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1.
本文集中讨论了甚低级变质作用研究中涉及到的几个问题，包括：① 近变质带的创立及其在解决划分成岩作用与变质作用界线这一国际难题中所取得的进步；② 伊利石结晶度对碎屑岩甚低级变质作用研究起到的作用与贡献；③ 仪器校正、粒度大小及其与Kübler指数的经验关系式；④ 泥质碎屑岩中的成岩指示矿物与变质指示矿物；⑤ 松潘 甘孜、巴颜喀拉造山带的甚低级变质作用的模式与新的成因解释；⑥ 讨论了涉及到的科学研究的相关规则。提出了运用指示矿物结合伊利石结晶度划分成岩作用/变质作用界线的方案和建立喜马拉雅伊利石结晶度标样的重要性与必要性；提出碎屑岩甚低级变质作用的新成因模式。 相似文献
2.
车镇凹陷沙河街组的沉积体系受控于盆地内的构造、物源供给以及沉积时的气候环境。以岩石学特征为基础，描述了成岩过程中压实与压溶作用、胶结作用、溶解作用与次生孔隙的特征，以及次生孔隙带在本区的分布。论述了碳酸盐胶结物与粘土矿物胶结作用的特点。粘土矿物蒙脱石-伊利石转变具有明显的渐变与突变交替的演化程式，其演化经历了蒙脱石带、渐变带、迅速转化带和伊利石带以及蒙脱石向伊利石的转变带。沙河街组的成岩作用划分为早期成岩阶段（A期、B期）和晚期成岩阶段（A期、B期、C期），并提出了成岩阶段的划分标志。 相似文献
3.
极低级变质作用及其研究方法 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
近年来国际上极低级变质作用的研究进展包括综合运用了伊利石结晶度等各项指标 ,将极低级变质带划分为成岩带、近变质带和浅变质带 ,成岩带和近变质带又可进一步划分为低级成岩带、高级成岩带、低级近变质带和高级近变质带 ;研究了伸展背景、阿尔卑斯碰撞背景和增生背景下的极低级变质作用 ;进一步理解了矿物的转变过程 ,建立了变质泥质岩石的矿物反应系列。即变质泥质岩石的二八面体矿物反应系列 ,为蒙皂石—伊 /蒙混层 (I/S)—伊利石—白云母 ;对应变质镁铁质岩石的三八面体矿物反应系列 ,为蒙皂石—绿泥石 /蒙皂石混层 (C/S)—绿泥石。岩石微构造也发生同步变化 ;明确了广泛应用的伊利石结晶度的本质是雏晶大小的一种量度 ,也与晶格应变有关 ,主要受反应动力的控制 ;建立了系统的研究技术方法 ,包括野外采样方法、室内X光衍射法 (XRD)、透射电镜法 (TEM )、地质温度计、地质压力计、岩石学方法、同位素地质学方法等 相似文献
4.
根据岩石薄片、Ｘ衍射和扫描电镜分析资料,本文研究了巴州坳陷下白垩统—中侏罗统粘土矿物特征,发现粘土矿物分为伊利石、伊／蒙混层和绿泥石三种类型。粘土矿物的类型和含量随深度而变化,形成了伊／蒙混层带、混层迅速转化带和伊利石带。粘土矿物的转化和自生粘土矿物的形成是沉积地层非常重要的成岩变化。 相似文献
5.
伊利石结晶度及其在低温变质研究中若干问题的讨论 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文中介绍与伊利石结晶度相关的伊利石矿物新的定名方案;讨论了伊利石结晶度的结晶学基础与Scherrer方程式的关系;讨论了三个重要的伊利石结晶度指数Weaver、K櫣bler和Weber指数的关系,并介绍推导的Weaver、K櫣bler和Weber指数的理论关系式;评价了衍射仪测量条件对结晶度数值的影响和三套伊利石结晶度标样的作用以及成岩带、变质带与葡萄石-绿纤石相、沸石相、绿纤石-阳起石亚相对比的依据。建议(1)停用绢云母一词;(2)建立可供各实验室使用的具有晶体结构和晶体化学参数和多型参数的伊利石结晶度标样;(3)建议多开展规范的可进行国际对比的低温变质研究,划分出与国际上一致的成岩带和近变质带,不仅利于低温变质作用理论的研究,而且由于成岩带到近变质转变带是重要的煤气油的生成带,也利于中国煤气油资源的勘探与开发,利于国民经济的长远持续发展。 相似文献
6.
黔东南凯里-榕江-从江前寒武系甚低级变质作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据碎屑岩甚低级变质作用原理,运用伊利石结晶度、绿泥石结晶度、伊利石-白云母多型、伊利石(白云母)b_0值、绿泥石温度计等碎屑岩低温变质研究的方法,分析研究了黔东南前寒武系67个2μm的粘土样品,得到黔东南凯里-榕江-从江一带下江群伊利石结晶度为0.221~0.607°Δ2θCu Kα、绿泥石结晶度为0.239~1.393°Δ2θCu Kα,变质带伊利石-白云母多型均为2M_1型,伊利石(白云母)b_0值为0.9001~0.9048nm,平均0.9021nm。根据伊利石(白云母)b_0值的累积频率曲线得出研究区下江群遭受的变质作用为典型的中压变质类型。由Cathelineau(1988)绿泥石温度计估算出下江群浅变质带峰期变质温度为362~382℃。以上结果表明凯里-榕江-从江一带下江群经历了成岩-高近变质-浅变质作用,基于Warr和Rice标样的成岩/变质界限,剖面可划分为一个成岩带、两个近变质带、一个转变带和一个浅变质带。结合华南地区新元古代构造运动,推断新元古界下江群经历的成岩-变质作用与晋宁运动引起的扬子地块与华夏地块碰撞拼贴有关。 相似文献
7.
湘北杨家坪中新元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用与成岩作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
运用伊利石结晶度、K云母晶格常数b0、应变值τ、颗粒大小分布与矿物组合分析等低温变质指示数据对湘北杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用和成岩作用进行了研究。Kisch国际标样用于校正伊利石结晶度的测定。中晚元古宇伊利石结晶度Kübler指数范围为:0.21~0.24°Δ2θ,而下古生界为0.28~0.67°Δ2θ。表明近变质作用影响了中晚元古宇和部分下古生界。按照Kisch国际标样的成岩/变质界限(0.21~0.38°Δ2θ,CuKα),将剖面划分为北部近变质带和中南部成岩带。由绿泥石化学成分地质温度计估计近变质峰期温度约为260℃。K云母晶格常数b0值变化范围0.9000~0.9045nm,平均为0.9017nm,表明近变质作用处于中压-中低压力范围。近变质带伊利石(主要是中晚元古宇)的多型为2M1型,而成岩带伊利石(主要是下古生界)的多型为2M1+1M混合类型。平均对数粒度与对数方差之积(GLR)称为对数总成熟效应具有不同的两组分布特征即近变质作用区(GLR1.88)与成岩作用区(GLR1.88),这是一个新的发现。后变质作用的构造应力不仅可产生断层,而且可引起矿物的应变,从而导致衍射峰的宽化,使得近变质带伊利石结晶度值次生变大到成岩值范畴。与剖面南部地区(长沙-澧陵-浏阳,黄土店-仙溪,沅古坪)比较,杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界经历了中压-中低压近变质作用和成岩作用的影响。这一结果与多数前人认为的"元古宇板溪群处于绿片岩相或亚绿片岩相或低绿片岩相而震旦到下古生界为沉积盖层"的观点不同。 相似文献
8.
辽河坳陷古近系的沉积特征是物源多、沉积体系多、砂岩成熟度低及砂体规模小。通过成岩作用和成岩相研究，储层成岩相可划分为4种,即碳酸盐胶结相、自生粘土矿物胶结相、石英胶结相和粘土矿物转化相。这4个相可进一步划分为7个亚相：自生粘土膜胶结亚相、晶粒状碳酸盐胶结亚相、自生高岭石胶结亚相、石英胶结亚相、嵌晶状碳酸盐胶结亚相、伊/蒙混层亚相和伊利石亚相。不同成岩相分布明显受深度控制，具有在垂向相连的展布特征，垂向上可组成6个成岩相带。通过大量的砂岩和泥岩孔渗数据统计分析，建立了6个对应的高孔渗带（ABCDEF）与6个低孔渗带（abcdef），它们与6个成岩相带在空间分布上具有一一对应关系，即A－a、B－b、C－c、D－d、E－e和F－f分别与晶粒状碳酸盐相带、自生高岭石相带、石英胶结相带、嵌晶状碳酸盐相带、伊／蒙混层粘土矿物相带和伊利石相带相对应。可见,不同成岩相带对应不同孔隙度发育带的孔隙演化，并从有机质演化的角度解释了上述对应关系。应用这一规律在鸳鸯沟地区有利储层孔隙预测中取得了较好效果，验证了该区储层孔隙演化特征及其对油气运聚的影响。 相似文献
9.
划分成岩作用与埋藏变质作用的指标及其界线 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
本文是对“陕北鄂尔多斯盆地埋藏变质作用研究”一文的讨论,它综述并讨论了划分成岩作用和埋藏变质作用的指标,界线及其在鄂尔多斯盆地中的应用。伊利石结晶度、粘土矿物、浊沸石胶结物,石油形成,镜质体反射率,煤阶和地温等指标一致表明,鄂尔多斯盆地中生代地层处于中期成岩作用阶段,从而否定了本区为埋藏变质地区的结论。 相似文献
10.
本文运用伊利石结晶度、绿泥石结晶度、云母b0值和绿泥石地质温度计研究了梵净山前寒武系甚低级变质作用。结果表明经Kisch伊利石结晶度标样校正的伊利石结晶度Kübler指数为0.20~0.99°Δ2θ,绿泥石结晶度árkai指数为0.22~0.63°Δ2θ。由此阐明梵净山前寒武系经历了成岩作用到浅变质作用的影响,迄今依然保留了成岩带、近变质带和浅变质带的岩石记录。成岩岩石具有伊蒙混层特征成岩指示矿物,浅变质带具有钠云母特征变质指示矿物。钾云母(伊利石)b0值范围为:0.9000~0.9045nm;平均0.9018nm,b0值累积频率曲线分布介于典型中压—中低压系列之间,估算的压力为366MPa。峰期变质温度为293~364℃,平均342℃,古变质温压梯度为27℃/km。近变质带界线穿越地层和梵净山背斜轴线,表明甚低级变质作用为成岩-构造运动同期或后期构造增厚引起下部和底部岩石随温压的升高而产生的。 相似文献
11.
Diagenesis and very low grade metamorphism in a 7,012?m-deep well Hongcan 1, eastern Tibetan plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study uses clay mineral assemblages, illite ??crystallinity?? (IC), chlorite ??crystallinity?? (CC), illite polytypes, the b cell-dimension of K-white mica, mineral geothermo-geobarometers and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions to investigate the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in a 7?km thick Triassic flysch sequence in the well Hongcan 1, eastern Tibetan plateau. The 7,012.8?m deep borehole penetrated flysch of Upper to the Middle Triassic age and represents a unique chance to characterize low temperature metamorphic processes in an unusually thick sedimentary sequence developed on thickened continental crust. Mineral assemblage analysis reveals a burial metamorphic pattern with kaolinite and chlorite/smectite mix-layer phases present in the upper 1,500?m, and illite/smectite mixed-layer phases extending to a depth of 3,000?m. The metamorphic index mineral, graphite, was detected in sedimentary rock below 5,000?m using Raman spectroscopy. There exists a good correlation between IC and CC within the prograde burial sequence; with CC anchizonal boundaries of 0.242 and 0.314°2?? (upper and lower boundaries, respectively) corresponding to Kübler??s IC limits at 0.25 and 0.42°2??. Illite polytypism also shows an increase in the 2M 1 polytype with increasing depth, with ca. 60?% 2M 1 abundance compared to the 1M type at the surface, to 100?% 2M 1 at the bottom of the borehole. Fluid inclusion analysis show HHC-rich bearing fluids correspond to the diagenetic zone, CH4-rich bearing fluids appear at transitional zone from diagenetic to low anchizone and H2O-rich bearing fluids mark the high anchizone to epizone. Based on chlorite chemical geothermometer, calcite?Cdolomite geothermo-barometers as well as homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, a paleotemperature range of 118?C348?°C is estimated for the well with a pressure facies of low to intermediate type. 相似文献
12.
Dorra Mahdi Randa Ben Abdallah Nouri Hatira Ali Tlili Hédi Ridha Chaftar Fakher Jamoussi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(11):4347-4355
The Oued Belif 48 and Koudiat El Halfa 5 borehole samples have been analysed in order to reveal the mineralogical composition of the Triassic successions and their burial history within the geological evolution of the Tethysian southern margin. Oued Belif 48 borehole belongs to Nefza district which is a part of the “Nappe zone” (Tellian unit, north-western Tunisia). Koudiat El Halfa 5 borehole crosses the Koudiat El Halfa diapir (north–west of the north–south axis, Central Atlas). In this paper, the burial degree of evaporitic Triassic samples was determined by the “illite crystallinity” index and by the evolution of the other phyllosilicates, essentially chlorite, talc and illite/chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layers. The studied samples of the two boreholes are characterized by the presence of abundant clay minerals. The <2-μm grain-size fraction of the samples is mostly composed of illite, chlorite and smectite and may contain a slight percentage of swelling layers (illite/smectite and illite/chlorite). The illite crystallinity value measured on ethylene glycol solvated oriented mounts of the Oued Belif 48 samples oscillates globally between 1 and 2.5 characterizing the epizonal zone with a range of 300–400 °C temperatures. The measures of Koudiat El Halfa 5 samples crystallinity index show a value ranging from 2 to 4, which indicates the anchizone and early epizone burial stage (temperatures around 200 °C). These data can be explained by Miocene magmatic activities characterizing the Triassic material of Nefza district and also by burial phenomena effects. 相似文献
13.
Inorganic minerals in mudstone are composed of clay minerals,carbonate and detrital minerals.Detrital minerals(such as quartz and feldspar)are mainly original deposit.However,clay minerals(kaolinite,illite,and chlorite)and carbonate(calcite and dolomite)are mostly diagenetic minerals.Furthermore,conversion of the four kinds of clay minerals are common.The formation of clay minerals and carbonate is controlled by temperature,pressure,p H,Eh and type of cations during diagenesis.Therefore mineral assemblage can indicate the characteristics and change of diagenetic environment.In addition to inorganic minerals,there are also organic matter of different sources and chemical properties in mudstone.Traditionally,it is considered that evolution of organic matter is controlled by thermal effect.Now studies show that inorganic and organic matter can interact with each other and form clay-organic complexes.This suggest that attention should be paid to the influence of diagenetic mineral assemblage and diagenetic environment on the evolution of organic matter* Samples of mudstone from 1500-4500m of the Palaeogene in the Dongying Depression,China,were collected to investigate the changes of mudstone diagenetic environment.XRD,thin section and SEM were used to detect diagenetic minerals and assemblage characteristics.Results showed that content of detrital minerals,which are floating in mud matrix or preserved as silt laminae,is basically unchanged from shallow to deep strata.Clay minerals which are gathered as argillaceous matrix or preserved as argillaceous laminae have growth and decline relation to carbonate which mainly appear as micropoikilitic ferriferous calcite and ferriferous dolomite.All these characteristics indicate that detrital minerals are exogenetic,whereas carbonate is diagenetic minerals.Based on the SEM analysis of the clay minerals,it was found that smectite present honeycomb and reticulate structure,while illite present filiform and schistose structure and there are growth and decline relationship between them.Nevertheless,hexagonal tabular and stratified kaolinite has the highest content from 2400m to3300m.Rosette and stratified chlorite shows increase trend when the burial depth is deeper than 3300m.These characteristics indicated that clay minerals are diagenetic minerals and there are conversions among the four types.Therefore form shallow to deep,three diagenetic mineral assemblage zones can be divided based on the characteristics of carbonate and clay minerals in mudstone.Namely,smectite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2000-2500m;kaolinite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2500-3300m and illite+chlorite+carbonate zone below 3300m.Previous studies showed that kaolinite is stable under acidic conditions,while other clay minerals and carbonate are stable under alkaline conditions.Hence according to mineral assemblages feature,it was inferred that diagenetic environment of mudstonehasundergonethechangeof alkaline-acid-alkaline.For the organic matter with different chemical properties in mudstone,the hydrocarbon generation will be different in the acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment even if the conditions of temperature and pressure are the same.Therefore,for hydrocarbon generation we should not only focus on thermal effect,but also pay more attention to the differences of diagenetic environment which have great significance for the understanding of hydrocarbon generation,hydrocarbon expulsion and reservoir formation in mudstone. 相似文献
14.
Ezz El Din Abdel Hakim Khalaf 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(7):2603-2624
Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence. 相似文献
15.
Richard H. April 《Sedimentary Geology》1981,29(4):283-307
The clay mineralogy of the Newark Supergroup (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) in the Connecticut Valley was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Clay minerals identified in 126 samples are illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, vermiculite, expandable chlorite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, mixed-layer chlorite/smectite, and mixed-layer chlorite/vermiculite. In general, the rocks are illitic with subordinate amounts of chlorite. However, the various lithofacies in the Newark Supergroup are characterized by distinct clay-mineral assemblages. Red beds of floodplain origin contain clays mainly of detrital nature with 2M illite most abundant. Subordinate amounts of chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite are also present. An interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red mudstone underlying basalt flows. Lacustrine gray beds are generally characterized by the clay-mineral assemblage 1Md illite + chlorite with minor amounts of smectite ane expandable chlorite. An interstratified chlorite/smectite predominates in gray mudstone associated with perennial lake cycles in the East Berlin Formation. Black shales of deeper lacustrine origin contain the assemblage 1Md ifillite + trioctahedral smectite and traces of chlorite. Illite and smectite also occur as mixed-layer phases.In many respects, the distribution of clay minerals in the Connecticut Valley can be likened to the general scheme proposed for the Permo-Triassic basins of Europe and Africa. These display both vertical and horizontal variations in clay-mineral assemblages that reflect the chemical and spatiotemporal evolution of intrabasin depositional and diagenetic environments. Chemical data indicate that magnesium, especially, was concentrated in the black muds of large perennial lakes that intermittently occupied the Connecticut rift valley. Pore waters derived from these sediments played an important role in the development of Mg-rich 2 : 1 and interstratified clay minerals during early diagenesis. 相似文献
16.
X. L. Sun X. G. Zhang J. L. Lin Z. X. Zhao D. W. Huang 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(8):1163-1174
AbstractThe characteristics and distribution of clay minerals and their effects on reservoir quality in the Huagang sandstones in the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin were studied by using X-ray diffraction, casting thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, fluid inclusion analysis, constant-rate mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance. Clay minerals consist of kaolinite, chlorite, illite and illite–smectite mixed layer (I/S); kaolinite forms from dissolved feldspars, chlorite occurs as clay coatings that are transformed from clay precursors owing to the flocculation of suspended detrital clays or the crystallisation of pore fluids, and illite forms from the illitisation of detrital smectite, authigenic kaolinite and K-feldspars. Clay distribution is controlled by sedimentary environments, burial history and lithologies. Typical reservoirs in the western sub-sag are thin and developed in braided river facies at relatively shallow burial depths with clays dominated by kaolinite. However, typical reservoirs in the central inversion tectonic zone are thicker and developed in a braided delta front facies at deeper burial depths with clays mainly consisting of chlorite, illite and I/S. High-quality reservoirs are characterised by coarse granularity, high quartz content and low clay content with widespread development of chlorite coatings that inhibit quartz cements at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the high-quality reservoirs develop more pores providing growth space for quartz cements and result in the coexistence of chlorite coatings and quartz cements. The high-quality reservoirs are controlled by their lithological characteristics rather than chlorite coatings. Illite and I/S clays create severe damage to reservoirs by reducing the size and connectivity of pore-throats. 相似文献
17.
We analyzed the clay mineral assemblages, content and mineralogical characteristics of Hole U1438A sediment recovered from Amami Sankaku Basin during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expedition 351. The results show that the clay minerals are mainly composed of illite (average 57%), smectite (average 26%), chlorite (average 14%) and minor kaolinite(average 3%). The crystallinity of illite in all samples are good (<0.4 Δ° 2θ), and the chemical indexes of illite in all samples are low (<0.4). Both indicate that illite in Hole U1438A formed in cold and dry climate. By comparing clay mineral assemblages of hole U1438A and the potential sediment sources, we suggest that smectite be mainly derived from the volcanic materials around Amami Sankaku Basin. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are mainly derived from the Asian dust. The ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite show a phased increase over the last 350 ka, which is consistent with the cold and drying trend of the Asian continent since late Pleistocene. The high ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite and (illite+chlorite)/kaolinite during glacial period indicate that much more Asian dust was input into the Amami Sankaku Basin, which are responded to the aridity of Asian continent and strengthened east Asian Monsoon during glacial period. 相似文献
18.
对伊豆-小笠原海脊(ODP 782A孔)上新世以来沉积物中黏土矿物的组成、含量及矿物学特征进行了分析,结果表明:黏土矿物以伊利石(42%)和蒙皂石(42%)为主,绿泥石的平均含量为14%,高岭石的含量最低,平均仅为2%。伊利石的结晶度较好,平均为0.25°Δ2θ;化学指数较低,平均为0.31;表明伊利石主要形成于干冷的气候环境。通过将ODP 782A孔黏土矿物组合特征和含量与周边可能源区对比,并结合伊利石和蒙皂石的矿物学参数特征,我们认为蒙皂石主要来源于伊豆-小笠原海脊周边岛弧火山物质;伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石主要来自亚洲大陆风尘。上新世以来(伊利石+绿泥石)/蒙皂石比值总体上呈增加的趋势,并且在5.3~3.6、3.6~1.6、1.6~0 Ma的三个阶段表现出不同的变化特征,该比值与全球深海δ18O值所记录的全球变冷、北太平洋ODP 885/886孔风尘通量和灵台黄土沉积速率,以及日本海U1430站伊利石/蒙皂石比值所指示的亚洲内陆干旱变化的总体变化趋势和阶段性变化的时间点大致同步,表明该比值敏感地响应了全球变冷和亚洲内陆的干旱。上新世以来(伊利石+绿泥石)/高岭石比值表现为高/低交替变化,分别与中国灵台黄土磁化率高/低变化相对应,由于黄土磁化率记录了亚洲内陆干/湿变化,因此该黏土矿物比值敏感地响应了亚洲内陆的古气候变化,因而可以作为可靠的亚洲大陆干/湿变化示踪指标。 相似文献
19.
Youko Miyoshi Jun‐ichiro Ishibashi Kazuhiko Shimada Hiroyasu Inoue Seiichiro Uehara Katsuhiro Tsukimura 《Resource Geology》2015,65(4):346-360
Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges. 相似文献