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1.
绿宝石是绿柱石质宝石的通称.它通常包括以下六个受种,即:祖母绿(emerald)、海蓝宝石(aquamarine)、金色绿宝石(黄绿宝石或黄透绿柱石,heliodor或golden beryl)、红绿宝石(morganife)、绿色绿宝石(common beryl)、无色绿宝石(纯绿宝石,goshenife).由于这类宝石澄碧苍翠,璀璨晶莹,故很久以来,在我国就“宠爱人寰之中,而辉煌廊庙之上”(《天工开物》).在国外,这类宝石中的佼佼者——祖母绿,则在往往被视为稀世之珍而价值连城的同时,还享有“恢复视力的宝石”之美称. 上述六种绿宝石中,除祖母绿另有其独特的产出条件外,其余五种,在现阶段几乎无例外地都主要与花岗伟晶岩和气成-热液型矿床有关. 相似文献
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祖母绿合成工艺的实验研究曾骥良，陈昌益，宋臣声（广西宝石研究所，桂林５４１００４）关键词祖母绿、合成工艺、实验地球化学祖母绿被誉为绿色宝石之王，是古今中外最受人们喜爱的名贵宝石之一。但天然祖母绿十分稀少，优质高档者更少，供不应求，价格昂贵。因此祖母绿... 相似文献
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宝石矿物是当前矿物学重点研究发展方向之一,是我国急需的矿种,珍贵的工艺品原料,绿柱石则是主要的宝石矿物。本文详细介绍了:绿柱石宝石的九个变种,尤其阐述了变种祖母绿——五大珍贵宝石之一的形态和物理化学特征;它们的鉴别特征;与相似宝石的区别;人工合成绿柱石与天然绿石的区别;绿柱石宝石的人工处理——改变或改善原来宝石的颜色或外观,提高其价值;有关各国绿柱石宝石的收藏和生产情况。 相似文献
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在研究巴西生产的宝石的特征之前,对“贵石”(Precious)和“半贵石”(Semi-Precious)术语作简要说明是很有必要的,这两个术语不仅在巴西广泛使用,而且在其他各国也广为使用。事实上,对大多数人来说,贵石仅指金刚石、红宝石和兰宝石(矿物刚玉的变种)及祖母绿(矿物绿柱石的草绿色变种)。所有其他宝石都认为是半贵石。但根据一些人的意见,除了上述四种贵石外,还可以增加六、七种,即加上称为 相似文献
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中国的人工合成宝石业 ,始于 1 95 8年 ,改革开放后发展迅速 ,为弥补天然宝石资源的不足和丰富中国珠宝首饰市场作出了贡献。1 中国人工合成宝石的分类根据中国 1 997年 5月 1日实施的国家标准“ＧＢ/Ｔ 1 65 5 2 1 996珠宝玉石名称”的规定 ,人工合成宝石包括 4部分 :合成宝石、人造宝石、拼合宝石和再造宝石。(1 )合成宝石 :完全或部分由人工制造且自然界有已知对应物的晶质或非晶质体 ,其物理性质、化学成分和晶体结构与对应的天然珠宝玉石基本相同 ,如合成红宝石、合成祖母绿、合成水晶等。(2 )人造宝石 :由人工制造且自然界无已知对… 相似文献
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最近十多年来,云南省发现了绿柱石矿物里的5种宝石,即绿色绿宝石、透绿宝石、摩根石、海蓝宝石和祖母绿,其中祖母绿是我国首次发现,填补了我国宝石品种的一项空白。文中对云南省绿柱石类宝石分布的地质特征、宝石学特征和开采、加工与市场状况作了介绍。 相似文献
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上世纪70年代以来,巴西祖母绿源源不断地进入世界宝石市场。巴西祖母绿主要产自米纳斯吉拉斯州、巴伊亚州和戈亚斯州,其中富产宝石著称的米纳斯吉拉斯州的Itabira/Nova Era成矿带,至今仍能保持稳定的祖母绿宝石产量。巴西祖母绿产业在取得巨大成功的同时也正面临着严峻的挑战。日趋严格的环保法规和不断上涨的劳动力成本推高了祖母绿的开采成本;巴西赛雷尔对美元汇率的不断升值影响了巴西祖母绿开采、加工到贸易整个产业;随着开采难度的增加、成本的上升个体手工采矿者逐渐被排挤出了祖母绿采矿业;巴西本土的祖母绿加工业也同样受到来自印度宝石加工业低廉价格的挑战。采矿企业通过提高机械化水平降低采选成本,同时通过加工部分自己开采的祖母绿原石,向产业链下游扩张,提高每吨原矿收益率,进而提高矿山开采服务年限。为保证自身利润水平和竞争优势,巴西祖母绿加工企业主要加工颗粒比较大、品级较好的祖母绿宝石,并在原石供应商和珠宝制造商之间寻找到了利润平衡点。在未来,巴西的祖母绿行业发展将会是令人鼓舞的。 相似文献
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水热法是合成祖母绿的常用方法之一,使用该方法合成的祖母绿具有典型“水波纹”状纹理,呈现锯齿状平行排列,且其红外透射吸收光谱在2300～3100cm-1的特征峰是主要鉴定特征。但目前市场上新出现的水热法合成的一种祖母绿不具有上述典型特征。为探究这种水热法合成的祖母绿的宝石学和光谱学特征,本文采用常规宝石学仪器宝石显微镜、折射仪等及红外吸收光谱仪、紫外可见光谱仪、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)对其鉴定特征进行研究分析。结果表明：测试样品的折射率为1.571～1.588,双折射率为0.007～0.009,相对密度为2.56～2.78,多色性明显,这些特征与天然祖母绿相似,红外吸收光谱特征与天然祖母绿基本一致。在宝石显微镜下,从特定角度观察可见疑似水热法合成祖母绿的“水波纹”状纹理,呈平行状,但不是典型的锯齿状平行排列,属于疑惑样品。红外透射吸收光谱具有Ⅰ型水和Ⅱ型水的尖锐吸收峰,在2300～3100cm-1范围内的吸收相对较弱,不具有诊断意义;紫外可见光谱分析表明Fe2+离子引起的810～850nm吸收宽带不明显,但8... 相似文献
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为了解金属离子生长成为热液矿石矿物的过程和机理,使用氟钛酸钾稀溶液在100 MPa和200~400℃条件下开展了一系列等温不等时和等时变温实验.结果显示该热液条件下形成了不同形貌的锐钛矿.随着反应时间和温度的增加,锐钛矿由几十纳米生长至十几微米;10 h以内的晶体生长速度远高于10 h以后,相对高温下的晶体生长速度则高于低温,表明锐钛矿的热液生长与温度、过饱和程度密切相关.综合来看,粒子成核生长、定向附着和奥氏熟化先后控制了热液锐钛矿的生长,而金属在流体中的过饱和程度和溶解-沉淀过程则决定了其生长速度.因而锐钛矿的形态特征可用于指示其形成的温度、世代关系甚至含氟流体的演化历史. 相似文献
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A microprobe study has been carried out on the chemical composition of tourmaline from the Yindongzi and Tongmugou stratabound Pb-Zn ore deposits, eastern Qinling, China. Tourmaline was analysed from a variety of rock types representative of its various occurrences associated with the ore bodies. All the tourmalines studied here belong to the schorl-dravite series. Most are of hydrothermal origin with Mg > Fe and Na > Ca. Some detrital cores of tourmaline have been recognized from their geometry and chemistry, with Fe > Mg. The chemical trends from core to rim in zoned grains suggest a multi-stage model for the growth of tourmaline and genesis of the ore bodies. The first stage was represented by a more Mg-rich hydrothermal fluid in the submarine hydrothermal system, producing Mg-rich tourmalines by selective replacement of clay-rich sediments close to the sediment-water interface. The second stage was dominated by Fe-rich hydrothermal fluid and resulted in overgrowth of Fe-rich tourmaline rims. This stage also led to the nucleation and growth of new tourmaline crystals and was responsible for the formation of the main massive sulphide orebodies. Finally, a further period of hydrothermal activity or a metamorphic event led to the formation of an additional rim of Mg-rich tourmaline. 相似文献
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热液矿床矿物微形貌与晶体生长环境研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
应用高分辨率扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和场效应扫描电镜(FEG SEM),对取自山西义兴寨金矿等4处热液矿床的黄铁矿、方铅矿、赤铁矿等矿物的表面生长微形貌进行了观察研究,并与实验合成的黄铁矿、方铅矿等矿物的微形貌特征进行对比。发现了自然矿物结晶三维成核成因的黄铁矿微球状晶,在合成和自然矿物的晶面观察到漏斗状晶和胞状结构等生长形貌。合成黄铁矿表面发育平整光滑的生长台阶,反映静态无扰动、接近平衡的晶体生长环境;而大量产于热液矿床的黄铁矿、方铅矿等晶体普遍发育胞状或拉长的胞状结构表面,并总体呈台阶状排列的表面结构,证明自然成矿热液体系的高过饱和度和流动生长环境。研究表明,热液成矿过程中矿物结晶作用有从成核、台阶状晶体生长、到形成“平衡”多面体生长的一个演化过程;形成于复杂条件的矿物晶体表面微观结构,包含丰富的成矿环境信息。 相似文献
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Microbiological and chemical characterization of hydrothermal fluids at Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area, southern New Mexico, USA 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area is part of the larger hydrothermal system of the Rio Grande Rift, southern New Mexico,
USA. Chemical and microbial parameters indicate that the sampled hydrothermal water derives from a mixture zone of deep, anaerobic
water with meteoric water from an adjacent alluvial, non-thermal groundwater flow system. A microbial phospholipid fatty acid
(PLFA) analysis indicates that biomass and diversity of hydrothermal groundwater are very low, whereas hydrothermal surface
water is diverse and bacteria are in a rapid growth phase. A nucleic acid (DNA) analysis of the hydrothermal groundwater resulted
in the identification of one eubacterium and two Archaea (archaebacteria); the eubacterium and one Archaea were previously
unknown. The one Archaea that could be related to a known species is an extreme halophilic methanomicrobacterium. The presence
of the halophilic Archaea and the other Archaea species supports the hypothesis of the Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area being
the discharge area of deep circulating groundwater within a bedrock-hosted regional groundwater flow system.
Received, April 1999/Revised, January 2000/Accepted, February 2000 相似文献
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Abstract: Microorganisms found at terrestrial and seafloor hydrothermal systems are classified based on their optimum growth temperatures. Prokaryotes exhibiting optimum growth temperatures above 45C are defined as thermophiles, while those with optimum growth temperatures above 80C are called hyperthermophiles. Hyperthermophiles have chemically and thermodynamically stable cytoplasmic‐membrane consisting of ether–lipids. Hyperthermophiles observed at temperature up to 113C in seafloor hydrothermal areas should have thermostable proteins. Presumably, the thermostable proteins are replacing certain amino acid residue by proline instead of alanine in order to increase hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Microorganisms inhabiting terrestrial and seafloor hydrothermal areas obtain energy mainly by use of chemical disequilibrium, so that their habitat may be restricted to the redox boundary between ambient water and reduced hydrothermal fluids. Among more than 200 species of cultivable thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, hyperthermophiles mainly obtain energy by sulfur reduction, because this reaction can produce energy efficiently at > 80C. Some hyperthermophilic sulfur reducers can reduce Cr(VI), Mn(IV), Fe(III), Co(III), As(V), Se(VI), Tc(VII), Au(III) and U(VI) through hydrogen or organic compounds that act as reducing agents for yielding energy. Some hyperther‐mophiles use W instead of Mo for activating their enzymes. Bacteria can pump out toxic metal ions from their cells, however toxic metal resistance systems of archaea, including hyperthermophiles, have not yet been studied. Methane producing hyperthermophiles can yield energy by the autotrophic reaction, when sufficient carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen can be supplied and methane can be removed from hydrothermal systems. If nitrogen can be supplied into a hydrothermal system, hydrogen oxidization by nitrogen species (e.g. NO3‐, NO2‐, NO and N2O) may be expected through the metabolism of some hyperthermophiles. 相似文献
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在上水桥金、萤石矿区的含矿硅化破碎带中,新发现一种围绕断层磨砾呈放射状生长的石英晶簇,因其像有刺、有壳、有仁的板栗,作者将其命名为板栗状石英晶簇。板栗状石英晶簇可能是硅质围绕悬浮于高比重热液中的断层磨砾生长形成,反映当时热液中可能含有高浓度的重金属化合物。 相似文献
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安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床中磁黄铁矿矿石结构特征及其成因意义 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的大型层状硫化物矿床,磁黄铁矿为矿床中的主要硫化物矿物.该矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.在层状矿体上部,磁黄铁矿主要为块状构造,而层状矿体下部,磁黄铁矿多为层纹状、条带状构造,具有显著的沉积结构构造特征.野外地质观察及室内矿相学研究表明,层状矿体中磁黄铁矿矿石遭受了强烈的变质作用及热液交代作用.进变质过程中形成的结构主要为胶黄铁矿转变为黄铁矿以及进一步变质转变为磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿时形成的交代残留结构.退变质过程则以磁黄铁矿的退火、黄铁矿变斑晶的生长和单纯六方磁黄铁矿的形成为特征.岩浆热液对单纯六方磁黄铁矿的交代作用形成了单斜和六方磁黄铁矿的交生结构.这些结构特征表明层状矿体中的磁黄铁矿并不是岩浆热液成因,而主要为石炭纪同生沉积胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿在燕山期岩浆侵入所引起的热变质作用下脱硫所形成,并在热变质作用之后又受到岩浆热液的叠加交代.磁黄铁矿的结构特征显示冬瓜山矿床的形成经历了同生沉积、热变质、热液交代等多个阶段,支持其为同生沉积-叠加改造型矿床. 相似文献
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Abstract. Scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of vein quartz in the Cu-mineralised, Shuteen Complex (South Gobi, Mongolia) has revealed a complex history of crystal growth, dissolution and microfracture healing, associated with several hydrothermal events that could not be detected using other observational techniques (e.g. transmitted/reflected light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging, or secondary electron imaging).
The quartz initially grew as CL-bright/grey crystals in a 345±30C liquid reservoir, as inferred by the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions (average Th of 343C; 6.6∼7.7 wt% NaCleq ). Quartz precipitation occurred at the edge of the crystals as reservoir fluids cooled to 260±25C, as indicated by micron-scale CL-dark/CL-bright quartz growth bands containing abundant fluid inclusions (with an average Th values of 261C). Pressure fluctuations were the likely cause of dissolution, as SEM-CL imaging reveals the quartz have corroded or rounded crystal edges, and precipitation of later quartz into open space. SEM-CL imaging shows the quartz contains healed microfractures that trapped low salinity fluids (3.9 wt% NaC1eq ) with Th values of 173±15C.
SEM-CL imaging provides a means of deciphering the thermal and chemical evolution of the fossil Shuteen hydrothermal system, and the nature of hydrothermal quartz vein-forming processes, by facilitating the correlation of distinct fluid inclusion populations and their relative chronology, with specific hydrothermal events. 相似文献
The quartz initially grew as CL-bright/grey crystals in a 345±30C liquid reservoir, as inferred by the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions (average Th of 343C; 6.6∼7.7 wt% NaCl
SEM-CL imaging provides a means of deciphering the thermal and chemical evolution of the fossil Shuteen hydrothermal system, and the nature of hydrothermal quartz vein-forming processes, by facilitating the correlation of distinct fluid inclusion populations and their relative chronology, with specific hydrothermal events. 相似文献
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Formation of Fe-Mn-Si oxide and nontronite deposits in hydrothermal fields on the Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhilei Sun Huaiyang Zhou G.P. Glasby Qunhui YangXijie Yin Jiwei LiZhiqiang Chen 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2012,43(1):64-76
Hydrothermal Fe-Mn-Si oxides and nontronite are pervasive in the Hine Hina, Vai Lili and Mariner hydrothermal fields along the central Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin. Morphometric and mineralogical analyses reveal that the iron-rich filaments are the most important constituents of these Fe-Mn-Si oxide deposits. Both the morphologies and chemical composition of the filaments indicate that neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria have played a key role in the formation of these deposits. A key process of the formation of these deposits is the creation of a complicated filamentous network in which a series of metabolic activities and passive sorption and nucleation processes occur. The precipitation of dissolved Si in unsaturated and saturated states leads to a “two-generation” growth model in the hydrothermal vents. The precipitation of amorphous opal occurs in a relatively narrow temperature range (41.1-42.9 °C) based on oxygen isotope analyses, indicating a fast precipitation rate of opal-A when conductive cooling of the hydrothermal fluid occurrs. Patchy nontronite in the Mariner fields is a product of the direct precipitation from hydrothermal fluids at a temperature of ∼87.9 °C, whereas the scattered nontronite at the Hine Hina field is the product of the replacement of hydrothermal Fe-Si oxides at a temperature of ∼46.2 °C. 相似文献
20.
Kerstin Drost Richard Wirth Jan Košler Hege Fonneland Jørgensen Theodoros Ntaflos 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,165(4):737-756
Xenotime overgrowths on detrital zircon in siliciclastic sediments have been reported in numerous studies. However, in natural samples, solid solution of zircon and xenotime is limited to near-end-member compositions. In order to characterize the interface region between both minerals and to draw inferences on the growth mechanisms of authigenic xenotime, we studied xenotime overgrowths on detrital zircon grains from two Phanerozoic sandstone samples with contrasting post-depositional histories. In one sample, the small (≤10 μm), pyramidal xenotime overgrowths are of diagenetic origin and grew without major discontinuity on the detrital zircon grain. The second sample shows up to >50-μm-wide, porous and inclusion-rich, hydrothermal xenotime overgrowths on detrital zircon, whereas the transition zone between both minerals is accompanied by large pore volume. Chemical compositions of the xenotime precipitates from the two samples differ particularly in Y, REE, Th and Sc concentrations, whereas high MREE availability in the diagenetic sample and the presence of Sc in the hydrothermal sample, respectively, appear to have promoted xenotime growth. Transmission electron microscopy on electron-transparent foils cut from the interface region shows that both the diagenetic xenotime and the hydrothermal xenotime are crystalline and grew in optical and crystallographic continuity to their detrital zircon substrata. Only a narrow transition zone (≤90 nm—diagenetic sample, 200–300 nm—hydrothermal sample) between zircon and xenotime is in part made up of nanometre-scale crystalline domains that are slightly distorted and may have formed from dissolution–re-precipitation processes at the zircon rim along with precipitation from the respective fluid. 相似文献