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1.
Jean-Paul Schaer 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2010,103(3):503-522
At the advent of the twentieth century, geologists believed that folded continental mountain chains like the Alps were due
to horizontal compression, resulting from contractions of the Earth’s crust as it cooled. In 1918, Albert Heim defended this
point of view and illustrated it with a geological section across Switzerland. In 1915, however, and in short notes as early
as 1912, Alfred Wegener in Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (The Origin of Continents and Oceans) proposed that mountains were the result of collisions between light continents drifting and floating on denser formations
of the Earth’s interior, also present at the bottom of the oceans. Before this (1906), Otto Ampferer had already proposed
the association of folds with active movements of material inside the Earth. Wegener used numerous morphological, geological,
and gravimetric data to justify his theory. He was innovative in his successful use of paleogeographic and paleoclimatologic
reconstitutions. Although very popular, his theory only received reserved approval from the active scientific community. Alpine
geologists found it too audacious and too far removed from the field data. In the first critical analysis written in French
(1922), Elie Gagnebin welcomed it as a working hypothesis, but was very reserved regarding the arguments of a geophysicist
who, in his opinion, was not sufficiently versed in structural geology. In contrast, Emile Argand integrated Wegener’s theory
into his conception of the evolution of the Alps already in 1916. At that time, he judged the Alpine orogeny to have been
the result of permanent compression and proposed that its whole history had been dominated by what he called embryonic tectonics,
a compressional concept which he illustrated so admirably that it had an incomparable and lasting success. However, he himself
abandoned it in his major work, La Tectonique de l’Asie (The Tectonics of Asia), in favour of an evolution that first originated in an extension regime, finally leading to the splitting of the continental
crust, with local emergence of basic rocks, constituting the bottom of new oceanic floors. It is at the slope of these continental
margins, and at their foot, that geosynclines are formed by the large accumulation of sediments transported by submarine slumping.
During the following compressive stage, slices of basic ocean floor are transported upwards between overlapping continental
masses, forming extensive ophiolitic zones. Although admired for his enormous accomplishment, La Tectonique de l’Asie remained ignored for its most innovative propositions, which clearly foreshadow plate tectonics. After this work, Argand
practically abandoned geology. His last publication (1934), Guide géologique de la Suisse: la zone pennique (Geological Guide to Switzerland: the Pennine Zone), revived his argument of the early evolution of the geosyncline in a context of extension, followed by thrusts involving
the ocean floor. Unfortunately, the concept had no greater success than at its first appearance. 相似文献
2.
Rudolf Trümpy (1921–2009) was one of the great Alpine geologists of the twentieth century and an influential figure in the
international geological community. He played a dominant role in the change of opinion concerning the Alpine evolution by
showing that normal faulting dominated the early development of the Alpine realm from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous.
This provided a convenient model for later plate-tectonic interpretations of collisional mountain belts. His further recognition
of strike-slip faulting during all stages of the Alpine evolution presaged the realisation that the Alps were not built by
a simple open-and-shut mechanism. Trümpy was educated during an intellectual lull, a time when simplistic models of the earth
behaviour inherited from the middle of the nineteenth century became prevalent under the influence of a close-minded, positivist
approach to geological problems. This period, which we term the Dark Intermezzo, lasted from about 1925 to 1965. The grand
syntheses of Suess and Argand which preceded this period were viewed from this narrow angle and consequently misunderstood.
It was thought that earth history was punctuated by global orogenic events of short duration taking place within and among
continents and oceans whose relative positions had remained fixed since the origin of the planet. These views, summarised
under the term ‘fixism’, were developed when the ocean floors were almost totally unknown. When data began coming in from
the post World War II oceanographic surveys, the world geological community was slow to receive and digest them. Trümpy followed
these developments closely, realising that his work was important in placing the geology of the mountain belts within the
emerging, new theoretical framework. He adopted the position of a critic and emphasised where detailed knowledge of the Alps,
unquestionably the best known mountain belt in the world, supported and where it contradicted the new ideas. His voice was
listened to carefully and subsequent developments have shown his critique to have been prescient. It is regrettable that he
did not publish some of the theoretical criticisms he communicated to his colleagues during scientific meetings and informal
conversations. His hesitance in becoming involved in theoretical arguments in geology may have stemmed partly from his scientific
upbringing during the Dark Intermezzo and partly because he genuinely believed that he was better off sticking to what he
thought he knew for sure. He nevertheless stressed that it is important for geologists ‘to dream’. It is often said about
teachers that one should do what they say, not what they do. In Trümpy’s case, it was the opposite. Both scientifically and
as a human being, he was a most admirable man. 相似文献
3.
4.
"蓝色风暴"与"红色革命"——论创建新的"大陆构造学说" 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
60年代兴起的板块构造学说如一场"兰色风暴"席卷全球,开创了地球科学的新纪元。但是,板块构造学说也存在许多难以解释的问题,板块构造学说解决不了大陆地质问题。大陆有不同于海洋的特点,大陆需要有新的理论。为此,美国构造学家在2002年率先提出了超越板块构造(beyond plate tectonics)的思想,开辟了地球科学研究的新领域,具有里程碑式的意义。作者的研究发现,板块构造学说解释不了花岗岩问题,应当另辟蹊径,开展一场"红色革命",创建有别于板块构造学说的新的大陆构造学说。作者指出,板块构造不是全球构造,板块构造 地幔柱构造也不是全球构造,板块构造 大陆构造才是全球构造。文中回顾了中国大陆构造研究的历史和现状,建议将大陆的形成与演化、大陆构造与板块构造的关系、陆壳与地幔的关系和大陆变化与环境、生态、人居的关系作为大陆构造学研究的4个目标,提出4项研究任务,并建议以中国东部活化和青藏高原抬升两个课题作为研究的切入点。文中还探讨了大陆构造学研究的前景,分析了中国在创建新的大陆构造学中的有利条件和不利因素,指出开创新的大陆构造学说,需要国家的大投入,思想的大解放和人才的大引进。 相似文献
5.
东秦岭的地球物理、构造分带特征及演化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
东秦岭构造演化及地质成矿比较复杂,在认识上还存在分歧.笔者从板块构造学、地球物理学、事件地层学等多学科观点出发,提出了一些新的看法.东秦岭发育的区域性深大断裂主要有9条,它们均具有多期次、长期性活动的特征;垂直板缘构造带走向,从北向南可划分出低变质变形带、强变质变形混杂带、刘岭复理石推褶构造带、大别地块、断褶推滑构造带等五个地质构造带;东秦岭的地质构造发展演化经历了7个阶段,即华北、杨子板块形成、漂移阶段;华南板块形成阶段;板缘增生带形成阶段;板块对接阶段;剪切走滑阶段;板块挤压推覆阶段以及断块掀斜阶段. 相似文献
6.
与时俱进,发展中国大地构造学 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
论述了黄汲清经典著作《中国主要地质构造单位》的深远影响。它是中国大地构造研究的奠基之作和经典著作 ,其基本内容和主要论点已为实践所证实 ,并为国内外地质界所认同。这部著作不仅全面系统地总结了过去 ,而且对一些重大地质问题进行了科学预测 ,为后人指出了研究的方向。它是一部你什么时候读都有味道 ,都会受到新的启发的著作。黄汲清的学术思想是民主的、开放的 ,与时俱进的。在《中国主要地质构造单位》中 ,他运用阿尔冈活动论的思想 ,阐述了中国大地构造的动力演化过程。之后 ,他又吸收了裴伟深断裂的思想 ,深入研究了中国的深断裂。 2 0世纪 70年代 ,他指导他的学生将多旋回思想与板块构造结合 ,在中国大地构造图上首次详细标绘了中国境内的板块缝合带 ,从全球动力学角度 ,将他 1 94 5年提出的亚洲三种构造型式发展为古亚洲、特提斯和滨太平洋三大构造域。黄汲清的研究始终是从东亚地质的实际情况出发 ,他曾多次指出 :中国是全球构造研究中的一块宝地 ,中国人应该为世界地质科学的发展做出贡献 相似文献
7.
Victor E. Khain 《地学学报》1995,7(6):607-610
After a short period of propagation of Wegener's continental drift ideas in Russia in the twenties and first half of the thirties of this century, there came a much longer period (1935–1960) of fixist reaction', when vertical tectonic movements were regarded as primary and most important and horizontal ones as secondary and subsidiary. In the sixties, interest in the manifestation of horizontal movements on strike-slip faults, overthrusts and nappe formation began to grow, and at the verge of sixties and seventies ideas of plate tectonics began to penetrate into Russia. But at the begining they met strong resistance mainly from the older generation of scientists. In spite of this, these ideas finally gained the support of the majority of Earth scientists in this country. Russian geologists and geophysicists made a significant contribution to the development of the plate tectonics theory as well as in its regional, global and theoretical aspects. 相似文献
8.
Dominik Letsch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(4):1171-1180
Plate tectonics developed around 1965 as a powerful tool to describe the tectonic movements of the Earth’s crust. The article demonstrates that basically four already existing theoretical concepts—subduction, seafloor spreading, the application of Euler’s theorem and transform faults—had to be combined to arrive at the modern theory. Alfred Wegener, father of the theory of continental displacement, is often credited as the most direct forerunner of plate tectonics. However, none of the aforementioned concepts had been developed by him. The present article deals with the hitherto not duly credited contributions of the Swiss geologist Eugen Wegmann (1896–1982). He developed in a series of highly original papers published between 1943 and 1948 (one of them in the Geologische Rundschau), a critical test of the theory of continental displacement based on the regional geology of the Arctic. Furthermore, he gave a very concise account on the geometrical principles of drift movements. As a result, he developed for the first time—25 years before McKenzie and Parker’s Nature 216:1276–1280, landmark paper on the Pacific (1967)—the geometrical basis to graphically test plate motion directions. However, his work has not yet received the credit it deserves, neither by scientist nor by historians of science. 相似文献
9.
地幔柱构造理论研究若干问题及研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
介绍了目前地幔柱构造理论研究中若干重要问题和最新进展,许多证据显示,地幔柱是严自于核幔边界附近的Ｄ″层发生热扰动并产生地幔柱的热动力源于外地核的不均匀加热作用;一个新启动的地幔柱在穿过整个地幔的缓慢上升过程会形成巨大球状顶冠和狭窄尾柱;地幔柱巨大球状顶冠会导致地壳发生上隆、区域变质作用、地壳深熔作用、构造变形作用和大规模火山作用,形成大陆或大洋溢流玄武岩;地幔柱狭窄尾柱的长期活动会在上覆运动板块上 相似文献
10.
中国构造地质学如何面向21世纪 总被引：3，自引：7，他引：3
２１世纪将是构造地质学科蓬勃发展的时期，可以预见到的是将会有新的全球构造理论提出，它将部分或全部替代板块构造理论；同时，构造地质学的应用和服务领域也将进一步扩大。在这一新形势面前，中国地质学家对过去和现在所取得的成就和不足应有一个清醒的估计，以便正确地确定我国构造地质学在国际学术界中所处的位置，进而为我国构造地质学今后趋向繁荣作好准备。本文以“知己知彼，百战不殆”的战略原则为主线，阐述了构造地质学科自身所具备的某些特点，分析了我国构造地质学所取得的成就和现实水平，对今后的主攻方向选择提出了建议，最后还针对影响我国构造地质学发展的一些认识和方法论问题提出了笔者的见解。 相似文献
11.
R.W. Van Bemmelen 《Tectonophysics》1973,18(1-2)
Two modern geodynamic models on the Alps are tested: plate tectonics (mechanical effects of colliding lithospheric mega-units), and mantle diapirism (mechanical and geochemical effects of ultra-lowvelocity bodies, rising from the low-velocity layer or asthenosphere). Verification occurs by means of comparing the expectations of these models (their ‘prognoses’) with the great wealth of available ‘diagnostic’ facts on the geology and geophysics of the Alps. It appears that the picture of the Alpine structural evolution, drafted by plate tectonics, is inadequate to describe the observed reality, whereas the idea of mantle diapirism, combined with crustal corrosion (geochemical oceanization) and gravity tectonics, provides a functionally correct model, that logically and coherently explains the entire Alpine cycle of orogeny.In the concluding remarks comparisons are made with the formation of island arcs in the western Pacific, the origin of the basin-and-range topography and volcanicity along the eastern margin of the Pacific, as well as the Sunda arc of Indonesia. 相似文献
12.
Tectonic progradation and plate tectonic evolution of the Alps 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
W. Frisch 《Tectonophysics》1979,60(3-4):121-139
Rifting and spreading, trench formation, flysch deposition, subduction and nappe formation prograde from internal to external parts of the Alpine orogen. The progradation is a characteristic feature of the evolution of the Alps. A plate tectonics model based on this cognition is presented and an attempt is made to integrate the plate movements of the Alpine region during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic into the plate pattern of the Western Mediterranean.
Important events in the evolution of the Alps are the successive opening and closing of the Piedmont (South Penninic) and Valais (North Penninic) oceans, and the two continental collisions related to this. The southward drift of the Briançonian plate in the Cretaceous closes the Piedmont and opens the Valais ocean. The evolution of these oceans is related to the plate movements in the North Atlantic. The second continental collision is followed by the formation of an exogeosyncline, the molasse foredeep.
Prograding orogens like the Alps are most likely to evolve in an originally continental environment by rifting. Retrograding orogens, however, indicate an originally oceanic environment with well-developed magmatic arcs and back-arc basins. 相似文献
13.
历史发展过程中不少专家学者,对地球上各个大陆形成演化作了多年大量的研究工作,但认识千差万别。如最早的大陆漂移学说,后来又出现海底扩张学说—板块构造学说等等。经过多年研究认为,全球7个大陆不会漂移,而且也无充分依据将地球划分成几个板块。因为板块构造学说的运动机制基本是合理的,但是,板块划分依据不足、各板块的界线不明确、各板块的地质差别及特征不清楚等。所以,笔者认为全球各大陆整体是不分的,各个陆块地质时期的变化,是海陆变迁的结果。 相似文献
14.
回顾与展望：中国大地构造学 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
中国大地构造学的发展可分为5个阶段：1926年前,以外国人为主的研究时期;1926－1949年,开创和奠基时期;1949－1966年,大发展和百家争鸣时期;1966－1976年,“文化大革命”10年浩劫时期;1976年至今,板块构造盛行时期,主要成就有：多年的调查研究已为大地构造研究准备了丰富的资料;中国造山旋回和构造阶段划分已取得基本共识;已经查明中国的主要地质构造单元;基本确定了中国的主要断裂系统和主要缝合带;初步查明中国深部构造轮廓;青藏高原研究及一些重要问题研究已获重要进展;笔者认为百家争鸣和从中国实际出发的创造性思维是中国大地构造发展的必要条件,而单纯跟踪模仿则是最大的弊端。中国大地构造学正在地球系统科学认识的指导下,向着共同发展和融合的道路前进,大地构造理论创新体系正在酝酿形成中。为了对中国至亚洲大地构造的认识有一个质的飞跃,需要：①大地质科学多学科高水平结合加计算机仿真实验方法;②从全球构造出发,把微观、宏观、宇观的研究结合起来;③中国和亚洲的实际出发,深入研究,力求突破;④建立经典研究地区和野外实验基地;⑤实现东亚大地构造研究的大跨越,建立东亚地质创新体系。 相似文献
15.
Dominik Letsch 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2014,107(1):65-80
The Glarus overthrust is one of the best known examples of a thrust fault. Prior to its explanation as the base of an overthrust mass, this anomaly of the stratigraphic column had been explained by the Double Fold model, two recumbent folds facing each other. This model, advocated by Arnold Escher and Albert Heim, has been discredited by later geologists as a tectonically unsound concept which retarded the progress of science in this field of research. This article challenges parts of this view and tries instead to demonstrate that the Double Fold concept, though obviously wrong in retrospect, was a considerable scientific advance compared to the situation around 1850 when it was first proposed. To this end, the article summarizes the development of Swiss Alpine geology between 1800 and 1850 and places the Double Fold into its proper historical context. Earlier tectonic models (mostly proposed by Bernhard Studer) viewed crystalline rocks as the main driver of Alpine orogeny: due to somewhat mysterious metamorphic processes these rocks were supposed to have changed their lithology and physical properties and ascended vertically through small fissures. They uplifted, folded and eventually overflowed their sedimentary cover. The Glarus overthrust was also explained in this manner, probably even by Arnold Escher until the late 1840s. He later changed his mind and proposed the Double Fold concept which can be considered as one of the earliest attempts to apply the global contraction theory to the Alps. The global contraction theory later became the base of the geotectonic model of Eduard Suess and contributed to the final acceptance of large-scale horizontal displacements of rock masses around 1900. From this perspective, the Double Fold can be considered as a first step towards the nappe tectonic revolution and we suggest that its proposal was the expression of a fundamentally new way of thinking in Alpine tectonics. 相似文献
16.
板块构造理论可以被认为是构造地质学研究的基本模型和框架。传统板块构造理论认为岩石圈板块在软流圈上方随软流圈对流发生运动,软流圈对流所需要的能量则完全由地球内部能量,如重力势能和放射性衰变产生的热能提供。但是近年来的一些研究证明了气候变化会对板块构造活动,如造山带活动产生直接影响。对传统的板块构造所需能量全部由地球内部提供这一观点做出了补充和更新。本文主要从两个方面对外动力作用可能影响板块构造做出分析,一是利用傅里叶分析证明了太阳辐射变化在构造活动,如洋中脊两侧地貌和火山沉积物中均能够留下记录;二是建立了一个简单的平面力学模型,探究洋流同大陆的力学作用会如何影响大陆运动特征。虽然这一模型忽略了很多因素,定量计算的结果本身并不具有很严格的数据绝对意义。但是这一模型的结果可以证明地球所有板块构造活动中释放的能量低于地球系统每年从太阳辐射中接收的能量,而且模型得到的大陆运动特征同现今实际观测下的运动特征存在一致性,洋流向大陆岩石圈传递的能量同地震活动释放的能量处于同一量级,从侧面可以证明洋流可能对板块构造产生了较大的影响。 相似文献
17.
18.
Richard Schultz Robert T. Pappalardo David A. Ferrill 《Journal of Structural Geology》2006,28(12):2121-2122
Faults have been documented on nearly every solid surface in the solar system, from asteroids to moons to planets, and they provide a remarkable suite of data sets and critical problems for investigation and analysis by structural geologists. The lack of significant atmospheres on Mercury, the Moon, and most outer planet satellites, along with slow erosion rates and a lack of crustal recycling and Earth-like plate tectonics on most planetary bodies, allows for excellent preservation of fault scarp morphologies for study of fault populations and developmental sequences. 相似文献
19.
Venus is similar to the Earth in size， mass， composition and distance to the sun. However， Venus has neither plate tectonics nor dynamo that exists on the Earth. The lithosphere of Venus is very thick based on its topography and gravity. The admittance and correlation between Venusian geoid and topography are very high， suggesting that they are strongly influenced by the internal dynamical process of Venus. Analyses show that there may be 10 Hawaii-like mantle plumes in Venusian mantle. Data from Venus Express has shown evidence for recent active volcanism among several of these plumes. The distribution of impact craters on Venus shows that Venusian surface has a young age and the age is averaged about 500 Ma， suggesting that Venus may have experienced a global resurfacing event. However， whether this resurfacing is catastrophic or equilibrium is still under debate. It is also unclear whether Venus had plate tectonics in the past， is it always in stagnant lid regime， or might it have an entirely different mode？In general， the style of mantle convection on Venus is quite different from that of the Earth which is manifested by the plate tectonics. Here we reviewed the main observations including gravity， topography and surface tectonics which provide constrains on the interior structure and dynamics of Venus， and recent advance in the interior structure and dynamics of Venus. This review aims to provide new insights into the interior dynamics of Venus. 相似文献
20.
全球构造研究的简要回顾 总被引：10，自引：13，他引：10
全球构造研究可分为：（１）１９世纪后期“固定论”占统治地位阶段；（２）２０世纪６０年代前“活动论”曲折发展阶段；（３）６０年代以来板块学说占统治地位阶段。当代全球构造研究以地球深部构造与物质研究为关键。日本学者提出了“幔柱构造”和新的全球构造体系，其它学者提出了不同形式的“膨胀论”和“脉动论”。全球构造研究应注意思想创新，冲破均变论思想的局限性。建议以突变观点和“阶段论”为依据，使观察、推理和实验三者适当配合，发挥优势，逐步建立自己的地球动力学及其演化模型。 相似文献