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1.
Thermal generation of ferromagnetic minerals from iron-enriched smectites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
In recent years remagnetization of orogenic belts has been explained by fluid migration through rocks undergoing deformation. A laboratory study of remagnetization is presented in which varying amounts of iron (0-13.5 weight per cent Fe2O3) are adsorbed onto smectite surfaces. All smectite samples contain structural Fe (III) which is located in octahedral sites and is thermally stable up to 700 C. An increase in the amount of iron adsorbed onto the clay surface leads to the formation of ferric nanophases in which parts are magnetic. Mineralogical changes that occur during thermal treatment between room temperature and 700 C were monitored using electron spin resonance (ESR), bulk susceptibility, acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and Curie temperature analysis. After heating the samples to 250 C, a new ferrimagnetic phase is created as indicated by ESR and IRM acquisition. ESR spectra, IRM acquisition and Curie analyses suggest that magnetite is the predominant phase that is being created. These grains continue to be created and grow with heating up to 500 C. Above this temperature a decrease in the intensity of the IRM at 1T suggests that the phase is being transformed into haematite. The thermal experiments on iron-loaded smectites show that surface-induced processes can lead to the formation of new magnetic minerals under conditions characteristic of low-grade metamorphism.  相似文献   

2.
Low-field magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy (AMS) were measured for a suite of sandstone and siltstone samples. AMS orientations measured on two systems (Bartington and Digico) differed before thermal treatment of the samples but became the same after thermal demagnetization in air to 600 °C. Six position measurement schemes for the Bartington system do not eliminate the effects of specimen inhomogeneity and other errors, whereas 12- and 24-position measurements give good agreement with the Digico anisotropy meter and with the observed petrofabric. Thermal demagnetization from temperatures between 400 and 650 °C had the effect of enhancing both the magnetic susceptibility and AMS. Although the most profound mineralogical change due to heating was the conversion of kaolinite into metakaolin, IRM, XRD, DTA and Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the changes in magnetic properties were due to the transformation upon heating of trace amounts of sulphides into magnetite and/or maghemite and haematite. Both magnetic susceptibility and the degree of anisotropy decrease with higher-temperature thermal demagnetization due to the oxidation of the newly formed magnetite and/or maghemite into haematite. The magnetic foliation of the newly formed magnetite/maghemite and haematite is parallel to the bedding, possibly following the orientation of the original sulphides.  相似文献   

3.
A continental sequence of red beds and interbedded basaltic layers crops out in the Sierra Chica of Córdoba Province, Argentina (31.5°S, 64.4°W). This succession was deposited in a half-graben basin during the Early Cretaceous. We have carried out a palaeomagnetic survey on outcrops of this basin (147 sites in seven localities). From an analysis of IRM acquisition curves and detailed demagnetization behaviour, three different magnetic components are identified in the volcanic rocks: components A, B and X are carried by single- or pseudo-single-domain (titano) magnetite, haematite and multidomain magnetite, respectively. Component A is interpreted as a primary component of magnetization because it passes conglomerate, contact, tilt and reversal tests. The carrier of the primary magnetization, fine-grained (titano)magnetite, is present in basalts with a high degree of deuteric oxidation. This kind of oxidation is interpreted to have occurred during cooling. Components B and X are discarded because they are interpreted as recent magnetizations. In the sedimentary rocks, haematite and magnetite are identified as the carriers of remanence. Both minerals carry the same component, which passes a reversal test. The calculated palaeomagnetic pole, based on 55 sites, is Lat. 86.0°S, Long. 75.9°E ( A 95=3.3, K =35). This palaeomagnetic pole supersedes four with anomalous positions reported in previous papers.  相似文献   

4.
The red soil sequences in southern and southeastern China provide important terrestrial archives of palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment and are important sources of Palaeolithic settlements and, therefore, early human occupation. Here we present detailed palaeomagnetic investigation coupled with mineral magnetic and petrographic analyses of a red soil sequence at Qiliting, southeastern China. The sediments contain both strongly magnetic minerals (such as maghemite and magnetite) and weakly magnetic minerals (such as haematite and possibly goethite). Maghemite and haematite were identified as the main carriers of the natural remnant magnetisations. Only haematite dominates the characteristic remnant magnetisations. Palaeomagnetic findings suggest that the Qiliting sedimentary sequence recorded the early Brunhes Chron and the late Matuyama Chron, including the Jaramillo Subchron. Our finding, coupled with previously published magnetostratigraphy, establishes that the red soil sequences in southern China began to accumulate no later than the Jaramillo age (i.e. ∼1.0 Ma). It is further suggested that the capabilities of recording magnetic polarity stratigraphy in Chinese red soil sequences are variable between areas because of different climate regimes.  相似文献   

5.
Rock magnetic parameters are often used to recognize variations in the original magnetic mineralogy and for normalizing purposes in palaeointensity studies. Incipient weathering, however, is shown to have a profound but partly reversible influence on the rock magnetic properties of the marls of the Early Pliocene Trubi formation in southern Sicily (Italy). The remanence in the marls resides in single-domain (SD) magnetite grains, but the remanent coercive force (Hcr) shows a strong variation and most values observed are anomalously high ( Hcr) range 36–188 mT).
The enhanced coercivities are attributed to stress in the magnetite grains induced by surface oxidation at low temperature. Upon heating to 150 °C a reduction of coercivities occurs that can be explained by a stress reduction as a result of a reduction of Fe2- gradient due to a higher diffusion rate at elevated temperature. After heating to 150 °C, coercivities are quite uniform throughout the outcrop and the values are characteristic of SD magnetite (Hcr range 30–38 mT). The bulk susceptibility increases by 4–24 per cent, and the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) decreases by 5–11 per cent. The increase in anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) is large: 20–242 per cent. The magnitude of the changes is related to the degree of weathering.
Another effect of heating the marl samples to 150 °C is a substantial reduction of the coercivities of the secondary overprint in the natural remanent magnetization. After heating. separation of the secondary and primary components by alternating-field demagnetization is more efficient. The usual difficulties of thermal demagnetization above 300 °C may thus be avoided by a combination of moderate heating to 150 °C and subsequent alternating-field demagnetization.  相似文献   

6.
The paper presents a personal summary of the role of magnetic measurements in lake sediment studies. Examples are used to illustrate the main variations in lake sediment magnetic properties and the processes controlling their variations. These are considered in terms of sediment sequences: (1) that are virtually devoid of magnetic minerals; (2) the magnetic properties of which are dominated by input of magnetic minerals from ‘primary’, unweathered catchment sources (3) with magnetic properties indicative of erosion of weathered material, mainly magnetically enhanced topsoil; (4) that have received minimal input of terrigenous ferrimagnetic minerals but are rich in biogenic magnetite (5) parts of which have experienced dissolution diagenesis (6) in which signals from erosion, biogenic magnetite and dissolution can all be detected and (7) that are dominated by the presence of authigenic greigite. Additional issues, including the importance of particle size variations as a control of magnetic properties, the under-representation of haematite and goethite in the magnetic record and the significance of atmospheric deposition are also considered. A concluding section briefly outlines the present status of environmental magnetism and its role in palaeoenvironmental research based on lake sediment studies.  相似文献   

7.
Low-temperature rock magnetic measurements have distinct diagnostic value. However, in most bulk marine sediments the concentration of ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic minerals is extremely low, so even sensitive instrumentation often responds to the paramagnetic contribution of the silicate matrix in the residual field of the magnetometer. Analysis of magnetic extracts is usually performed to solve the problems raised by low magnetic concentrations. Additionally magnetic extracts can be used for several other analyses, for example electron microscopy or X-ray diffraction. The magnetic extraction technique is generally sufficient for sediments dominated by magnetite. In this study however, we show that high-coercivity components are rather underrepresented in magnetic extracts of sediments with a more complex magnetic mineralogy. We test heavy liquid separation, using hydrophilic sodium polytungstenate solution Na6[H2W12O40], to demonstrate the efficiencies of both concentration techniques. Low-temperature cycling of zero-field-cooled, field-cooled and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization acquired at room temperature was performed on dry bulk sediments, magnetic extracts, and heavy liquid separates of clay-rich pelagic sediments originating from the Equatorial Atlantic. The results of the thermomagnetic measurements clarify that magnetic extraction favours components with high spontaneous magnetization, such as magnetite and titanomagnetite. The heavy liquid separation is unbiased with respect to high- and low-coercive minerals, thus it represents the entire magnetic assemblage.  相似文献   

8.
利用采自干旱区高山～新疆阿尔泰山的表层泥炭样品,以K-T曲线为主,结合J-T曲线、磁滞参数以及XRD等相关实验,探讨了应用热磁实验鉴别富含有机质的弱磁性物质磁性特征.结果表明:样品中磁化率的主要贡献者为低矫顽力的强磁性矿物-磁铁矿,磁铁矿的粒径为PSD(准单畴).加热过程中,含铁粘土矿物绿泥石分解生成新的磁铁矿,磁畴转变成MD(多畴),逐步加热的K-T曲线表明,利用K-T曲线分析含有大量有机质成分弱磁性物质的磁性特征具有一定的指导作用,泥炭样品受热生成的磁性矿物的类型与数量不仅受加热的最高温度控制,同时在加热到不同温度时由于有机质对磁性矿物的还原作用表现出差异性,使得泥炭样品加热到不同温度后的转化、改造及最终生成物亦变得异常复杂.  相似文献   

9.
An 11 m long sediment core ftorn Lama Lake, Northern Siberia, has been subjected to intense sedimentological, geochemical and rock magnetic analyses. According to a palynologic investigation the recovered sediments cover the whole Holocene and the late Pleistocene reaching back to about 17 ka. IRM acquisition experiments, hysteresis loop and back field as well as thermomagnetic measurements revealed magnetite in the pseudo-single domain range as the only remanence carrier. Sharp rock magnetic boundaries occur at 20 and 745 cm sub-bottom depth that are clearly linked to shifts in the median grain size of the magnetite. These boundaries are close to the present boundaries that bracket an anoxic zone between the subrecent and a late Pleistocene oxic section of the sediments. Within the anoxic section, magnetites are characterized by significantly larger median grain sizes but within a very narrow grain size range. The shift from fine grained magnetite within the oxic sediments to coarse grained magnetite is interpreted as the result of dissolution of the finest magnetite grains within the anoxic sediments. A significant shift of the Ti/Fe-ratio of the bulk sediment at a sub-bottom depth of 735 cm does not correspond to thermomagnetic properties, i.e. Curie-temperatures do not follow the variable Ti-content of the sediment.  相似文献   

10.
The magnetic behaviour of hydrothermally synthesized greigite was analysed in the temperature range from 4 K to 700 °C. Below room temperature, hysteresis parameters were determined as a function of temperature, with emphasis on the temperature range below 50 K. Saturation magnetization and initial susceptibility were studied above room temperature, along with X-ray diffraction analysis of material heated to various temperatures. The magnetic behaviour of synthetic greigite on heating is determined by chemical alteration rather than by magnetic unblocking. Heating in air yields more discriminative behaviour than heating in argon. When heated in air, the amount of oxygen available for reaction with greigite determines the products and magnetic behaviour. In systems open to contact with air, haematite is the final reaction product. When the contact with air is restricted, magnetite is the final reaction product. When air is excluded, pyrrhotite and magnetite are the final reaction products; the amount of magnetite formed is determined by the purity of the starting greigite and the degree of its surficial oxidation. The saturation magnetization of synthetic greigite is virtually independent of temperature from room temperature down to 4 K. The saturation remanent magnetization increases slowly by 20–30 per cent on cooling from room temperature to 4 K. A broad maximum is observed at ~10 K which may be diagnostic of greigite. The coercive and remanent coercive force both increase smoothly with decreasing temperature to 4 K. The coercive force increases from ~50 mT at room temperature to approximately 100–120 mT at 4 K, and the remanent coercive force increases from approximately 50–80 mT at room temperature to approximately 110–180 mT at 4 K.  相似文献   

11.
The palaeomagnetic standard technique of stepwise thermal demagnetization (STD), long regarded as unreliable for oceanic basalts that have undergone low temperature alteration, has recently been applied in a number of studies to characterize the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of such rocks. In order to better understand STD data of oceanic basalts, and to possibly identify the magnetominerals that are carrying the NRM, we have carried out a number of continuous and STD experiments on seven oceanic basalt samples. During continuous thermal demagnetization (CTD), a sample is heated to a certain temperature and its NRM is measured during heating and subsequent cooling. Even when CTD reveals only titanomaghemite unblocking at 400°C as the remanence carrier, STD behaviour can be very complex and unblocking is observed at temperatures of up to 500°C and higher. CTD also allowed to identify a partial or full self-reversal of NRM due to interaction between two types of magnetominerals in one sample. The higher degree of maghemitization of smaller titanomaghemite grains with respect to larger ones, which are less efficient in carrying the remanence, was seen for three samples by a shift of 80°C between the strong field thermomagnetic curve and the NRM measured at elevated temperature. In several cases, the identification of the NRM-carrying magnetomineral was not possible from CTD data due to the ambiguity of Curie temperatures in the titanomagnetite/titanomaghemite system.  相似文献   

12.
科尔沁沙地风沙沉积物磁学特征及其古环境意义初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选取位于科尔沁沙地东北缘的六户屯剖面风沙沉积物为研究对象,进行系统的磁学特征和粒度分析。结果表明：六户屯剖面磁性矿物含量较少,磁学性质主要受亚铁磁性磁铁矿控制,并含有少量赤铁矿和针铁矿,磁性矿物粒度较细,以稳定单畴和超顺磁颗粒为主。沉积物中磁性矿物的粒度分布受风力大小与成壤强度的影响,单畴颗粒相对含量随风力的增强而增加,随土壤发育程度的增强而减少,χARM/χlf和χARM/SIRM可以指示冬夏季风的相对强弱。六户屯剖面磁性矿物粒度主要受冬季风强度及其动力分选作用的控制,磁性矿物粒度与沉积物总体粒度呈反相关;但在某些层位,夏季风影响下的成土过程对其改造作用不容忽视。成壤过程中形成的超顺磁颗粒是磁化率增强的主要因素,单畴颗粒对土壤发育适宜期磁化率的增加贡献相对较弱。  相似文献   

13.
EPR evidence for maghemitization of magnetite in a tropical soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) was used in combination with standard rock magnetic methods to study magnetic minerals in a tropical soil. The susceptibility and hysteresis measurements showed magnetite grains with a Curie temperature near 850 K as the dominant magnetic remanence carriers in the soil. A minor Ti content in the magnetite was found by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In order to get insight into the weathering status of the magnetite, different chemical treatments, including oxalate and citrate–bicarbonate–dithionite (CBD) extraction, were applied to the soil samples. The hysteretic properties exhibited no significant differences between the untreated and the CBD or oxalate treated samples. By contrast, the comparison of the EPR spectra revealed a significant broadening of the linewidth (δB) and a shift of the g -values ( g eff) to lower fields after the CBD treatment. Furthermore, the spectral parameters g eff and δB exhibited an angular dependence. At low temperature, the CBD treated samples showed a jump in δB between 120 and 100 K, the temperature range characteristic for the Verwey transition in magnetite. The changes in the spectral properties after the CBD treatment, which dissolves ferric oxides, were attributed to the removal of maghemite formed by the oxidation of magnetite, that is, during the maghemitization of the magnetite grains.  相似文献   

14.
A detailed record of mineral magnetic properties of a loess–palaeosol profile comprising seven loess horizons, six interbedded palaeosols and recent soil at the top in NE Bulgaria is analysed. A strong contrast between the soil and loess susceptibilities as well as other concentration-dependent hysteresis parameters is present, similar to the well-documented magnetic characteristics of the Chinese loess ( Hus & Han 1992 ; Maher & Thompson 1992 ; Heller & Evans 1995 ; Hunt et al. 1995 ). The magnetic enhancement of the palaeosol units is caused by very fine-grained pedogenic magnetite with superparamagnetic behaviour. Thermomagnetic analyses on bulk material suggest magnetite and maghemite as the main ferrimagnetic carriers in both soil and loess horizons. Their relative proportions are shown to reflect different palaeoclimatic conditions. Chernozem soils, which include recent soil S0 and first and second palaeosols S1 and S2 developed under steppe vegetation, show a high degree of low-temperature oxidation of the pedogenic magnetite to maghemite. This material is characterized by coercive force H c showing even higher values than those of the parent loess material. The older palaeosols (S4 to S6 ) were formed during more humid climatic conditions and therefore probably developed as forest types. Rock magnetic data suggest the existence here of only partly oxidized magnetite grains. The behaviour of the thermomagnetic curves, characterized by a kink at 200 °C, may be due to either a release of internal stress (built up as a result of partial low-temperature oxidation) or interactions between two phases.  相似文献   

15.
昆明市松华坝水源区表土磁学特征及其环境意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用环境磁学研究方法研究了昆明市松华坝水源区表土的磁学特征,结果表明,松华坝上游地区表土未受或很少受到污染,土壤磁化率偏低,土壤中的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿,另外还含有少量弱磁性的磁黄铁矿和针铁矿。松华坝下游坝区土壤受到了一定程度的污染,污染表土的磁学特征表现为：高磁化率,磁化率与频率磁化率呈现较强的负相关,污染土壤中的主要载磁矿物为强磁性的磁铁矿。松华坝下游土壤污染主要局限于距水面2m的范围之内．污染物主兽来源干农业面源污染．  相似文献   

16.
The results of a series of magnetic measurements on sediment samples are illustrated by means of examples selected from a more specialized parallel publication (Hu & Oldfield, submitted). They are interpreted in terms of magnetic components, notably, 'magnetite' of varying grain size/domain state, haematite, goethite and greigite. Wherever possible, some indication is given of changes in the relative importance of the various magnetic grain size and mineral phases through time. The main components of the magnetic assemblage are described for each of the main lithological units identified in the long core which is considered elsewhere in this volume. These assemblages are related to source areas and to depositional processes, especially in the pre-Holocene parts of the core. In the Holocene sediments, the magnetic properties cannot be interpreted solely in terms of shifts in detrital mineral sources. Evidence is presented for the presence of both biogenic magnetite and authigenic greigite. The most recent sediments point to renewed catchment erosion, probably as a result of human activity during historical times.  相似文献   

17.
A record of normal-reversed-polarity transition has been obtained from a 4 m thickness of loess exposed at a section near Lanzhou, China. Magnetostratigraphic studies suggest it may represent a reversal bounding the onset of a reversed-polarity zone within the Jaramillo Normal Subchron. The natural remanent magnetization consists of two components: a low-coercivity (≤20mT), low-unblocking-temperature (≤300°C) component of viscous origin and a high-coercivity (>20mT), high-unblocking-temperature (250–700 °C) component carrying the characteristic remanence. Mineral magnetic analyses confirmed the presence of magnetite, its low-temperature oxidation products and haematite, each contributing to the remanence properties. Grain size and concentration showed limited variations and there was little evidence for the presence of the ultrafine magnetic phase commonly associated with palaeosol formation. Pedogenic processes appeared negligible and their effects unimportant, with detrital processes dominating the mineralogy and most probably the acquisition of the characteristic remanence. The reversal record was characterized by the decay and recovery of the geocentric axial dipole term with large directional swings occurring during periods of reduced relative palaeofield intensity. The virtual geomagnetic poles traced a complex path exhibiting no particular geographical confinement. Relative palaeofield intensity determinations were insensitive to the choice of normalization parameter and showed a distinctive asymmetry. Striking similarities were observed with the Matuyama-Jaramillo reversal record, obtained from the same section (Rolph 1993), and the Steens Mountain reversal record (Prévot el al. 1985), lending further support for the existence of unusually high post-transitional field intensities  相似文献   

18.
对于黄土-古土壤序列,磁化率增强机制已经被大家认可,并且磁化率被广泛作为古夏季风强弱变化的代用指标。红黏土伏于第四纪黄土之下,同为风成沉积物,对红黏土磁化率增强机制的研究程度不高,且对强发育红黏土获得比较低的磁化率值的原因不清楚。本文通过对佳县红黏土进行系统岩石磁学分析得出：(1) 红黏土磁性矿物种类以磁铁矿为主,同时含有一定量磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿;磁性矿物平均粒径为PSD颗粒;强发育层含有较多的软磁性矿物,弱发育层含有较多的硬磁性矿物。(2) χ、χfd和χARM两两之间表现出很好线性正相关关系,说明红黏土中含有大量SP和SD颗粒亚铁磁性矿物,这些细小磁颗粒是在成壤过程中产生,成壤作用导致古土壤层磁化率升高。(3) 红黏土χfd、χfd%值较高,说明经历较强的成壤过程,成壤环境与黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列类似,与阿拉斯加、西伯利亚黄土-古土壤明显不同。  相似文献   

19.
Combined magnetic and geochemical studies were conducted on sediments from White Rock Lake, a reservoir in suburban Dallas (USA), to investigate how land use has affected sediment and water quality since the reservoir was filled in 1912. The chronology of a 167-cm-long core is constrained by the recognition of the pre-reservoir surface and by 137Cs results. In the reservoir sediments, magnetic susceptibility (MS) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) are largely carried by detrital titanomagnetite that originally formed in igneous rocks. Titanomagnetite and associated hematite are the dominant iron oxides in a sample from the surficial deposit in the watershed but are absent in the underlying Austin Chalk. Therefore, these minerals were transported by wind into the watershed. After about 1960, systematic decreases in Ti, Fe, and Al suggest diminished input of detrital Fe-Ti oxides from the surficial deposits. MS and IRM remain constant over this interval, however, implying compensation by an increase in strongly magnetic material derived from human activity. Anthropogenic magnetite in rust and ferrite spherules (from fly ash?) are more common in sediment deposited after about 1970 than before and may account for the constant magnetization despite the implied decrease in detrital Fe-Ti oxides. An unexpected finding is the presence of authigenic greigite (Fe3S4), the abundance of which is at least partly controlled by climate. Greigite is common in sediments that predate about 1975, with zones of concentration indicated by relatively high IRM/MS. High greigite contents in sediment deposited during the early to mid-1950s and during the mid-1930s correspond to several-year periods of below-average precipitation and drought from historical records. Relatively long water-residence times in the reservoir during these periods may have led to elevated levels of sulfate available for bacterial sulfate reduction. The sulfate was probably derived via the oxidation of pyrite that is common in the underlying Austin Chalk. These results provide a basis for the paleoenvironmental interpretation of greigite occurrence in older lake sediments. The results also indicate that greigite formed rapidly and imply that it can be preserved in the amounts produced over a short time span (in this lake, only a few years). This finding thus suggests that, in some lacustrine settings, greigite is capable of recording paleomagnetic secular variation.  相似文献   

20.
北疆地区城市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
王丽  夏敦胜  余晔  田世丽  王博 《中国沙漠》2010,30(3):699-705
应用环境磁学方法,系统地研究了乌鲁木齐市和木垒县大气自然降尘所含磁性矿物的类型、晶体粒径和含量及其环境意义。结果表明:①乌鲁木齐市和木垒县降尘中铁磁性矿物含量高,其磁学特征主要受磁铁矿控制。②乌鲁木齐市降尘中磁性矿物含量高,尤其冬季降尘,而木垒县降尘中磁性矿物含量相对较低。③乌鲁木齐市降尘样品中磁性矿物的晶体颗粒较粗,磁学特征显示多畴（MD）和假单畴（PSD）颗粒的等效特性,季节差异性小;木垒县降尘样品中磁性矿物的晶体粒径较细,为单畴（SD）颗粒,季节性差异大。研究指示乌鲁木齐市人类活动过程中排放了大量的磁性矿物,并对其降尘的磁学特征产生了明显影响,冬季表现的尤为明显。  相似文献   

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