共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
油藏原油微生物降解的氮同位素分馏效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取辽河油田冷东地区来自Es3烃源岩不同性质原油,测定氮同位素比值,试图分析生物降解过程中原油氮同位素的分馏作用,探讨含氮化合物组成的变化机理。正常原油与相应干酪根的氮同位素比值接近,δ15N分布在4.0‰左右。遭受生物降解的原油,氮同位素比值明显增加,δ15N接近或超过10.0‰。比较遭受不同程度微生物降解自然系列的原油,氮同位素比值的变化与降解程度相联系。微生物降解过程中发生氮同位素分馏作用这一事实暗示降解原油中含氮有机化合物在降解过程中参与了代谢。 相似文献
2.
云南程海富营养化过程的碳氧稳定同位素示踪 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
近500年来程海生物成因碳酸盐δ18O和δ13C及其有机质δ13C同位素记录了程海湖泊环境由贫营养到中富营养的演化过程.碳酸盐δ18O记录显示,大约1690年程海成为封闭湖泊后,当时湖泊贫营养环境并没有发生变化,但造成了湖泊水体交换周期加长,碳酸盐δ13C、有机质δ13C及其色素含量、碳酸盐含量变化指示湖泊生产力开始增高.1911～1942年碳酸盐δ18O和δ13C及有机质δ13C突然显著偏负,表明湖泊生物种群结构发生转变,湖泊初级生产力迅速增加,湖泊由贫营养向中营养转化.湖泊沉积物色素含量及碳酸盐含量变化也记录了这一湖泊环境的转换过程.约1986年以来,随着藻类养殖业及其农业耕作方式的转变,程海水环境渐渐转变成目前的中富营养化状态. 相似文献
3.
中国西北干旱区湖泊沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成的环境意义--以民勤盆地三角城古湖泊为例 总被引：25，自引：14，他引：11
通过对中国西北干旱区石羊河流域民勤盆地三角城古湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)分析,表明末次冰期与全新世时气候和植被有明显的差异,末次冰期δ13Corg总体偏轻(-30‰～-25‰),而全新世碳同位素组成则有较大的变化,在早全新世碳同位素组成有多次短期快速变重(-10‰左右)的变化,中全新世碳同位素组成总体偏重(-20‰～-10‰),晚全新世碳同位素组成偏轻(-25‰左右)。分析表明湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成反映了陆生C3植物和湖泊内源水生植物变化的关系,末次冰期以来西北干旱区C4植物不发育,偏重的有机质碳同位素值与C4植物无关。从沉积物中有机质组分、元素等分析表明,末次冰期时主要以河流相沉积为主,湖泊中有机质主要来源于上游祁连山的陆生C3植物,有机碳含量较低,表明当时的上游的陆生植被不繁盛,区域气候较干冷;从全新世开始,三角城古湖泊开始形成,沉积物中碳同位素组成偏重的有机质主要来源于湖泊中的沉水植物,此时湖泊水体较大,湖泊生产力较高。而沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成偏轻时期的有机质主要来源于挺水植物、陆生C3植物,较低的有机碳含量说明该时期陆生植被不发育,气候较干冷,湖泊水体较小 相似文献
4.
海南岛万泉河口沉积物有机碳、 氮同位素的特征及其环境意义* 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对海南岛万泉河口沙美内海柱样K3和K4沉积物进行生物地球化学指标总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳同位素(δ13 C)、氮同位素(δ15 N)的分析,以及210 Pb定年了解其近代变化特征,追踪沉积物有机质来源的变化,提取沉积环境演变及人类活动的信息。K3中TOC的变化介于0.51 ％ ~1.12 ％ ,K4变化介于0.43 ％ ~1.49 ％ ,而其随时间的变化反映了流域内人类活动的历史。17世纪TOC含量明显增加记录了明末清初开始流域内广泛种植农作物的活动,19世纪以来TOC含量逐渐增加,至现代达最高值,对应了工业革命以来人类活动的增强。K3和K4的δ13 C值变化分别在-24.38 ‰ ~-21.02 ‰ 之间和-24.74 ‰ ~-20.17 ‰ 之间,δ15 N值变化分别在2.20 ‰ ~4.62 ‰ 之间和2.39 ‰ ~5.02 ‰ 之间,映证了本区沉积物有机质是陆源物质和海洋物质混合的特点。明末清初开始流域内广泛种植玉米等农作物造成δ13 C值增加和δ15 N值减少; 自19世纪以来至现在,该区的经济活动增加,人口的持续增长,尤其是近50年来化肥农药的大量使用,造成陆源输入的有机碳含量大幅增加,使δ13 C值减少和δ15 N比值增加。 δ13 C值自19世纪以来就逐渐变轻,说明陆源和海洋有机碳的比例发生了变化,较轻的陆源有机碳比例相对增加,较重的海洋有机碳比例相对减少,反映了玉带滩沙坝的增长、沙美内海封闭、海水交换作用减少的状况。C/N比值分别从底部的16.19和17.36到顶部减小为11左右,自19世纪以来呈明显减小的趋势也反映了沙美内海泻湖自生的藻类有机质供应越来越多,也说明了其逐渐封闭、水动力条件越来越弱,与外海的交换作用逐渐减少的状况。 相似文献
5.
氮同位素研究城市湖泊沉积物有机质来源和迁移过程——以北京为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,与人类活动关系极为密切。然而城市发展导致城市湖泊富营养化愈发严重,湖泊生态环境问题引起了广泛关注。本文研究了2012年至2013年间北京城区12个公园湖泊表层沉积物的有机氮同位素组成、碳氮比值、总有机氮和总有机碳含量的分布情况,探讨表层沉积物生产力状态、沉积物的有机质来源定性与定量分析、湖泊营养输入程度和过程等。研究表明,后海及群明湖等的有机碳、氮含量较其他公园湖泊的高,土壤和污水有机质等对湖泊沉积物的贡献突出,表明这些湖泊初级生产力及营养程度高,具有一定的富营养化风险;各个湖泊的分布位置、周围环境以及管理方式导致了其生产力、营养状况及有机质来源的差异,应该分别从控制水土流失、减少污水输入、及时清洁水面上的浮游植物与枯枝落叶等多方面着手进行,减少湖泊环境污染风险,保持湖泊环境生态平衡。本研究为了解城市湖泊环境有机质来源和过程、湖泊现代环境的管理和防治,提供可靠的研究方法和评价体系。 相似文献
6.
天然气中氮同位素组成的测定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从天然气中分离、接收氮气,用质谱仪测定δ15N的方法是天然气地球化学研究的新手段。用该方法测得国内首批天然气的δ15N数据。测得兰州市区大气的氮同位素组成(15N/14N的平均值为0.00368)比Nier（1950）报道的大气的氮同位素组成(15N/14N的平均值为0.00361)稍富集15N。这可能是一种自然现象,也可能是分析方法不同造成的。 相似文献
7.
三水盆地古近系湖相沉积岩的氧、碳同位素地球化学记录及其环境意义 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
三水盆地古近系莘庄组顶部至土布心组红岗段的全岩碳酸盐稳定同位素分析结果表明其形成期间经历了多次环境变迁。根据碳酸盐氧、碳同位素比值及其相互关系的变化,可识别三次海水入侵期。其时δ18O值大幅度向正值漂移。而由于受有机质降解的影响,相应时期的δ13 C均表现为低值。在不直接受海洋影响的湖相沉积阶段,δ18O与δ13 C的相关程度虽然未达到典型的封闭型湖泊水平,但仍呈现一定的正相关变化 (r =0.6 5 ),表明其湖水滞留时间较长。而频繁出现的石膏薄层沉积也指示湖盆的封闭性较好。这些均表明这一时期的三水盆地可能是一周期性封闭型湖泊。其稳定同位素组成主要受制于蒸发量/降雨量平衡的变化。而δ13 C比值往往还受有机质活动的控制,更多的是反映有机质生产力、埋藏与降解率。 相似文献
8.
我国西南地区氮沉降量不同的森林小流域中土壤自然15N丰度的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
稳定性同位素15N自然丰度法近年来在生态系统氮素循环研究中发挥了和正在发挥着极为重要的作用。在森林生态系统中,自然15N丰度值是氮循环转换的综合结果,被有的研究者用作生态系统氮饱和状态的指示指标。在本研究中,我们测定了我国西南三个典型森林小流域的植物和土壤的自然15N丰度值,并进行了比较。植物的自然15N丰度值的变化范围为-5.0‰~2.7‰,土壤自然15N丰度值的变化范围为从有机层的 -6.9‰增加到矿质土壤的6.9‰,这些值的变化范围和温带森林生态系统的自然15N值的变化范围没有明显的区别。在土壤表层,鹿冲关和铁山坪的自然15N丰度值是明显低于雷公山流域的。在缺氮的鹿冲关流域,土壤表层低的15N丰度值表明了该流域比较封闭的氮循环状态,而在氮相对饱和的铁山坪流域表层土壤并没有出现15N富化,这可能是由于大量15N贫化的氮沉降输入的结果。这些结果表明,土壤的15N丰度值在我国西南部并不一定能单独作为森林生态系统氮饱和程度的指示指标, 但土壤和植被的δ15N值对于理解当地森林生态系统的氮循环具有一定的意义。 相似文献
9.
海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋中氮的生物地球化学循环影响着海洋生态系统的结构和功能,并和全球气候变化有着密切的联系,一直是海洋科学研究的重点和热点。海水硝酸盐的15N/14N和18O/16O比值可以反映海洋中氮循环的主要过程,因而成为研究海洋氮循环的一个重要手段。综述海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的测定方法,同化吸收作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、生物固氮作用等氮循环过程所导致的氮、氧同位素分馏及其在海洋学研究中的应用。海洋生态系中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分布可以提供支持生物生产力的氮来源信息,以及氮在不同储库迁移转化的路径与机制。未来的研究需要发展适用于低含量硝酸盐的同位素测量方法,构筑海洋氮的收支平衡,掌握影响上层海洋硝酸盐氮、氧同位素变化的过程,获取全球海域有关硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的更多数据。 相似文献
10.
选择青藏高原14个代表性现代湖泊的表层沉积物为研究对象,它们是冷湖、大苏干湖、小苏干湖、大柴旦湖、小柴旦湖、托素湖、尕海、茶卡湖、唐古拉-1、错鄂、乃日平错、纳木错、空姆错和普莫雍错,探讨这些湖泊碳酸盐矿物组成及相应氧稳定同位素组成的影响因素。XRD结果显示这些湖泊的碳酸盐矿物多以方解石为主,并含白云石。其中冷湖以白云石为主,尕海还含有一定量的文石。碳酸盐氧同位素分析结果显示总碳酸盐δ18O在-15.9‰到2.6‰范围变化,方解石δ18O变化范围为-16.2‰～3.9‰,白云石δ18O变化在-15.3‰～-5.4‰范围内。通过氧同位素与湖区环境因素的相关性分析,认为总碳酸盐δ18O受湖水δ18O组成、温度、降水量/蒸发量、盐度、海拔和纬度多种因素影响;方解石δ18O主要受湖水δ18O、温度、盐度、海拔和纬度的影响;白云石δ18O受降水量/蒸发量和盐度的影响。总碳酸盐δ18O对湖水δ18O、温度、海拔和纬度的响应是以方解石为载体而体现的;总碳酸盐δ18O对降水量/蒸发量的响应则归因于白云石δ18O对其的响应结果;另外总碳酸盐δ18O通过方解石和白云石δ18O的叠加作用响应于盐度。该研究初步建立了总碳酸盐、方解石和白云石氧同位素与环境各个指标之间的响应关系,对于揭示过去青藏高原地区环境变化有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
Tissue N contents and δ15N signatures in 175 epilithic mosses were investigated from urban to rural sites in Guiyang (SW China) to determine atmospheric N deposition. Moss N contents (0.85–2.97%) showed a significant decrease from the urban area (mean = 2.24 ± 0.32%, 0–5 km) to the rural area (mean = 1.27 ± 0.13%, 20–25 km), indicating that the level of N deposition decreased away from the urban environment, while slightly higher N contents re-occurred at sites beyond 30 km, suggesting higher N deposition in more remote rural areas. Moss δ15N ranged from −12.50‰ to −1.39‰ and showed a clear bimodal distribution (−12‰ to −6‰ and −5‰ to −2‰), suggesting that there are two main sources for N deposition in the Guiyang area. More negative δ15N (mean = −8.87 ± 1.65‰) of urban mosses mainly indicated NH3 released from excretory wastes and sewage, while the less negative δ15N (from −3.83 ± 0.82‰ to −2.48 ± 0.95‰) of rural mosses were mainly influenced by agricultural NH3. With more negative values in the urban area than in the rural area, the pattern of moss δ15N variation in Guiyang was found to be opposite to cities where N deposition is dominated by NOx–N. Therefore, NHx–N is the dominant N form deposited in the Guiyang area, which is supported by higher NHx–N than NOx–N in local atmospheric deposition. From the data showing that moss is responding to NHx–N/NOx–N in deposition it can be further demonstrated that the variation of moss δ15N from the Guiyang urban to rural area was more likely controlled by the ratio of urban-NHx/agriculture-NHx than the ratio of NHx–N/NOx–N. The results of this study have extended knowledge of atmospheric N sources in city areas, showing that urban sewage discharge could be important in cities co-generic to Guiyang. 相似文献
12.
环境氮同位素方法示踪石家庄市地下水中硝酸盐来源 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
石家庄市地下水中硝酸盐含量呈上升趋势，水中硝酸盐含量分布范围为（0.4-96.0）×10-6，均值28.4×10-6，其δ15N值分布范围+6.1‰—+8.4‰，在地下水水位降落漏斗中心区（面积约8km2）δ15N值大于+9.6‰，表明有来自动物粪例的污染，其余地区水中硝酸盐的δ15N值介于+6.1‰—8.4‰之间，均值+6.9‰，表明该硝酸盐来自土壤有机氮 相似文献
13.
石生苔藓组织氮含量和氮同位素指示贵阳地区大气氮沉降与迁移的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用苔藓组织氮含量和氮稳定同位素研究了贵阳市大气氮沉降的来源、沉降和迁移。结果表明,贵阳地区苔藓氮含量的变化特征很好地指示了区内大气氮沉降的空间变化。贵阳市区苔藓氮同位素与郊区或农村地区差异明显,区内城市与农村有不同的氮源。苔藓氮同位素从市区往外逐渐偏正(-8.87‰~-2.48‰),说明来自市区的铵在逐渐减少,而来自农村的铵的贡献逐渐增加。贵阳地区从市区往外苔藓氮含量随距离指数降低(y=1.5e-0.13x+1.26),而氮同位素随距离对数升高[y=2.54ln(x)-12.227],揭示了源自市区的大气铵(NHx)向周边的扩散迁移呈指数降低的变化规律。运用极限法求解苔藓氮含量和氮同位素组成随距离变化的函数,发现市区铵沉降的影响范围小于41 km,在17.2 km以外的地区,市区铵沉降低于背景农业铵沉降值。 相似文献
14.
D.J. Hydes 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(5):967-973
Dissolved Al concentrations from the NE Atlantic, between 25°N and 35°N off the coast of NW Africa, range from 16 nM to 32 nM in a well-mixed surface layer extending to 150 m depth, increasing towards the maximum of the Saharan dust plume. Mediterranean outflow water is detected as a high Al anomaly corresponding to the salinity signal of the Mediterranean water. Other than in surface and Mediterranean waters Al concentrations are invariant with depth, but increase from 6 nM to 11 nM towards the continental margin. The magnitude of the dissolved Al signal in the surface layer is compatible with dissolution of Al from the highest of present estimates of dust input to this area. Comparison with data from other areas indicates that Al cannot be cycled through the oceans in parallel to silica as has been previously suggested. 相似文献
15.
Nitrate in groundwater and N circulation in eastern Botswana 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nitrate pollution due to deep leaching from pit latrines has caused water supply wells in eastern Botswana to exceed health limits concerning nitrate. It was deduced from the estimated intake of salt and protein by the population that, as an average, about 10 percent of the human nitrogen excretion is leached to the groundwater. This fraction was also found in southern India, where on-the-ground excretion is customary. The nitrogen circulation in general in the savanna ecosystem is not appreciably affected in spite of a large livestock density. Overall nitrate leaching is in the order of 1.5 kg N/ha/y, similar to that in another semiarid area in southern India. However, in India, there seems to be a more diffuse areal leaching from agriculture as well as from villages.Measures to minimize the nitrate leaching could be to plant deep-rooted trees adjacent to pit latrines or to use latrines that separate the urine from the faces for a more near-surface infiltration facilitating plant uptake. Measures to minimize leaching will also lessen the rick for bacterial pollution of the groundwater. 相似文献
16.
王洪涛 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1995,(2)
提出了非线性多含水层地下水越流系统水资源管理的方法。内容包括非线性系统水资源管理的基本理论、算法原理、程序软件设计和理论检验，并把这一方法应用到唐山市以防治岩溶地面塌陷为目的的水资源管理中。 相似文献
17.
This paper reviews the exploration history, scientific theories and regional geology of the Norwegian shelf between 62° N and 69° N. The Tertiary section of this shelf can be subdivided into three units. The lower two units show depositional maxima near land while the uppermost section is thickest near the shelf edge. The Pre-Tertiary section is structured into several sub-basin and structural high trends. 相似文献
18.
19.
A number of small, fault-controlled, siliceous, copper deposits in the Precambrian of North-West Queensland contain most of their silica as tridymitic jasperoid. The tridymite has pseudomorphically replaced the dynamic metamorphic assemblages that resulted from earlier fault movements. It is proposed that seismic pumping (Sibson et al., 1975) forced copper and silica-charged hydrothermal solutions along major faults. At elevated pressures quartz-copper lodes were emplaced but in lower pressure zones on feather faults at the end of major fault zones or in small fault off-shoots tridymitic jasperoid deposits formed. As tridymite is unstable at quite low burial pressure the preservation of the tridymitic jasperoid desposits reveals the limited amplitude of uplift and erosion in north-west Queensland since the deposits formed in the middle Proterozoic. 相似文献
20.
Anaerobic incubations of upland and wetland temperate forest soils from the same watershed were conducted under different moisture and temperature conditions. Rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) production by denitrification of nitrate () and the stable isotopic composition of the N2O (δ15N, δ18O) were measured. In all soils, N2O production increased with elevated temperature and soil moisture. At each temperature and moisture level, the rate of N2O production in the wetland soil was greater than in the upland soil. The 15N isotope effect (ε) (product − substrate) ranged from −20‰ to −29‰. These results are consistent with other published estimates of 15N fractionation from both single species culture experiments and soil incubation studies from different ecosystems.A series of incubations were conducted with 18O-enriched water (H2O) to determine if significant oxygen exchange (O-exchange) occurred between H2O and N2O precursors during denitrification. The exchange of H2O-O with nitrite () and/or nitric oxide (NO) oxygen has been documented in single organism culture studies but has not been demonstrated in soils prior to this study. The fraction of N2O-O derived from H2O-O was confined to a strikingly narrow range that differed between soil types. H2O-O incorporation into N2O produced from upland and wetland soils was 86% to 94% and 64% to 70%, respectively. Neither the temperature, soil moisture, nor the rate of N2O production influenced the magnitude of O-exchange. With the exception of one treatment, the net 18O isotope effect (εnet) (product-substrate) ranged from +37‰ to +43‰.Most previous studies that have reported 18O isotope effects for denitrification of to N2O have failed to account for the effect of oxygen exchange with H2O. When high amounts of O-exchange occur after fractionation during reductive O-loss, the 18O-enrichment is effectively lost or diminished and δ18O-N2O values will be largely dictated by δ18O-H2O values and subsequent fractionation. The process and extent of O-exchange, combined with the magnitude of oxygen isotope fractionation at each reduction step, appear to be the dominant controls on the observed oxygen isotope effect. In these experiments, significant oxygen isotope fractionation was observed to occur after the majority of water O-exchange. Due to the importance of O-exchange, the net oxygen isotope effect for N2O production in soils can only be determined using δ18O-H2O addition experiments with δ18O-H2O close to natural abundance.The results of this study support the continued use of δ15N-N2O analysis to fingerprint N2O produced from the denitrification of . The utilization of 18O/16O ratios of N2O to study N2O production pathways in soil environments is complicated by oxygen exchange with water, which is not usually quantified in field studies. The oxygen isotope fractionation observed in this study was confined to a narrow range, and there was a clear difference in water O-exchange between soil types regardless of temperature, soil moisture, and N2O production rate. This suggests that 18O/16O ratios of N2O may be useful in characterizing the actively denitrifying microbial community. 相似文献