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1.
This study investigates how estimates of uranium endowment made by a geologist using an appraisal system that is based upon a formalization of geoscience and decision rules compare with estimates made by informal and unconstrained intuitive processes. The motivation for this study derives from the premise that formalization of decisions would mitigate the heuristic biases and hedging that may result from the use of unconstrained intuitive processes. Estimates of the uranium endowment of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico by four methodologies are compared in this study. These methods, ranked from top to bottom by degree of decomposition (mitigating of heuristic bias)and control on hedging, are as follows Implicit 2 1.5 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 Implicit 1 1.6 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 NURE (1980) 2.4 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 Appraisal system 3.9 × 106 s.t. of U3O8 The magnitude of expected uranium endowment estimated by these methods, ranked from smallest to largest, is in this same order. With the exception of the NURE estimates, the magnitude of the variance (uncertainty)of uranium endowment, ranked from smallest to largest, also is in this same order. These results prompt the suggestion that the more decomposed and formalized the estimation procedure, the greater the expected value and the variance of uranium endowment. Equivalently, predicating U 3 O 8 endowment estimation strictly upon that part of the geologist's geoscience that is useful in making U 3 O 8 endowment estimates and upon his understanding of the region's history produced larger estimates than have previously been reported. However, this method of estimation also shows that uncertainty about the actual state of U 3 O 8 endowment is much greater than previously described.  相似文献   

2.
A new method for accurate determination of oxygen isotopes in uranium oxides encountered in the nuclear fuel cycle was developed using the conventional BrF5 fluorination technique. Laser‐assisted fluorination was tested for comparison. We focused on fine powders of triuranium octoxide (U3O8), uranium dioxide (UO2±x with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25), uranium trioxide (UO3.nH2O, with 0.8 ≤ n ≤ 2) and diuranates (M2U2O7.nH2O, with M = NH4, Na or Mg0.5 and 0 ≤ n ≤ 6). Fluorination at room temperature and heating under vacuum at 150 °C are shown to eliminate both adsorbed and structural water from the powder samples. Precision fit for purpose of δ18O values (± 0.3‰, 1s) and oxygen yields (close to 100%) were obtained for U3O8 and UO2 where oxygen is only bound to uranium. A lower precision was observed for UO3.nH2O and M2U2O7.nH2O where oxygen is both present in the structural H2O and bonded to uranium and where the extracted O2(g) can be contaminated by NF3 and NOx compounds. Laser‐assisted fluorination gave shifted δ18O values between +0.8 and +1.4‰ for U3O8, around ?0.8‰ for UO3.nH2O and between ?3.9 and ?4.5‰ for M2U2O7.nH2O (± 0.3‰, 1s) compared with the conventional method.  相似文献   

3.
林子瑜  聂逢君  张士红  徐翅翔  余倩 《地质通报》2019,38(11):1867-1876
兰杰一号铀矿及其所属的鳄鱼河铀矿田产于北澳太古宙克拉通内古元古代裂谷背景下发展起来的松溪造山带,矿体产于新太古代—古元古代结晶-变质基底/晚古元古代—中元古代康博尔吉红层建造不整合界面之下,铀矿化分3个时代,U_1为1720～1680Ma,U_2为1420～1040Ma,U_3为474±6Ma,U1是主矿化时代。该矿床于1969年后期通过航空放射性测量被发现,1970’s经勘探圈定了No.1和No.3两个铀矿体,总计资源储量124681t@0.23%U_3O_8。1980年10月正式露采,至2018年12月,总计生产了128739t U_3O_8。1985财年开始,ERA(澳大利亚能源资源有限责任公司)向世界核能市场共计销售了产于兰杰铀矿的119882t U_3O_8。2009年,发现了No.3深部矿,探明资源储量为43857t@0.22%U_3O_8,这部分资源将以地下开采方式利用。预计到2026年,采区地貌景观和生态环境将得到恢复。进一步讨论了澳北元古宙不整合面型铀矿找矿的方向,持续稳定的铀矿开采与生产的意义,以及投资澳大利亚铀矿业需要注意的政治与法律问题。这些内容可以为国内矿业企业及地勘单位合理部署澳洲铀矿勘查与开发提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
Synthetic and natural uranium oxides UO x (2≦×≦3) have been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the phase composition and content of uranium ions in uraninites with a varying degree of oxidation. A strong hybridization of U6p and O2s orbitals has been found which permits a quantitative assessment of the U-O bond lengths. The values of such bonds in some substances have been found to be smaller than those in synthetic U(VI) oxide. The oxides U2O5 and U3O8 contain two types of uranium ions with a varying degree of oxidation.  相似文献   

5.
In this study, the valence states of uranium in synthetic and natural brannerite samples were studied using a combination of transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. We used a set of five (UO2, CaUO4, SrCa2UO6, UTi2O6, and Y0.5U0.5Ti2O6) U standard samples, including two synthetic brannerites, to calibrate the EELS branching ratio, M5/(M4 +M5), against the number of f electrons. The EELS data were collected at liquid nitrogen temperature in order to minimise the effects of electron beam reduction of U6+ and U5+. Test samples consisted of three additional synthetic brannerites (Th0.7U0.3Ti2O6, Ca0.2U0.8Ti2O6, and Th0.55U0.3Ca0.15Ti2O6) and three natural brannerites from different localities. The natural brannerite samples are all completely amorphous, due to cumulative alpha decay events over geological time periods (24–508 Ma). Our U valence calibration results are in reasonable agreement with previous work, suggesting possibly a non-linear relationship between the branching ratio and the number of f electrons (and hence the average valence state) of U in solids. We found excellent agreement between the nominal valence states of U and the average valence states determined directly by EELS and estimated by EDX analysis (with assumptions regarding stoichiometry) in two of the three synthetic brannerite test samples. The average U oxidation states of the five synthetic brannerite samples, as derived from XPS analyses, are also in good agreement with those determined by other techniques. The average valence states of U in three amorphous (metamict) natural brannerite samples with alpha decay doses ranging from 3.6×1016 to 6.9×1017 /mg were found to be 4.4, 4.7, and 4.8, consistent with the presence of U5+ and/or U6+ as well as U4+ in these samples. These results are in general agreement with previous wet chemical analyses of natural brannerite. However, the average valence states inferred by SEM-EDX for two of the natural brannerite samples do not show satisfactory agreement with the EELS determined valence. This may be due to the occurrence of OH– groups, cation vacancies, anion vacancies, or excess oxygen in the radiation-damaged structure of natural brannerite.  相似文献   

6.
Several radioactive anomalies due to uranium and thorium, associated with the mesedimentary enclaves (Archaean) within granite (Archaean to Early-Proterozoic) have been recorded in parts of Karimnagar Granulite Terrain, Karimnagar Dist. At Peddur and Kottur, Uraninite has been identified in the samples of metasediments. The metasediment from these two places have been subjected to granulite facies of metamorphism and host high values of uranium with negligible thorium. In Peddur, samples of metasediments have assayed as high as 1.96% U3O8 with negligible thorium, and in Kottur up to 0.059% U3O8. Leaching studies on these samples have indicated that most of the U3O8 present is leachable. This discovery has opened up the possibility of finding uranium mineralisation in Archaean metasediments and thus provides a thrust for uranium exploration in similar geological environs in India. Further, the basement granite along with the metasedimentary enclaves has the potential to act as a provenance for a possible unconformity type or sandstone type U-deposit in the rocks of overlying Pakhal and Gondwana Supergroup, in Pranhita-Godavari Basin, situated to the east of this area.  相似文献   

7.
Computational and experimental studies were performed to explore heterogeneous reduction of U6+ by structural Fe2+ at magnetite (Fe3O4) surfaces. Molecular Fe-Fe-U models representing a uranyl species adsorbed in a biatomic bidentate fashion to an iron surface group were constructed. Various possible charge distributions in this model surface complex were evaluated in terms of their relative stabilities and electron exchange rates using ab initio molecular orbital methods. Freshly-cleaved, single crystals of magnetite with different initial Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios were exposed to uranyl-nitrate solution (pH ∼ 4) for 90 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy indicated the presence of a mixed U6+/U5+ precipitate heterogeneously nucleated and grown on stoichiometric magnetite surfaces, but only the presence of sorbed U6+ and no precipitate on sub-stoichiometric magnetite surfaces. Calculated electron transfer rates indicate that sequential multi-electron uranium reduction is not kinetically limited by conductive electron resupply to the adsorption site. Both theory and experiment point to structural Fe2+ density, taken as a measure of thermodynamic reducing potential, and sterically accessible uranium coordination environments as key controls on uranium reduction extent and rate. Uranium incorporation in solid phases where its coordination is constrained to the uranate type should widen the stability field of U5+ relative to U6+. If uranium cannot acquire 8-fold coordination then reduction may proceed to U5+ but not necessarily U4+.  相似文献   

8.
We show evidence that the primary uranium minerals, uraninite and coffinite, from high-grade ore samples (U3O8>0.3%) in the Wuyiyi, Wuyier, and Wuyisan sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, Xinjiang, northwestern China were biogenically precipitated and psuedomorphically replace fungi and bacteria. Uranium (VI), which was the sole electron acceptor, was likely to have been enzymically reduced. Post-mortem accumulation of uranium may have also occurred through physio-chemical interaction between uranium and negatively-charged cellular sites, and inorganic adsorption or precipitation reactions. These results suggest that microorganisms may have played a key role in formation of the sandstone- or roll-type uranium deposits, which are among the most economically significant uranium deposits in the world.  相似文献   

9.
Experiments were conducted to determine the water solubility of alkali basalts from Etna, Stromboli and Vesuvius volcanoes, Italy. The basaltic melts were equilibrated at 1,200°C with pure water, under oxidized conditions, and at pressures ranging from 163 to 3,842 bars. Our results show that at pressures above 1 kbar, alkali basalts dissolve more water than typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Combination of our data with those from previous studies allows the following simple empirical model for the water solubility of basalts of varying alkalinity and fO2 to be derived: \textH 2 \textO( \textwt% ) = \text H 2 \textO\textMORB ( \textwt% ) + ( 5.84 ×10 - 5 *\textP - 2.29 ×10 - 2 ) ×( \textNa2 \textO + \textK2 \textO )( \textwt% ) + 4.67 ×10 - 2 ×\Updelta \textNNO - 2.29 ×10 - 1 {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}\left( {{\text{wt}}\% } \right) = {\text{ H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{\text{MORB}} \left( {{\text{wt}}\% } \right) + \left( {5.84 \times 10^{ - 5} *{\text{P}} - 2.29 \times 10^{ - 2} } \right) \times \left( {{\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{O}} + {\text{K}}_{2} {\text{O}}} \right)\left( {{\text{wt}}\% } \right) + 4.67 \times 10^{ - 2} \times \Updelta {\text{NNO}} - 2.29 \times 10^{ - 1} where H2OMORB is the water solubility at the calculated P, using the model of Dixon et al. (1995). This equation reproduces the existing database on water solubilities in basaltic melts to within 5%. Interpretation of the speciation data in the context of the glass transition theory shows that water speciation in basalt melts is severely modified during quench. At magmatic temperatures, more than 90% of dissolved water forms hydroxyl groups at all water contents, whilst in natural or synthetic glasses, the amount of molecular water is much larger. A regular solution model with an explicit temperature dependence reproduces well-observed water species. Derivation of the partial molar volume of molecular water using standard thermodynamic considerations yields values close to previous findings if room temperature water species are used. When high temperature species proportions are used, a negative partial molar volume is obtained for molecular water. Calculation of the partial molar volume of total water using H2O solubility data on basaltic melts at pressures above 1 kbar yields a value of 19 cm3/mol in reasonable agreement with estimates obtained from density measurements.  相似文献   

10.
Pyrite dissolution and interaction with Fe(II), Co(II), Eu(III) and U(VI) have been studied under anoxic conditions by solution chemistry and spectroscopic techniques. Aqueous data show a maximal cation uptake above pH 5.5. Iron (II) uptake can explain the non-stoichiometric [S]aq/[Fe]aq ratios often observed during dissolution experiments. Protonation data corrected for pyrite dissolution resulted in a proton site density of 9 ± 3 sites nm−2. Concentration isotherms for Eu(III) and U(VI) sorption on pyrite indicate two different behaviours which can be related to the contrasted redox properties of these elements. For Eu(III), sorption can be explained by the existence of a unique site with a saturation concentration of 1.25 × 10−6 mol g−1. In the U(VI) case, sorption seems to occur on two different sites with a total saturation concentration of 4.5 × 10−8 mol g−1. At lower concentration, uranium reduction occurs, limiting the concentration of dissolved uranium to the solubility of UO2(s).Scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectrometry of U(VI)-sorbed pyrite indicate a heterogeneous distribution of U at the pyrite surface and a close association with oxidized S. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the partial reduction of U and the formation of a hyperstoichiometric UO2+x(s). Our results are consistent with a chemistry of the pyrite surface governed not by Fe(II)-bound hydroxyl groups, but by S groups which can either sorb cations and protons, or sorb and reduce redox-sensitive elements such as U(VI).  相似文献   

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