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1.
We use kinematic data of 103 dwarf galaxies, obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalog, to test the Milgromian dynamics (MOND) inside a galactic void. From this data, we compute the line-of-sight velocity dispersions of the dwarf galaxies in the frameworks of MOND and Newtonian dynamics without invoking any dark matter. The prediction for the line-of-sight velocity dispersions from MOND of 53 selected dwarf galaxies is compared with their measured values. For appropriate mass-to-light ratios in the range 1 to 5 for each individual dwarf galaxy, our results for the line-of-sight velocity dispersions predicted by MOND are more compatible with observations than those predicted by Newtonian dynamics.  相似文献   

2.
Mitsugu Makita 《Solar physics》1986,106(2):269-286
The broad-band circular polarization of sunspots is discussed on the basis of the observations made in the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. The observation with the spectrograph proves that it is the integrated polarization of spectral lines in the observed spectral range. A velocity gradient in the line-of-sight can produce this integrated polarization due to the differential saturation between Zeeman components of magnetically sensitive lines. The observed degree of polarization and its spatial distribution in sunspots is explained when we introduce a differentially twisted magnetic field in addition to the velocity gradient. The differential twist has the azimuth rotation of the magnetic field along the line-of-sight and generates the circular polarization from the linear polarization due to the magneto-optical effect. The required azimuth rotation is reasonable and amounts at most to 30°. The required velocity gradient is compatible with the line asymmetry and its spatial distribution observed in sunspots. The observed polarity rule leads to the conclusion that the sunspot magnetic field has the differential twist with the right-handed azimuth rotation relative to the direction of the main magnetic field, without regard to the magnetic polarity and to the solar cycle. The twist itself is left-handed under the photosphere, when the sunspot is assumed to be a unwinding emerging magnetic field.  相似文献   

3.
We analyze factors that affect the accuracy of stellar line-of-sight velocities measured from the spectra obtained with the SCORPIO instrument attached to the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We show that nonuniform illumination of the spectrograph slit combined with the effect of differential atmospheric refractionmay result in substantial systematic errors in the inferred line-of-sight velocities, and formulate recommendations concerning the methodology of observations, which allow the errors of line-of-sight velocity measurements to be minimized.  相似文献   

4.
Schleicher  H.  Balthasar  H.  Wöhl  H. 《Solar physics》2003,215(2):261-280
For the leading part of sunspot group NOAA 8323, which rapidly changed its complex structure, a time series of the line-of-sight (LOS) component of the velocity field was obtained. With a two-dimensional Fabry–Pérot spectrometer, the magnetically insensitive line Fei 557.6 nm was scanned. The inclination of the LOS (heliographic angle) to the vertical was =28.5°. The umbra of the observed spot was divided by a system of light bridges into several parts. The spatial and temporal velocity field also exhibits a considerable complexity: in one extended umbral area there is a downward flow of 1 km s–1 relative to other dark sub-umbrae. At the center-side penumbra, with a line-of-sight Evershed outflow of 1.5 km s–1, a persistent patch, somewhat darker than the average penumbra, has a LOS velocity of 1.3 km s–1 in opposite direction, probably a downflow. At the limb-side penumbra, a photosphere-like area is interspersed, interrupting the Evershed flow which resumes with typical strength beyond this feature towards the outer penumbral boundary. Most interesting is the behavior of the light bridges, which have a slight blue shift, interrupted by short events of strong blue or red shifts which – within the time resolution of 35 s – instantly affect a considerable part of a light bridge.  相似文献   

5.
Chromospheric line-of-sight velocities are investigated in a small pore and its vicinity on the part of the active region NOAA 11024 with a size of 5″. We used Hα spectra of the active region and undisturbed atmosphere obtained with the French–Italian solar telescope THEMIS (Tenerife, Spain). Significant line-of-sight velocity time variations are found. At the beginning of the observations, the investigated region consisted of two areas of oppositely directed flows. The first area had a bright point in the vicinity of the pore and the second area covered the pore. There were upflows in the former and downflows in the latter. Oppositely directed flows appeared in both areas 2.7 min after the start of observations. In the part of the active region with a length of 2Mm, two oppositely directed flows within the same resolution elements, the so-called dual flows, were observed. The size of the area occupied by the dual flows varied quickly. The area shifted toward the pore. The velocity of upflows and downflows reached 25 km/s. The downflows in the first area lasted only for approximately 1 min. Upflows in the second area gradually covered the pore and lasted for 2 min. The resulting velocity field distribution can be due to a new small-scale magnetic flux emergence.  相似文献   

6.
Motions in an old center of activity have been studied at the limb with the use of timeresolved H spectra. The observations were made at intervals of 5 seconds over a period of 3/4 hour of good seeing at Sacramento Peak Observatory.Objects in this region have larger line-of-sight velocities than have been reported for spicules in quiet regions. Velocities as high as 70 km/sec were observed; seventeen percent of a sample of 200 instantaneous velocities exceed 30 km/sec.The line-of-sight velocities of 20 objects were measured as a function of time. For 5 of these, transverse velocity components could also be estimated. A single pattern, such as the simple rise without fall reported by Mouradian, does not exist. The motion is often quite complex, involving lateral expansion, shear and occasionally splitting. Reversal of sign of the velocity is not uncommon.  相似文献   

7.
Boumier  P.  Decaudin  M.  Jones  A. R.  Grec  G.  Tamiatto  C. 《Experimental Astronomy》1994,4(3-4):237-252
GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) is an instrument to study the line-of-sight velocity of the solar photosphere, to be flown on the SOHO satellite in 1995. It uses a sodium vapour cell in resonance scattering mode, in order to measure the absolute Doppler shift of the solar sodium absorption lines. We detail laboratory tests to determine the performances of the cell built for the experiment. The results are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the resonance processes. As a final result, we can conclude that the level of performances required for the flight instrument will be obtained.  相似文献   

8.
We applied special data-processing algorithms to the study of long-period oscillations of the magnetic-field strength and the line-of-sight velocity in sunspots. The oscillations were investigated with two independent groups of data. First, we used an eight-hour-long series of solar spectrograms, obtained with the solar telescope at the Pulkovo Observatory. We simultaneously measured Doppler shifts of six spectral lines, formed at different heights in the atmosphere. Second, we had a long time series of full-disk magnetograms (10 – 34 hour) from SOHO/MDI for the line-of-sight magnetic-field component. Both ground- and space-based observations revealed long-period modes of oscillations (40 – 45, 60 – 80, and 160 – 180 minutes) in the power spectrum of the sunspots and surrounding magnetic structures. With the SOHO/MDI data, one can study the longer periodicities. We obtained two new significant periods (> 3σ) in the power spectra of sunspots: around 250 and 480 minutes. The power of the oscillations in the lower frequencies is always higher than in the higher ones. The amplitude of the long-period magnetic-field modes shows magnitudes of about 200 – 250 G. The amplitude of the line-of-sight velocity periodicities is about 60 – 110 m s−1. The absence of low-frequency oscillations in the telluric line proves their solar nature. Moreover, the absence of low-frequency oscillations of the line-of-sight velocity in the quiet photosphere (free of magnetic elements) proves their direct connection to magnetic structures. Long-period modes of oscillation observed in magnetic elements surrounding the sunspot are spread over the meso-granulation scales (10″ – 12″), while the sunspot itself oscillates as a whole. The amplitude of the long-period mode of the line-of-sight velocity in a sunspot decreases rapidly with height: these oscillations are clearly visible in the spectral lines originating at heights of approximately 200 km and fade away in lines originating at 500 km. We found a new interesting property: the low-frequency oscillations of a sunspot are strongly reduced when there is a steady temporal trend (strengthening or weakening) of the sunspot’s magnetic field. Another important result is that the frequency of long-period oscillations evidently depends on the sunspot’s magnetic-field strength.  相似文献   

9.
The GOLF experiment on the SOHO mission aims to study the internal structure of the sun by measuring the spectrum of global oscillations in the frequency range 10–7 to 10–2 Hz. Bothp andg mode oscillations will be investigated, with the emphasis on the low order long period waves which penetrate the solar core. The instrument employs an extension to space of the proven ground-based technique for measuring the mean line-of-sight velocity of the viewed solar surface. By avoiding the atmospheric disturbances experienced from the ground, and choosing a non-eclipsing orbit, GOLF aims to improve the instrumental sensitivity limit by an order of magnitude to 1 mm s–1 over 20 days for frequencies higher than 2.10–4 Hz. A sodium vapour resonance cell is used in a longitudinal magnetic field to sample the two wings of the solar absorption line. The addition of a small modulating field component enables the slope of the wings to be measured. This provides not only an internal calibration of the instrument sensitivity, but also offers a further possibility to recognise, and correct for, the solar background signal produced by the effects of solar magnetically active regions. The use of an additional rotating polariser enables measurement of the mean solar line-of-sight magnetic field, as a secondary objective.  相似文献   

10.
Over the course of the year, the variation in the solar line-of-sight velocity causes a change in the heights in the photosphere which are analysed by the red and blue passbands of a resonance scattering spectrometer. This in turn would be expected to produce a variation in the ratio of acoustic amplitudes measured in each passband. Using data from the Tenerife spectrometer of the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON), we demonstrate such a seasonal change. We then use the Eddington-Barbier approximation and an atmospheric model to convert the magnitude of this trend in velocity ratio with line-of-sight velocity into an approximate value of 580 km for the velocity-amplitude scale height. However, a simple argument suggests that Doppler imaging causes this to be an overestimate of the true value.  相似文献   

11.
Results of the analysis of spectral observations of two Ellerman bombs in the Hα line are presented. These bombs (EB-1 and EB-2) appeared and evolved in the active region NOAA 11024 in the emerging magnetic flux area. The spectral data of a high temporal and spatial resolution were obtained with the French–Italian solar telescope THEMIS (Tenerife Island, Spain; THEMIS stands for Télescope Héliographique pour l’Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires) on July 4, 2009. The Hα-line profiles obtained for different periods of the Ellerman bombs (EBs) evolution were asymmetrical, demonstrating the emission excess in the long-wavelength wing. The intensity variations in the line wings indicate both the gradual and pulsed release of energy in the course of EBs. Temporal variations in the line-of-sight velocities V los of the chromospheric material at a level of the Hα-core formation showed two periods in the velocity enhancement, containing several individual peaks. The maximum line-of-sight velocity of the material was–9 and 8 km/s toward and from the observer, respectively. Rapid upward and downward plasma streams (where V los reaches–80 and 50 km/s, respectively) were sometimes observed. The Ellerman bombs were accompanied by small chromospheric ejections (surges) lasting for 0.5–1.5 min. A fine structure of EBs was found in the Hα-line spectra obtained during 4 min, when the intensity in the line wings sharply increased. The peculiarities of variations in the intensity of the Hα-line wings and the line-of-sight velocity of the chromospheric material suggest that two investigated EBs appeared and evolved as a physically connected pair. Our results support the model wherein the magnetic reconnection in the lower atmospheric layers is considered as a triggering mechanism for the EB formation.  相似文献   

12.
We analyse long-slit spectra of four early-type galaxies which extend from ∼1 to 3 effective radii: IC 1459; IC 3370; NGC 3379 and NGC 4105. We have extracted the full line-of-sight velocity distribution (in the case of NGC 3379 we also used data from the literature), which we model using the two-integral approach. Using two-integral modelling, we find no strong evidence for dark haloes, but the fits suggest that three-integral modelling is necessary. We also find that the inferred constant mass-to-light ratio in all the four cases is typical for early-type galaxies. Finally, we also discuss the constraints on the mass-to-light ratio, which can be obtained using X-ray haloes in the case of IC 1459, NGC 3379 and NGC 4105, and compare the estimated values with the predictions from the dynamical modelling.  相似文献   

13.
We consider the effects of projection, internal absorption, and gas-or stellar-velocity dispersion on the measured rotation curves of galaxies with edge-on disks. Axisymmetric disk models clearly show that the rotational velocity in the inner galaxy is highly underestimated. As a result, an extended portion that imitates nearly rigid rotation appears. At galactocentric distances where the absorption is low (i.e., it does not exceed 0.3–0.5m kpc?1), the line profiles can have two peaks, and a rotation curve with minimum distortions can be obtained by estimating the position of the peak that corresponds to a higher rotational velocity. However, the high-velocity peak disappears in high-absorption regions and the actual shape of the rotation curve cannot be reproduced from line-of-sight velocity estimates. In general, the optical rotation curves for edge-on galaxies are of little use in reconstructing the mass distribution in the inner regions, particularly for galaxies with a steep velocity gradient in the central region. In this case, estimating the rotation velocities for outer (transparent) disk regions yields correct results.  相似文献   

14.
We assume that the motion field in the solar photosphere is described by a spectrum of turbulence, defined by suitably chosen parameters. For various values of the spectral parameters we compute average (i.e. averaged over a sufficiently large part of the photosphere) profiles of weak Fraunhofer lines. The resulting profiles which represent the distribution function of line-of-sight velocity components as modified by the transfer of radiation through the atmosphere, are thereupon still broadened by a function representing the influence of the distribution function of the granulation cell sizes. The resulting functions should be compared with the distribution function of line-of-sight velocity components as derived from observations, in order to arrive at an observational derivation of the parameters of the photospheric spectrum of turbulence.  相似文献   

15.
We consider the evolution of a long-lived coronal hole (CH) from February to August 2002 in the zone φ = ?20°…+15°, L = 30°–35°. Active structures emerged in it several times over its lifetime. After their disappearance, the CH was restored to its original form. The Carrington rotation R1989 from May 12 to May 26, 2002, is considered in detail. The relative CH areas have been determined for this rotation from observations in the HeI 1083 nm line. Based on observations in the NiI 676.8 nm line (SOHO, MDI), we have found the periods of the line-of-sight velocity variations. The variations of these periods in CHs are qualitatively compared with those of the CH areas. The oscillation periods in photospheric CH layers have been found to correlate linearly with the CH areas in the chromosphere. For the interval of observations May 12–26, 2002, we have identified 52 sites in CHs for which the area variations in the HeI 1083 nm line were estimated. For times close to the observations in the HeI 1083 nm line, we have determined the average velocities of vertical motion of matter from MDI data. The CH growth and decay have been found to be accompanied, respectively, by upward and downward motions of matter at the photospheric level.  相似文献   

16.
Based on our H α interferometry and 21-cm and CO observations, we analyze the structure and kinematics of the interstellar medium around the stars WR 134 and WR 135. We conclude that the HI bubble found here previously is associated with WR 135, not with WR 134. High-velocity motions of ionized gas that can be interpreted as expansion of the gas swept up by the stellar wind with a velocity up to 50–80 km s?1 are observed around both stars. The line-of-sight velocity field of the ionized hydrogen in the Cygnus arm is shown to agree with the large-scale line-of-sight velocity distribution of the CO emission.  相似文献   

17.
The problem of determining the pattern of gas motions in the central regions of disk spiral galaxies is considered. Two fundamentally different cases—noncircular motions in the triaxial bar potential and motions in circular orbits but with orientation parameters different from those of the main disk—are shown to have similar observational manifestations in the line-of-sight velocity field of the gas. A reliable criterion is needed for the observational data to be properly interpreted. To find such a criterion, we analyze two-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamic models of gas motions in barred disk galaxies. The gas line-of-sight velocity and surface brightness distributions in the plane of the sky are constructed for various inclinations of the galactic plane to the line of sight and bar orientation angles. We show that using models of circular motions for inclinations i>60° to analyze the velocity field can lead to the erroneous conclusions of a “tilted (polar) disk” at the galaxy center. However, it is possible to distinguish bars from tilted disks by comparing the mutual orientations of the photometric and dynamical axes. As an example, we consider the velocity field of the ionized gas in the galaxy NGC 972.  相似文献   

18.
We analyse the phase-space structure of simulated thick discs that are the result of a 5:1 mass-ratio merger between a disc galaxy and a satellite. Our main goal is to establish what would be the imprints of a merger origin for the Galactic thick disc. We find that the spatial distribution predicted for thick-disc stars is asymmetric, seemingly in agreement with recent observations of the Milky Way thick disc. Near the Sun, the accreted stars are expected to rotate more slowly, to have broad velocity distributions and to occupy preferentially the wings of the line-of-sight velocity distributions. The majority of the stars in our model thick discs have low eccentricity orbits (in clear reference to the pre-existing heated disc) which give rise to a characteristic (sinusoidal) pattern for their line-of-sight velocities as a function of galactic longitude. The z -component of the angular momentum of thick-disc stars provides a clear discriminant between stars from the pre-existing disc and those from the satellite, particularly at large radii. These results are robust against the particular choices of initial conditions made in our simulations.  相似文献   

19.
We study the magnetic and velocity field evolution in the two magnetically complex active regions NOAA 10486 and NOAA 10488 observed during October–November 2003. We have used the available data to examine net flux and Doppler velocity time profiles to identify changes associated with evolutionary and transient phenomena. In particular, we report detection of rapid moving features observed in NOAA 10486 during the maximum phase of the X17.2/4B superflare of October 28, 2003. The velocity of this moving feature is estimated around 40 km/s, i.e., much greater than the usual Hα flare-ribbons’ separation speed of 3–10 km/s, but similar to the velocity of seismic waves, i.e., ～ 45 km/s reported earlier by Kosovichev & Zharkova (1998).  相似文献   

20.
We propose a method to determine the surface velocity of solar rotation. The method rests on measurement of the line-of-sight velocity difference between two elements on the solar disk which are symmetric about the central meridian at the same heliolatitude. This is a simple method which is largely free from the influence of spectrograph noise and instrumental drifts and permits several measurements to be made during one day. Results of trial observations are reported. The rotation curve we have obtained is notable for the large value of equatorial velocity as well as a steeper dip with increasing latitude.  相似文献   

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