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1.
《Geoforum》2017
As part of their long-running project to get beyond the nature–culture dualism, political ecologists have increasingly explored the active contributions of nonhumans to environmental politics. Upon decentering humans, however, too often posthumanist political ecologies have recentered humans and animals, indexing the enlarged category of “political actor” to narrowly shared traits like mobility or intentionality. Among other consequences, this tendency in political ecology’s posthumanism leaves the political agency of plants largely neglected. Political ecology suffers from this neglect, but the field can benefit from an integration of the insights of vegetal politics, a literature that traces the consequences of plant capabilities in more-than-human geographies. In this article, I model this integration—a vegetal political ecology—by examining human–plant partnerships in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan's walnut–fruit forest, an ecosystem distinguished by the number of its trees that can be modified by horticultural techniques like grafting. I argue that the forest’s “graftability” incrementally undermines two different hierarchies, one typifying people–plant relationships and another that characterizes state-centered regimes of post-Soviet forest governance. Graftability thus allows Kyrgyzstani villagers and trees to act with more autonomy than they otherwise would. This antihierarchical effect is a small biological determinism conferred by the capacities of the graftable tree, and it has political consequences. Vegetal political ecology aims to similarly connect plant performances to their broader political effects; by doing so, it can help political ecologists escape the residual humanism that still characterizes their efforts at posthumanism and better illuminate the political possibilities of partnering with plants. 相似文献
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R. Doi S. L. Ranamukhaarachchi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(4):623-634
Deforestation diminishes the ecological services that a forest provides (e.g., flood prevention). To restore such services, reforestation is often utilized. The full restoration of the original forest ecosystem, however, can take several decades. The present study was conducted to identify the missing key components for rehabilitation of a degraded plot of land in Thailand on which Acacia trees were planted 18 or 19 years ago. Canopy spectral and soil physicochemical profiles of the Acacia plantation plot showed more advanced rehabilitation than in the soil microbial functions, as represented by soil dehydrogenase activity and community-level physiological profiles, when compared with those of a natural evergreen forest. The slower restoration of the soil microbial functions was thought to: (1) be attributed to the loss of certain microbes that played important roles in the evergreen forest soil, and (2) restrict the restoration of the entire forest ecosystem which was found to be still progressing towards a full restoration of the land’s original conditions. Finally, possible measures for further rehabilitation of the ecosystem were discussed. 相似文献
3.
由于大气中二氧化碳等温室气体浓度的急剧增加,全球气候正呈现变暖多雨的趋势。全球气候变化对森林生态系统影响的研究是现代森林生态学的一个重要发展方向。本文综述了全球气候变化对森林生态系统影响研究的目的、内容和主要方法。全球气候变化将不同程度地影响森林生态系统分布、组成、结构、功能和生产力,同时也将影响生物多样性。森林生态系统的长期定位监测、实验生态学和生态系统的计算机建模是开展全球气候变化对森林生态系统影响研究的主要方法。最后简要探讨了全球气候变化对我国森林生态系统影响研究的现状及存在的问题。 相似文献
4.
云南石林喀斯特露石径流输出及其影响因素探究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
喀斯特露石具有重要的生态功能,但关于露石承接降水后的石面径流及其影响因子研究仍然很少.本实验选择云南石林的石漠化、人工林、原生林生态系统,布设露石径流收集装置,收集并测量不同降雨事件后的露石石面径流,测定露石承接降水面积和粗糙度.结果表明:(1)在3.92 mm到72.31 mm的降雨范围内,露石承接降雨量与露石径流量间存在极显著的正相关关系.(2)降雨量,林冠覆盖,露石粗糙度均影响露石径流输出.降雨量与露石径流深成显著正相关关系;石漠化生态系统的露石承接降雨量和露石径流输出显著高于两类林地;露石径流输出随露石粗糙度的增加而减小,两者间存在显著的负相关关系.(3)石漠化生态系统的降雨-露石径流转换系数为0.483,显著高于人工林生态系统的0.434和原生林生态系统的0.413,但两类林地的差异性仅在降雨量为小雨时显著.多因素影响下的喀斯特露石径流具有高度异质性,其将对土壤水分、养分异质性与生物多样性的形成产生重要影响. 相似文献
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黑河下游典型生态系统水分补给源及优势植物水分来源研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过对黑河源区降水、 黑河下游河岸林生态系统、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水稳定氢氧同位素组成(δD、 δ18O)的测定, 对黑河下游典型生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水的补给源进行了研究. 同时通过对比分析河岸林生态系统胡杨和柽柳、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统红砂等优势植物根系水及其对应的土壤水及浅层地下水的δ18O, 对黑河下游典型荒漠植物水分来源进行了研究, 并对不同潜在水源对植物水分来源的贡献率进行了计算. 结果表明: 河岸林生态系统和人工梭梭林生态系统的土壤水和浅层地下水来自黑河源区的降水, 源区降水通过黑河河道输水补给河岸林进而形成土壤水和浅层地下水, 但人工梭梭林的土壤水蒸发作用强烈. 戈壁红砂生态系统由于远离黑河, 土壤水不受黑河源区中上游输水的补给. 就植物水分来源而言, 在河岸林生态系统中, 乔木胡杨主要利用40~60 cm的土壤水和地下水, 灌木柽柳主要利用40~80 cm的土壤水; 人工梭梭主要利用200 cm至饱和层土壤水和地下水; 戈壁红砂主要利用175~200 cm的土壤水. 因此, 在黑河下游极端干旱区, 土壤水和地下水是维持荒漠植物生存、 生长及发育的主要来源. 相似文献
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Method study on relative assessment for ecosystem service: a case of green space in Beijing, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ecosystem service assessment methods are commonly based on converting absolute service values into a monetary or energy equivalent. However, the absolute assessment value is always much higher than market price and dramatically different by different estimators. In fact, the purpose of regional ecosystem service assessments is mainly to recognize the superiority and vulnerability of the local ecosystems and explore the potential for ecological construction. Therefore, this study promotes the concept of the ideal forest equivalent and uses it as a reference point to measure the relative value of ecosystem service. A case study of Beijing was conducted ecosystem service using this relative assessment method on the support of geographic information systems (GIS) software platform. The basic data included remote sensing data, digital elevation map (DEM), a land use map, socioeconomic statistics, and climate data. The assessment results were as follows: (1) the ecosystem service for the Beijing green space was 555,234 ideal forest equivalents, which correspond to 36.38 % of the ideal forest cover in the area; (2) forest exhibited the largest proportion of service functions, which was followed by wetlands, gardens and farmland; (3) the distribution rule of comprehensive ecosystem service value was indicated; and (4) the Beijing region has the potential to improve and increase green space service functions. Finally, the results of this study recommend relevant countermeasures to ecological construction. 相似文献
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于栖兰山庄二次林与宜兰县大同乡之玉兰茶园内,以蒸发皿法量测与估算此二试验区之日潜在蒸散发量,了解在不同土地利用型态下,其日潜在蒸散发量的表现差异情况。研究结果发现,茶园生态系统之日潜在蒸散发量明显高于二次林生态系统之日潜在蒸散发量。究其原因为,茶园生态系统的经营型态属开放式经营型态,故整体茶园生态系统均匀曝晒于阳光下,因此接收足量之太阳辐射能,导致其日潜在蒸散发量较高。而栖兰山庄二次林生态系之表现情形则不尽相同,由于二次林生态系统内,其高、矮茎植物丛生,此差异性结构将产生互相遮阴现象,使得土壤之蒸发量与矮茎植物之蒸散量减少。此外,二次林生态系统的组成中亦多含深根性植物,其水土保持特性相对于茶园生态系统也有较佳的表现。研究中亦发现,在冬季时期,若将二次林生态系统开辟为茶园生态系统时,二次林生态系统每公顷土地之水分逸失量将增加100~150 t。 相似文献
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为了更直观地反映天然林资源保护工程(以下简称“天保工程”)对森林生态系统涵养水源和保育土壤功能产生的影响,体现天保工程所带来的生态效益,依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(GB/T 38582—2020)》,以内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局的林区为研究对象,对天保工程实施前(1998年)和实施后(2018年)2期森林生态系统涵养水源和保育土壤功能进行量化分析,认为内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局林区(简称“内蒙古森工林区”)涵养水源价值为950.16亿元(1998年)和1 341.32亿元(2018年),保育土壤的价值为563.49亿元(1998年)和760.11亿元(2018年)。天保工程实施前后,森林生态系统涵养水源功能总价值量排名前3位的林业局依次是根河、莫尔道嘎、乌尔旗汉,保育土壤功能排名前3位的依次是根河、乌尔旗汉、金河。从整体空间分布上分析得出的2期涵养水源和保育土壤功能价值量均呈现中部>北部>南部的趋势。 相似文献
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茂兰森林生态系统对岩溶环境的适应与调节 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
通过对贵州茂兰森林区岩溶作用下森林生态特点的研究表明,岩溶山区由于岩溶作用导致了地貌、土壤、水分等状况的特异性,其森林生态系统行为对岩溶作用也作出了相应的响应,如森林生态系统虽然生物多样性、物种的特有性仍然较好,但物种以钙生性、旱生性为主,生产力低下,森林生态系统主要通过诸如无性更新、不间断随时更新等方式来适应严酷的岩溶环境。因此要保持和恢复岩溶石山区森林生态系统生产力,其首要的基础研究问题是岩溶作用影响下森林植物的生境胁迫的机制及其动态,森林植物对这种胁迫的适应性及其基因调控机理。 相似文献
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土壤生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位.为揭示土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤生物的影响,在获取土壤理化性质及碳氮磷化学计量学特征的基础上,利用16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术研究了弃耕地、草地、人工林和天然林等土壤细菌与真核生物的群落结构.C:N、C:P和N:P比变化规律为弃耕地<草地<人工林<天然林,土壤细菌和真核生物α多样性、互作网络表现出相反的变化规律.土壤磷、钾和钙是影响岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构和多样性的关键因素.RB41是决定岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌-真核生物网络系统的关键类群.本研究结果为利用土壤生物进行石漠化治理及岩溶生态修复提供了理论基础. 相似文献
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Yuko Itoh Kyotaro NoguchiMasamichi Takahashi Toru OkamotoShuichiro Yoshinaga 《Applied Geochemistry》2007
Anthropogenic Pb affects the environment worldwide. To understand its effect on forest ecosystem, Pb isotope ratios were determined in precipitation, various components of vegetation, the forest floor, soil and parent material in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest stand. The average 206Pb/207Pb ratio in bulk precipitation was 1.14 ± 0.01 (mean ± SD), whereas that in the subsoil (20–130 cm) was 1.18 ± 0.01. Intermediate ratios ranging from 1.15 to 1.16 were observed in the vegetation, the forest floor, and the surface soil (0–10 cm). Using the 206Pb/207Pb ratios, the contribution of anthropogenic sources to Pb accumulated in the forest were estimated by the simple binary mixing model. Sixty-two percent of the Pb in the forest floor, 71% in the vegetation, and 55% in the surface soil (0–10 cm) originated from anthropogenic sources, but only 16% in the sub-surface soil (10–20 cm) was anthropogenic. These results suggest that internal Pb cycling occurs mainly between surface soil and vegetation in a Japanese cedar ecosystem, and that anthropogenic Pb strongly influences Pb cycling. Although the Japanese cedar ecosystem has a shallow forest floor, very little atmospherically derived Pb migrated downward over 10 cm in depth. 相似文献
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Natural Hazards - China's forest cover has increased by approximately 10% as a result of sustainable forest management since the late 1970s. The forest ecosystem area affected by fire is... 相似文献
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通过对秦岭南坡中山地带火地塘林区大气降水与支沟溪流水和流域出口径流水质的比较分析,以及溪流水和流域出口径流水质与水量的相关分析,发现7~10月份大气降水呈微酸性,经过森林生态系统的调节,径流pH值升高,且不随流量变化而发生变化;森林生态系统对随降水输入的NO3-、NH4+、PO43-有很好的净化作用,这种作用对于降低南水北调中线工程取水地丹江口水库水质富营养化的威胁非常有益,对重金属元素Cd、Pb、Mn有固定作用;对K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe有增加作用,尤其对Ca、Mg含量增幅较大,但这种作用不会对水质产生不良影响,对Fe的调升有利于水质改善;森林生态系统在调减Zn含量方面作用显著;林区径流水质与水量之间并无较大关系,水质不随水量变化而发生较大变化,森林生态系统对水质有很好的稳定作用。 相似文献
15.
典型森林生态系统碳交换的机理模拟及其与观测的比较研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
CEVSA模型是一个基于生理生态过程模拟植物—土壤—大气系统能量交换和水碳氮耦合循环及其对环境变化响应和适应的机理模型,在区域和全球尺度上得到广泛应用,但缺乏在生态系统尺度上的验证。本研究对CEVSA模型中碳循环关键过程的定量表达进行了重要改进：将模型的模拟时间步长由“旬”改为“日”;增加了物候参数化的子程序;调整了生物量的分配方案;基于碳平衡模拟叶面积指数的季节动态等。分别使用改进前后的CEVSA模型模拟了3类典型森林生态系统碳交换的季节动态,模拟的结果与通量观测进行了比较分析。结果表明,改进后的CEVSA模型能更好地模拟不同类型森林生态系统碳交换的季节动态,但在不同生态系统的不同时段,模型模拟的结果与通量观测相比还有一定的偏差,模型在碳交换关键过程对环境变化的响应和适应,尤其是针叶林光合作用对温度变化的响应和适应,以及生态系统对高温和水分亏缺的响应和适应等方面的模拟还需要进一步的改进和验证。 相似文献
16.
Mangrove forest stores large organic carbon stocks in a setting that is highly vulnerable to climate change and direct anthropogenic influences. As such there is a need to elucidate the causes and consequences of land use change on these ecosystems that have high value in terms of ecosystem services. We examine the areal pattern of land types in a coastal region located in southern Iran over a period of 14 years to predict future loss and gain in land types to the year 2025. We applied a CA–Markov model to simulate and predict mangrove forest change. Landsat satellite images from 2000 to 2014 were used to analyze the land cover changes between soil, open water and mangroves. Major changes during this period were observed in soil and water which could be attributed to rising sea level. Furthermore, the mangrove area in the more seaward position was converted to open water due to sea-level rise. A cellular automata model was then used to predict the land cover changes that would occur by the year 2025. Results demonstrated that approximately 21 ha of mangrove area will be converted to open water, while mangroves are projected to expand by approximately 28 ha in landward direction. These changes need to be delineated to better inform precise mitigation and adaptation measures. 相似文献
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W. M. Wollheim M. B. Green B. A. Pellerin N. B. Morse C. S. Hopkinson 《Estuaries and Coasts》2015,38(1):19-34
The demand for ecosystem services and the ability of natural ecosystems to provide those services evolve over time as population, land use, and management practices change. Regionalization of ecosystem service activity, or the expansion of the area providing ecosystem services to a population, is a common response in densely populated coastal regions, with important consequences for watershed water and nitrogen (N) fluxes to the coastal zone. We link biophysical and historical information to explore the causes and consequences of change in ecosystem service activity—focusing on water provisioning and N regulation—from 1850 to 2010 in a coastal suburban watershed, the Ipswich River watershed in northeastern Massachusetts, USA. Net interbasin water transfers started in the late 1800s due to regionalization of water supply for use by larger populations living outside the Ipswich watershed boundaries, reaching a peak in the mid-1980s. Over much of the twentieth century, about 20 % of river runoff was diverted from reaching the estuary, with greater proportions during drought years. Ongoing regionalization of water supply has contributed to recent declines in diversions, influenced by socioecological feedbacks resulting from the river drying and fish kills. Similarly, the N budget has been greatly perturbed since the suburban era began in the 1950s due to food and lawn fertilizer imports and human waste release. However, natural ecosystems are able to remove most of this anthropogenic N, mitigating impacts on the coastal zone. We propose a conceptual model whereby the amount and type of ecosystem services provided by coastal watersheds in urban regions expand and contract over time as regional population expands and ecosystem services are regionalized. We hypothesize that suburban watersheds can be hotspots of ecosystem service sources because they retain sufficient ecosystem function to still produce services that meet increasing demand from the local population and nearby urban centers. Historical reconstruction of ecosystem service activity provides a perspective that may help to better understand coupled human–natural system processes and lead to more sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
Spatio-temporal patterns of agricultural expansion and its effect on watershed degradation: a case from the mountains of Nepal 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
K. C. Krishna Bahadur 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(7):2063-2077
Expansion of agricultural at the cost of forested land is a common cause of watershed degradation in the mountain zones of
developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate land use changes in such regions. However, current knowledge
regarding the changes, driving forces and implications of such change within the context of watershed development is limited.
This study analyses changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use and their consequences for watershed degradation
during the 1976–2000 period along an altitude gradient in a watershed in Nepal, by means of remote sensing, GIS and the universal
soil loss equation. Estimated soil loss ranged from 589 to 620 t ha−1 y−1, while areas of extreme hazard severity (>100 t ha−1) increased from 9 to 14.5% from 1990 to 2000. Spatial distribution of soil loss in 2000 was characterized by 88% of total
soil losses being from upland agricultural areas. The study determined that without considering other forms of land degradation,
only water erosion was responsible for erosion of a substantial area in a short timeframe. Areas under upland cultivation
are in an extremely vulnerable state, with these areas potentially no longer cultivable within a period of 6 years. As sustainability
of the watershed is dependent on forests, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from
agriculture for local people, together with loss of ecosystem services. Thus, in order to achieve the goal of watershed development,
remaining forest lands must be kept under strict protection. 相似文献