阶段,二者的大小变化及组合状况各异,在构造相对稳定条件下,河流以侧蚀作用为主,其侧蚀速度与气候和岩性条件有关。3)河曲地区的黄河曲流是在河流下切过程中逐渐侧蚀、演化而成的,具有内生曲流的特点。4)T4阶地的泥流沉积和加积堆积,可能记录了地方性气候变化,其范围和意义有待进一步研究,另外,T3,T2和T1形成过程中气候变化的作用也有待探讨。 相似文献
10.
构造地貌学重点关注构造和地表过程对于地形地貌演化的差异化作用,构造活动速率则是评估这种影响的一个重要指标。利用河流阶地数据计算河流下切速率从而约束构造抬升速率是常用的方法,但由于阶地成因复杂,这一方法具有不确定性。对于山前河流地貌序列,基于背斜段与未变形段的阶地拔河高度差以及阶地面形成年龄,计算得到的河流下切速率可在一定程度上消除气候等因素的影响,因此可用于估算背斜自阶地形成以来的平均抬升速率。基于该方法,本文通过研究天山北麓乌鲁木齐河、塔西河、玛纳斯河、金钩河、安集海河及奎屯河等河流在背斜段发育的主要阶地,分析了背斜抬升速率及其时空特征。天山北麓发育3排逆断裂一背斜带,结果表明位于第Ⅱ排逆断裂一背斜带的吐谷鲁背斜自约13ka以来的抬升速率为3.52mm/a,同时期霍尔果斯背斜构造抬升速率为4.8mm/a,玛纳斯背斜东端的抬升速率相对较小,为2ram/a;第Ⅲ排构造带中的独山子背斜全新世抬升速率仅为1.2~1.9mm/a。这可能表明,自山前向盆地方向晚第四纪背斜抬升速率大致呈减小趋势,与背斜地壳缩短量的空间分布规律基本一致。更多的阶地年龄数据有助于更好地揭示天山北麓晚第四纪背斜构造活动特征。 相似文献
11.
Baotian Pan Huai Su Zhenbo Hu Xiaofei Hu Hongshan Gao Jijun Li Eric Kirby 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(27-28):3281-3290
The competing roles of bedrock uplift and climatic change in the formation of fluvial terraces remain uncertain. Most of recent studies have attributed terrace formation to climatic changes and held that, even in tectonically active settings, climate variations control cycles of terrace planation and abandonment. Based on field investigations of loess-paleosol sequences, magnetostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we develop a new chronology for a spectacular flight of terraces along the Yellow River near Lanzhou, China over past 1.24 Ma. All the terraces are strikingly similar in that they have several meters of paleosol developed directly above fluvial deposits on the terrace treads, suggesting that the abandonment of each terrace due to river incision occurs during the transition from glacial to interglacial climates. However, the ages of terraces cluster in two relatively short time periods (1.24–0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma – present). During the intervening time between 0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma, terraces either did not form or were not preserved. We suggest that this record indicates that rock uplift rates varied through time and influenced terrace formation/preservation. Thus, our results demonstrate the utility of deep chronologic records from fluvial terraces for deconvolving the effects of tectonics and climate on fluvial incision. 相似文献
12.
We synthesize a new fluvial terrace chronostratigraphy of the Bidente and Musone Rivers cast within a broader European framework, which forms the basis of a terrace genesis and river incision model for the northern Apennines, Italy. Our model, supported by terrace long profiles, correlation to Po foreland sediments, 15 new radiocarbon dates, and published numeric and relative stratigraphic ages, highlights how drainage basin substrate drives concurrent formation of strath terraces in the Bidente basin and fill terraces in the Musone basin. Quaternary climate change paces the formative geomorphic processes through unsteady discharges of water and sediment. In the weathering-limited setting represented by the Bidente basin, siliciclastic detritus carves broad strath surfaces during glacial climates that are preserved as terraces as the river incises during the transition to an interglacial climate. In contrast, the transport-limited and carbonate detritus dominated Musone basin sees valleys deeply buried by aggradation during glacial climates followed by river incision during the transition to an interglacial climate. Incision of these rivers over the past ～1 million years has been both unsteady and non-uniform. These and all Po-Adriatic draining rivers are proximal to a base level defined by mean sea level and have little room for increasing their longitudinal profile concavities through incision, particularly in their lower reaches despite periodic glacio-eustatic drawdowns. As a result, the observed incision is best explained by rock uplift associated with active local fault or fold growth embedded in the actively thickening and uplifting Apennine foreland. 相似文献
13.
OSL‐based chronostratigraphy of river terraces in mountainous areas,Dunajec basin,West Carpathians: a revision of the climatostratigraphical approach 
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下载免费PDF全文 Janusz Olszak Grzegorz Adamiec 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2016,45(3):483-493
The technique of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating applied to fluvial sediments provided a geochronological framework of river terrace formation in the middle part of the Dunajec River basin – a reference area for studies of evolution of river valleys in the northern part of the Carpathians (West Carpathians). Fluvial sediments at 18–90 m above valley bottoms were dated in the valleys of the Dunajec River and one of its tributaries. The resulting ages range from 158.9±8.3 to 12.2±1.3 ka. This indicates that some of the terrace sediments were deposited much later than previously assumed on the grounds of a combined morphostratigraphical and climatostratigraphical approach. The OSL‐based chronostratigraphy of terrace formation consists of seven separate phases of fluvial aggradation, separated by periods of incision and lateral erosion. Some of the ages determined correspond to warm stages of the Pleistocene – Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and MIS 5 – demonstrating that some terraces were formed during interstadial or interglacial periods. The results provide a key for evaluating rates of neotectonic uplift, allowing us to decipher the response of a fluvial system to climate change within the context of the glacial–interglacial scheme. 相似文献
14.
黄河的形成与演化对于认识我国宏观地貌格局的形成、青藏高原及黄土高原的区域构造活动历史、华北平原及黄渤海陆架的形成和演化等问题具有重要意义。目前对黄河演化历史的研究主要集中在龙羊峡以下的河段,对于黄河源段的关注较少。文章基于黄河源地区河谷地貌的实地考察,并利用SRTM1-DEM数据,分析了黄河源段干流及支流河谷橫剖面的地貌特征,并与该区典型的冰川谷和兰州附近黄河的河谷横剖面进行了对比。结果表明:黄河源地区的河谷规模巨大,并呈现出谷底开阔、河床窄小、阶地不明显、谷坡陡立、河谷横剖面左右对称的U型谷特征。这些特征与该区冰蚀谷的特征相似,但与兰州段黄河成型河谷的特征相差甚远,且其河谷规模更大。我们推断,黄河源地区的河谷可能主要为冰期时的冰蚀作用所塑造,而非单纯的流水侵蚀形成。由于冰蚀作用的存在,该区早期的河流阶地可能被随后冰期的冰蚀作用所破坏,当前基于黄河源地区现存河流阶地年代的研究很可能低估了该区水系的发育历史。此外,反复的冰川进退也可能导致黄河源水系自上而下贯通,而非溯源侵蚀形成。 相似文献
15.
An Wang Jacqueline A. Smith Guocan Wang Kexin Zhang Shuyuan Xiang Demin Liu 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,34(4):532-543
The Kunlun Range, a reactivated orogenic belt, constitutes the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The extreme relief and major landforms of the Kunlun Range are a product of late Cenozoic tectonics and erosion. However, well-developed late Quaternary terraces that occur along the northern slope of the Kunlun Range probably resulted from climatic change rather than surface uplift. The terrace sequences formed in thick Quaternary valley fills and have total incision depths of 50–60 m. Optically stimulated luminescence dating was employed to place time controls on the valley fills and associated terraces. Dating results suggest that periods of significant aggradation were synchronous between different rivers and correspond to the last glacial stage. The abrupt change from aggradation to incision occurred between 21.9 ± 2.7 and 16 ± 2.2 ka, coincident with the last glacial–interglacial transition. Additional terraces developed during the late glacial period and early to middle Holocene. Based on a broader set of chronological data in northern Tibet, at least four regional incision periods can be recognized. Chronological data, terrace elevation profiles, and climate proxy records suggest that these terracing periods were triggered by cool and/or wet climatic conditions. A geometric survey of the riverbed longitudinal profile suggests that surface uplift serves as a potential dynamic forcing for long-term incision. A model is proposed for terrace formation as a response to climatic perturbation in an uplifted mountain range. 相似文献
16.
《Quaternary Research》2014,81(3):452-463
The timing of terrace formation relative to the glacial–interglacial cycle and what factors control that timing, such as changes in climate and/or uplift, are controversial. Here we present a study of the terraces along the Yazheku River using electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and analysis of the sedimentary characteristics in order to establish the timing of terrace formation and to assess the forcing mechanisms that have been proposed. The Yazheku River flows in glacial trough leading from the Haizi Shan, on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The range was uplifted during the Quaternary and repeatedly glaciated by ice caps. The four highest major terraces (T5, T4, T3, and T2) are the result of both climatic and tectonic influences. Strath terraces T5–T2 were created during Haizi Shan glacial expansions during MIS 16, 12, 6 and 3–4, respectively. The major aggradation phases of the four terraces occurred during the deglaciations at the ends of MIS 16, 12, 6, and 2. Down-cutting, which led to the generation of the four terraces, immediately followed the deposition of the T5–T2 gravel units. These incisions occurred during the transitions between MIS 16–15, MIS 12–11, MIS 6–5, and MIS 2–1. 相似文献
17.
<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
18.
构造运动和气候变化是制约内陆地区河流阶地发育的两个关键因素,而不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.研究区海子山位于青藏高原东部的沙鲁里山中段,在第四纪期间经历了大幅度构造抬升及第四纪冰川作用.海子山北缘牙着库河谷保留着6级河流阶地,南缘稻城河谷完好地保留着第四纪冰川作用遗迹.本研究运用电子自旋共振技术对牙着库4级高阶地(第3～第6级)的砾石层及稻城河谷的第四纪冰川沉积物进行了测年,并对这4级阶地的形成过程进行了分析.结果表明,牙着库3～6级阶地基座及相应的砾石层均形成于冰消期,分别与深海氧同位素2、6、12、16阶段晚期相对应.待气候进一步变暖而逐渐进入间冰期,海子山冰川消融殆尽,下伏地壳负荷锐减,构造抬升效应的释放结合冰川均衡抬升使得牙着库河谷梯度增大,而同期的河流沉积物通量较小,结果导致流水切割前期加积的沉积物及其下伏基座形成一级新的河流阶地.牙着库河谷自深海氧同位素16阶段后期以来的平均下切速率为0.43 mm/a左右,小于海子山的平均抬升速率2 mm/a,与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致. 相似文献
19.
对黄河晋陕峡谷河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口等4个地区进行了详细的野外考察。河曲地区共发现3级河流阶地,更高的则为唐县期宽谷;唐县期宽谷的海拔高度约1000m(拔河高度150m),而3级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为110m、80m和12m。黑峪口地区也存在唐县期宽谷,宽谷之下发育5级河流阶地,唐县期宽谷西高东低,海拔高度位于970m和940m之间,5级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为130m,80m、50m、12m和4m。延水关地区共发现6级河流阶地,全部为第四纪期间形成,6级河流阶地的拔河高度分别为180m、130m、95m、50m、20m和4m。壶口地区共存在8级阶地,也全部为第四纪期间的阶地,阶地的拔河高度分别约为260m、210m、180m、120m、80m、60m、35m和15m。对壶口最高阶地进行了地层学研究,发现这一阶地上覆厚度约110m的黄土地层,黄土层的最底部为L13,古地磁研究结果和古土壤断代都指示了这一阶地的形成时间在距今1.1Ma左右。综合晋陕峡谷地区现有的研究结果认为,3.3Ma之前,鄂尔多斯地块内部构造极为稳定,发育了唐县期夷平面,古黄河在此夷平面上主要以侧蚀拓宽为主,下蚀极其微弱;3.3-1.1Ma,鄂尔多斯地块的构造稳定可能被打破,黄河小幅度下切;而1.1Ma以来,受鄂尔多斯地块快速抬升的影响,黄河发生剧烈下切,1.1 Ma阶地和晋陕峡谷的主体在这一时期形成。 相似文献