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1.
Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes (also called autoconversion) are proposed based on a large number of CloudSat observations between Jun...  相似文献   

2.
Measurements on drop size were made in cumulus clouds over Pune (inland region) during the summer monsoon seasons. In this paper, the measurements of the cloud drop spectra made in non-raining clouds at different levels and for different thickness have been studied. Also, those on the days with rain and with no rain (the rain being observed within the clouds) have been compared. The average spectra broadened with height. The concentration of drops >50 μm (NL), liquid water content (LWC), mean volume diameter (MVD) and dispersion increased with height. The concentration of drops <20 μm (NS) and total concentration (NT) decreased with height. The spectra were broader, while NS and NT are smaller and the other parameters are greater for thicker clouds as compared to those for thinner. The spectra were broader, while NS and NT are smaller and the other parameters are greater on the days with rain with respect to those on the days with no rain. The distributions were bimodal at higher levels, for thicker clouds and on the days with rain, while they were unimodal at lower levels, for thinner clouds and on the days with no rain. The variations of the cloud drop spectra, preceding rain, at initial stage of rain and following rain are discussed.  相似文献   

3.
利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  
石荣光  刘奇俊  马占山 《气象》2015,41(3):272-285
在GRAPES中尺度模式的双参数微物理方案中加入了气溶胶活化参数化过程,实现了对云滴数浓度的预报。选取不同季节两个降水过程进行模拟,并分别开展了不同气溶胶背景下的两个试验进行对比分析,研究气溶胶对云和降水可能的影响。结果表明:气溶胶浓度增加后,因为活化产生了更多尺度较小的云滴,抑制了云雨的自动转化,使大气中滞留了更多的云水,暖云降水减小;另一方面,云水的增加会使冰相粒子,尤其是雪和霰通过碰并云水等过程而增大,最后融化成雨增加冷云降水,同时冰相粒子增加会释放更多的潜热,促进上升气流的发展,进一步增加冷云降水。气溶胶对降水的影响存在空间不一致性,暖云较厚的地方暖雨过程受到的抑制明显,使地面降水减小,冷云厚度相对较厚时,冷云降水的增加会大于暖云降水的抑制,使地面降水增加。同时由于在云降水发展的不同阶段冷暖云的变化,气溶胶对降水的影响也存在着时间不一致性。  相似文献   

4.
Based on 1-year cloud measurements with radar and microwave radiometer broadband solar radiative transfer simulations were performed to quantify the impact of different ice crystal shapes of Arctic mixed-phase clouds on their radiative properties (reflectance, transmittance and absorptance). The ice crystal shape effects were investigated as a function of microphysical cloud properties (ice volume fraction fi, ice and liquid water content IWC and LWC, mean particle diameter DmI and DmW of ice/water particle number size distributions, NSDs).The required NSDs were statistically derived from radar data. The NSD was composed of a liquid and a solid mode defined by LWC, DmW (water mode) and IWC, DmI (ice mode). It was found that the ratio of DmI and DmW determines the magnitude of the shape effect. For mixed-phase clouds with DmI ≤ 27 μm a significant shape effect was obtained. The shape effect was almost insensitive with regard to the solar zenith angle, but highly sensitive to the ice volume fraction of the mixed-phase cloud. For mixed-phase clouds containing small ice crystals (DmI ≤ 27 μm) and high ice volume fractions (fi > 0.5) crystal shape is crucial. The largest shape effects were observed assuming aggregates and columns. If the IWC was conserved the shape effect reaches values up to 0.23 in cloud reflectance and transmittance. If the ice mode NSD was kept constant only a small shape effect was quantified (≤ 0.04).  相似文献   

5.
A one-dimensional, time-dependent model of the physics and chemistry of a warm stratiform cloud is used to study the possible impact of chemical inhomogeneity among cloud and raindrops on the oxidation of SO2 in clouds. The effects of chemical inhomogeneity are examined using two contrasting models: In Model 1 a bulk-solution parameterization is adopted which effectively treats all cloud and raindrops as if they are chemically homogeneous; in Model 2 we allow the cloud and raindrops to have a dichotomous distribution. The dichotomous distribution in Model 2 is simulated by assuming that the two groups of cloud droplets nucleate from two chemically distinct populations of condensation nuclei; one being acidic and the other being alkaline. While the two models yield essentially identical results when the ambient levels of H2O2 are greater than the ambient levels of SO2, the rate of conversion of SO2 to sulfuric acid and the amount of sulfate removed in the precipitation can be significantly enhanced in Model 2 over that of Model 1 under conditions of oxidant limitation (i.e., H2O2 < SO2). This enhancement is critically dependent upon the fraction of alkaline nuclei assumed to be present in Model 2 and arises from the rapid increase in the aqueous-phase reaction between O3+SIV at high pH. Our results suggest that cloud models which adopt a bulk-solution parameterization for cloud droplet chemistry, may underestimate the amount of in-cloud SO2 oxidation under oxidant-limited conditions.  相似文献   

6.
This paper describes a two-dimensional kinematic framework designed to test warm rain microphysical models. The idealized flow field is based on a case study from the Hawaiian Rainband Project (1990). Analyses of radar and aircraft data collected in convective cells embedded in Hawaiian rainbands are included for model validation. A Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) activation spectrum, a condensational growth equation including the CCN chemical composition, collection efficiencies, and terminal velocities of the growing drops, are all provided. A sample set of figures from the test run with bulk microphysical parameterization illustrates the desired format for comparisons between the detailed model results and for validation of the model output with observations. This simple yet realistic test formulation includes vertical and horizontal advection, and can be used to evaluate microphysical model performance without complexities resulting from dynamical–microphysical interactions in dynamic cloud models. Without such interactions, scientists can focus on key physical processes involved in the formation of warm rain. The accurate representation of these processes in detailed models is essential to successfully simulate the observed evolution of warm precipitating clouds.  相似文献   

7.
The characteristics of the raindrop size distribution(DSD) during regional freezing rain(FR) events that occur throughout the phase change(from liquid to solid) are poorly understood due to limited observations. We investigate the evolution of microphysical parameters and the key formation mechanisms of regional FR using the DSDs from five disdrometer sites in January 2018 in the Jianghan Plain(JHP) of Central China. FR is identified via the size and velocity distribution measured from a disdrom...  相似文献   

8.
In this paper warm cloud microphysical parameters including cloud droplet number concentration (Nc), liquid water content (ql) and effective radius (re) from 75 flights around the Beijing area during 2005 and 2006 are summarized. Average Nc (cm− 3) for Cu, Sc, Ac, As and Ns are 376 ± 290, 257 ± 226, 147 ± 112, 60 ± 35 and 60 ± 84, respectively. Many records of high Nc above 1000 cm− 3 are observed. The large standard deviations indicate a large variation of Nc and ql in this region. The maxima of ql reach 1.4 g m− 3 in Cu and 1.0 g m− 3 in Sc, respectively. Different parameterizations of effective radius are examined with the in-situ data in this area. There are different ways to obtain the prefactor representing the relationship between effective radius and mean volume radius. Significant systematic errors are found to be at the large sizes when the prefactor is expressed with relative dispersion under the Gamma Distribution. Fixed prefactor of 1, which was widely used, even produces much larger error. A prefactor of 1.22 is found to be better than the former two methods by fitting with the observed data. The effective radius is further parameterized as functions of mean volume radius, liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration. We suggest that the effective radius can be parameterized as re,p ≈ 1.20rv + 0.22–1.28/rv2, which is a practical and more accurate scheme without too much computation complexity.  相似文献   

9.
Based on the simulations with a 3-D large-eddy simulation model of marine cloud-topped boundary layer that includes explicit cloud physics formulation, we have evaluated the effect of spatial inhomogeneities in cloud macro- and microstructure on the performance of parameterizations of optical depth commonly used in large-scale models. We have shown that an accurate parameterization of the grid average optical depth alone is not sufficient for correct determination of cloud transmittance to solar radiation due to the non-linear dependence between these two variables.The problem can be solved by introducing the “equivalent” value of optical depth that differs from the ordinarily defined mean optical depth by a factor αt, that depends on the degree of cloud inhomogeneity and ranges from about 2 in the cumulus case to about 1.3 in the stratiform case.The accuracy of cloud optical depth parameterizations commonly employed in largescale models has been evaluated using the data from the explicit microphysical model as a benchmark for comparison. It has been shown that in the cumulus cloud case the parameterized expressions can err by as much as 100%. The error is smaller for more uniform stratiform clouds, where the error for some parameterizations varied in the 10–40% range. The best results are given by parameterizations that account for vertical stratification of parameters on which they are based. However, the error given by a particular parameterization varies and is different at cloud and surface levels. The results show the limitations of the existing simplified parameterizations and illustrate the scope and complexity of the cloud radiation parameterization problem.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
On February 8, 1993, the NASA DC-8 aircraft profiled from 10,000 to 37,000 feet (3.1–11.3 km) pressure altitude in a stratified section of tropical cyclone “Oliver” over the Coral Sea northeast of Australia. Size, shape and phase of cloud and precipitation particles were measured with a 2-D Greyscale probe. Cloud/ precipitation particles changed from liquid to ice as soon as the freezing level was reached near 17,000 feet (5.2 km) pressure altitude. The cloud was completely glaciated at −5°C. There was no correlation between ice particle habit and ambient temperature. In the liquid phase, the precipitation-cloud drop concentration was 4.0 × 103 m−3, the geometric mean diameter Dg=0.5−0.7 mm, and the liquid water content 0.7−1.9 g m−3. The largest particles anywhere in the cloud, dominated by fused dendrites at concentrations similar to that of raindrops (2.5 × 103 m−3) but a higher condensed water content (5.4 g m−3 estimated) were found in the mixed phase; condensed water is removed very effectively from the mixed layer due to high settling velocities of the large mixed particles. The highest number concentration (4.9 × 104 m−3), smallest size (Dg=0.3−0.4 mm), largest surface area (up to 2.6 × 102 cm2 m−3 at 0.4−1.0 g m−3 of condensate) existed in the ice phase at the coldest temperature (−40°C) at 35,000 feet (10.7 km). Each cloud contained aerosol (haze particles) in addition to cloud particles. The aerosol total surface area exceeded that of the cirrus particles at the coldest temperature. Thus, aerosols must play a significant role in the upscattering of solar radiation. Light extinction (6.2 km−1) and backscatter (0.8 sr−1 km−1) was highest in the coldest portion of the cirrus cloud at the highest altitude.  相似文献   

12.
Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau with different geographical locations and climate regimes. These differences may lead to discrepancies in the raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and precipitation microphysical processes between the two regions. This paper investigates discrepancies in the DSDs using disdrometer data obtained during the rainy season in Mêdog and Nagqu. The DSD characteristics are studied under five different rainfall rate categories and two precipitation types (stratiform and convective). For the total datasets, the number concentrations of drops with diameters D > 0.6 (D < 0.6) mm are higher (lower) in Nagqu than in Mêdog. The fitted normalized gamma distributions of the averaged DSDs for the five rainfall rate categories show that Nagqu has a larger (lower) mass-weighted mean diameter Dm (normalized intercept parameter, lgNw) than Mêdog does. The difference in Dm between Nagqu and Mêdog increases with the rainfall rate. Convective clusters in Nagqu could be identified as continental-like, while convective precipitation in Mêdog could be classified as maritime-like. The relationships between the shape factor μ and slope parameter Λ of the gamma distribution model, the radar re?ectivity Z, and the rainfall rate R are also derived. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanism for the notable DSD variation between the two regions during the rainy season is illustrated using reanalysis data and automated weather station observations. Cold rain processes are mainly responsible for the lower concentrations of larger drops observed in Nagqu, whereas warm rain prevails in Mêdog, producing abundant small drops.  相似文献   

13.
Model precipitation can be produced implicitly through convective parameterization schemes or explicitly through cloud microphysics schemes. These two precipitation production schemes control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and consequently can yield distinct vertical profiles of heating and moistening in the atmosphere. The partition between implicit and explicit precipitation can be different as the model changes resolutions. Within the range of mesoscale resolutions (about 20 km) and cumulus scale, hybrid solutions are suggested, in which cumulus convection parameterization is acting together with the explicit form of representation. In this work, it is proposed that, as resolution increases, the convective scheme should convert less condensed water into precipitation. Part of the condensed water is made available to the cloud microphysics scheme and another part evaporates. At grid sizes smaller than 3 km, the convective scheme is still active in removing convective instability, but precipitation is produced by cloud microphysics. The Eta model version using KF cumulus parameterization was applied in this study. To evaluate the quantitative precipitation forecast, the Eta model with the KF scheme was used to simulate precipitation associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and Cold Front (CF) events. Integrations with increasing horizontal resolutions were carried out for up to 5 days for the SACZ cases and up to 2 days for the CF cases. The precipitation partition showed that most of precipitation was generated by the implicit scheme. As the grid size decreased, the implicit precipitation increased and the explicit decreased. However, as model horizontal resolution increases, it is expected that precipitation be represented more explicitly. In the KF scheme, the fraction of liquid water or ice, generated by the scheme, which is converted into rain or snow is controlled by a parameter S 1. An additional parameter was introduced into KF scheme and the parameter acts to evaporate a fraction of liquid water or ice left in the model grid by S 1 and return moisture to the resolved scale. An F parameter was introduced to combine the effects of S 1 and S 2 parameters. The F parameter gives a measure of the conversion of cloud liquid water or ice to convective precipitation. A function dependent on the horizontal resolution was introduced into the KF scheme to influence the implicit and explicit precipitation partition. The explicit precipitation increased with model resolution. This function reduced the positive precipitation bias at all thresholds and for the studied weather systems. With increased horizontal resolution, the maximum precipitation area was better positioned and the total precipitation became closer to observations. Skill scores for all events at different forecast ranges showed precipitation forecast improvement with the inclusion of the function F.  相似文献   

14.
A new two-moment warm bulk scheme has been developed including explicitly nucleation and impaction scavenging of aerosol particles as well as all other microphysical processes. The scheme is built upon a quasispectral representation of the aerosol particle, cloud droplet and raindrop distributions. It predicts mixing ratios and number concentrations for each category. Each process is treated explicitly and independently to establish an analytic expression for each contribution for the time-dependant microphysical equations. The scheme has been tested in the dynamical framework of a two-dimensional kinematic model, developed for the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 1990). In this frame, the scheme has performed reasonably well compared to the observations as well as to other similar parameterization schemes, and to the spectral model DESCAM.Sensitivity tests demonstrate the great sensitivity of the scheme to the initial aerosol spectrum characteristics. Moreover, they have also shown its capability to calculate nucleation and impaction scavenging and to follow the taken up particle mass in the cloud and raindrop spectra until the deposition on the ground by the rain.Therefore, the parameterization offers a possibility of treating the evolution of the liquid phase of the cloud together with the aerosol particle scavenging. However, due to the severe limitations of a two-dimensional kinematic model, the scheme needs to be further validated in a three-dimensional dynamical model.  相似文献   

15.
Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The MCE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (Sc) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Köhler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, Sc is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances.  相似文献   

16.
利用ARW-WRF模式对2014年7月4日12时—5日06时发生在安徽中南部的一次由江淮气旋引发的强降水过程进行模拟,得到暖锋上雨带的雷达回波结构,与实况有较好的一致性。对气旋暖锋上出现的多个小对流带的结构与成因进行了分析,发现暖锋小对流带的高度模拟和实况均在300 hPa以下,其生命史约2～3 h,最长100 km,宽10 km,带与带间距50～100 km,均随高度向东南方向倾斜。其环流特征为对流区东部从低层到高层多对应暖空气上升;对流区西部中上层多为冷区控制;近地面则有类似冷池存在,对流带南部的上升气流有利于对流云的后向新生和形成带状结构。小对流带上,800 hPa有0Ri1和I_(EPV)0区域,稳定层结内出现滚轴状流场分布,有重力波存在的结构特征;600～700 hPa为对流不稳定,对流带间I_(EPV)0。可见暖空气沿暖锋爬升时,在800 hPa附近,由于满足条件性对称不稳定条件,触发条件性对称不稳定和重力波,暖空气继续上升时触发700 hPa之上的对流不稳定,即影响本次暖锋小对流带形成的原因主要为对称-对流不稳定。  相似文献   

17.
A general parameterization for solid and liquid hydrometeors is presented. hydrometeors basically are viewed as porous spheroids with the following variable parameters: diameter, axial ratio, mass, and porosity. Based on this parameterization a functional dependence on the Reynolds number of the drag of hydrometeors is derived, which is based on boundary layer theory. The basic form of this functional dependence is consistent with viscous theory and the inertial drag at low Reynolds numbers is predicted with good accuracy by matching the results from the boundary layer theory with Oseen's theory of creeping motion. Based on this solution a general semi-empirical expression for the Reynolds number and fall speed of particles is found. The results from the present theory are in remarkable agreement with experiments: The errors generally are < 5–10% for a wide variety of hydrometeors in the range of Reynolds numbers 0<NRe<5×105, including columnar and variously branched planar ice crystals, rimed and unrimed aggregates, lump, conical, and hexagonal graupel, hail, and rain drops. The present parameterisation aims far beyond the limits of the conventional methods since it is suitable for mixed-phase models of the microphysics of precipitation with continuously varying particle mass and shape characteristics and including processes such as depositional growth of ice crystals under varying environmental conditions, collisional growth of particles, and melting.  相似文献   

18.
北京层状云人工增雨数值模拟试验和机理研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
何晖  高茜  李宏宇 《大气科学》2013,37(4):905-922
在中尺度WRF 模式的Morrison 双参数方案中引入了AgI 粒子与云相互作用的过程,在WRF 模式中实现了催化功能。利用加入了催化方案的中尺度模式对2008 年3 月20～21 日环北京地区一次层状云系降水过程进行模拟和催化试验。模拟自然降水与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度和时刻进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明:以20 g 的碘化银进行催化作业,在催化后的前30min 之内,地面雨量轻微减小,最大累积减雨量为2010 t,30 min 后,净增雨量迅速增加,最大累积增雨量达到了3.4×105 t。催化开始阶段的减雨主要是由于播撒AgI 后,云水减少而雪晶增多,导致雨滴碰并云滴,云滴向雨滴自动转化过程的减少以及雪晶碰并雨滴过程的增多,然而空中增多的雪晶尚未下落到暖区融化成雨滴。而第二阶段的增雨则是空中增多的雪晶逐渐下落到暖区,雪晶融化成雨滴过程增多。AgI 的播撒率对降水量有明显影响,过量催化会使雪晶平均质量减少,下落速度锐减,从而雪融化成雨水减少,导致雨量减弱,不同催化高度和催化时间的催化结果表明在过冷水含量比较丰富而冰雪晶含量偏少的区域进行催化,增雨效果显著。  相似文献   

19.
雷达回波强度与雨滴谱参数的相关性研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
在雷达定量探测降水方面,目前大都采用雷达回波强度与降水强度的相关性来定量估算,但雷达回波强度与降水强度并非一一对应。本文利用从庐山和南京收集到的雷达观测资料和同步Parsivel观测到的雨滴谱数据,建立雷达回波强度与不同雨滴谱参数的函数关系,将由确定的函数关系式拟合后的雷达回波强度与雷达实测的回波强度作对比,以检验假定函数关系式的合理性,同时通过对比两地两类云降水拟合值的相对误差,给出了函数关系式中的最优y选项,为雷达定量估算降水量寻找新的途径。研究结果表明:庐山和南京两地两类云降水的雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合普遍较好,其中对流云降水的拟合都明显好于层状云降水。两地层状云降水中各个雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线都大体相近,而对流云降水中,不同雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线差异较大。南京两类云降水拟合的相对误差要小于庐山两类云降水拟合的相对误差。除庐山对流云降水外,DV是两地两类云降水拟合公式中最优的y选项。而庐山对流云降水拟合式中,以N和DP的拟合最佳。  相似文献   

20.
Direct physical measurements of particle mass and number concentration indicate an increase in overall aerosol mass resulting from cloud processing, most likely through aqueous-phase chemistry (e.g., SO2 oxidation). Measurements conducted in the Pennines of Northern England reveal an average increase of 14 to 20% in dry aerosol mass (0.003<particle diameter<0.9 μm) after aerosol passage through an orographic cloud. The rate of in-cloud mass production is most sensitive to changes in upwind particle size distributions, SO2 concentration, and cloud water acidity. Newly-formed mass appears in size range between 200 and 600 nm and enhances the bimodality of the particle number distribution after cloud processing. Furthermore, the cloud-produced mass is estimated to increase total light scattering, bsp, by 18 to 24%. The scattering efficiency of the dry, cloud-generated aerosol is 5.0±0.3 m2 g−1 and increases to 7.4±0.7 m2 g−1 when adjusted to 90% relative humidity by incorporating particle hygroscopicity data.  相似文献   

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