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1.
Since it is often difficult to estimate possible adverse effects due to contamination in selected ecosystems, multi-species biomonitoring may provide more information, taking into account different routes of exposure, ecological roles and metabolic capabilities of animals. In this context, we exposed for 7 days the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the crab Carcinus aestuarii to 4-nonylphenol (NP), a well-known xenoestrogen. In mussels (0–0.2 mg NP l−1), we measured NP bioaccumulation in soft tissues and vitellogenin (Vg)-like protein levels in digestive glands from both males and females by the alkali-labile phosphate assay (ALP). As no reference data were available for crab exposure, the NP 96-h LC50 value was previously determined. Then, in sublethally exposed (0–1.0 mg NP l−1) male crabs, NP bioaccumulation and Vg levels were measured in hemolymph, gonads and digestive gland. Bioaccumulation of NP increased from 43 to 371 μg g−1 d.w. in mussels, and from 3.6 to 37 μg g−1 d.w. in crabs, depending on the NP concentration in water. Dose-dependent Vg-like protein induction was observed in both species, appearing to be related to NP bioaccumulation, although a partial decrease was recorded at the highest concentration tested. A similar trend was observed in both digestive gland and gonad of exposed crabs; Vg increased to a lesser extent, although significantly, in hemolymph. Results demonstrated that NP induces Vg synthesis both in male and female mussels, as well as in male crabs. On the basis of the responsiveness of both species investigated, a multi-species approach is indicated in biomonitoring programmes.  相似文献   

2.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):365-372
Since it is often difficult to estimate possible adverse effects due to contamination in selected ecosystems, multi-species biomonitoring may provide more information, taking into account different routes of exposure, ecological roles and metabolic capabilities of animals. In this context, we exposed for 7 days the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the crab Carcinus aestuarii to 4-nonylphenol (NP), a well-known xenoestrogen. In mussels (0–0.2 mg NP l−1), we measured NP bioaccumulation in soft tissues and vitellogenin (Vg)-like protein levels in digestive glands from both males and females by the alkali-labile phosphate assay (ALP). As no reference data were available for crab exposure, the NP 96-h LC50 value was previously determined. Then, in sublethally exposed (0–1.0 mg NP l−1) male crabs, NP bioaccumulation and Vg levels were measured in hemolymph, gonads and digestive gland. Bioaccumulation of NP increased from 43 to 371 μg g−1 d.w. in mussels, and from 3.6 to 37 μg g−1 d.w. in crabs, depending on the NP concentration in water. Dose-dependent Vg-like protein induction was observed in both species, appearing to be related to NP bioaccumulation, although a partial decrease was recorded at the highest concentration tested. A similar trend was observed in both digestive gland and gonad of exposed crabs; Vg increased to a lesser extent, although significantly, in hemolymph. Results demonstrated that NP induces Vg synthesis both in male and female mussels, as well as in male crabs. On the basis of the responsiveness of both species investigated, a multi-species approach is indicated in biomonitoring programmes.  相似文献   

3.
Since it is often difficult to estimate possible adverse effects due to contamination in selected ecosystems, multi-species biomonitoring may provide more information, taking into account different routes of exposure, ecological roles and metabolic capabilities of animals. In this context, we exposed for 7 days the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the crab Carcinus aestuarii to 4-nonylphenol (NP), a well-known xenoestrogen. In mussels (0-0.2 mg NP l(-1)), we measured NP bioaccumulation in soft tissues and vitellogenin (Vg)-like protein levels in digestive glands from both males and females by the alkali-labile phosphate assay (ALP). As no reference data were available for crab exposure, the NP 96-h LC(50) value was previously determined. Then, in sublethally exposed (0-1.0 mg NP l(-1)) male crabs, NP bioaccumulation and Vg levels were measured in hemolymph, gonads and digestive gland. Bioaccumulation of NP increased from 43 to 371 microg g(-1) d.w. in mussels, and from 3.6 to 37 microg g(-1) d.w. in crabs, depending on the NP concentration in water. Dose-dependent Vg-like protein induction was observed in both species, appearing to be related to NP bioaccumulation, although a partial decrease was recorded at the highest concentration tested. A similar trend was observed in both digestive gland and gonad of exposed crabs; Vg increased to a lesser extent, although significantly, in hemolymph. Results demonstrated that NP induces Vg synthesis both in male and female mussels, as well as in male crabs. On the basis of the responsiveness of both species investigated, a multi-species approach is indicated in biomonitoring programmes.  相似文献   

4.
We evaluated levels of serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DOPA) in muscle and digestive glands of the mussel, Perna perna, collected at different times of day; exposed to air for 24 h, followed by re-submersion; and after exposure to different metals. Mussels collected at different periods of day showed little oscillation in 5HT and DOPA levels. Mussels exposed to metals showed significant changes in 5HT and DOPA levels in digestive gland and muscle, as did mussels exposed to air. Our data suggest that analyses of 5HT and DOPA in tissues of mussels could serve as a tool to evaluate the presence and effects of heavy metal contamination in mussels. Care in data interpretation is required, however, since other environmental factors such as exposure of mussels to air (i.e. at low tides) can also cause changes in DOPA and 5HT levels. Additional research is necessary to separate such natural environmental effects from effects of contaminants.  相似文献   

5.
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn concentration in the organs (muscle, gonads, mantle, gills, digestive gland, kidney) of mussel Modiolus modiolus was studied. Mussels were collected from shelf upwelling sites of Kuril Is. Sea of Okhotsk (104 and 85 m) and, for comparison, coastal high contaminated and clean sites (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It was found that mussels from shelf upwelling regions accumulated unusually high Cd concentration in studied organs, excepting digestive gland. Shelf mussels have evolved passive adaptation to elevated level of ambient heavy metals (distribution of heavy metal load between all organs, especially, muscle). In contrast, mussels from high contaminated sites have evolved active adaptation (strong regulation of metal concentration in the organs at the maximal permissible concentration due to increased kidney function). We supported that under natural condition, passive adaptation of aquatic organisms to increased ambient metal level have been evolved only under constant low-water temperature.  相似文献   

6.
An outdoor experiment testing the effect of water flea (Daphnia longispina) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on physical and chemical water parameters and chlorophyll concentration changes was carried out in 12 containers filled with 150 l of unfiltered water from a lowland reservoir. During the 11 weeks of the experiment, the following physical, chemical and biological measurements were recorded: temperature (°C), oxygen concentration (mg dm−3), pH, conductivity (S cm−1), concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) (g dm−3), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) (g dm−3), phytoplankton community structure and chlorophyll a concentration (g dm−3). The amount of ammonia ions was the highest in the treatment with zooplankton, while phosphate ions reached the highest values in treatments with zebra mussels. The results confirmed the ability of Daphnia to increase the NH4:PO4 ratio, whereas excretion from zebra mussels resulted in a decrease in both the N:P ratio (ranging from 9 to 13) and the NH4:PO4 ratio in water. In both treatments containing zebra mussels, P-rich water enabled sudden growth of Chlorophyta, resulting in blooms of Hydrodictyon reticulatum after 3–4 weeks of the experiment. Such phenomena were not observed in the control and Daphnia treatments. Our results indicate that zebra mussels, in contrast to Daphnia, may increase the symptoms of water eutrophication and contribute to blooms of expansive phytoplankton species.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of chronic exposure to Escherichia coli on morphometrical parameters, different antioxidant defenses, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation has been studied in digestive gland of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis in the laboratory during 6 weeks. In, a parallel field study, we evaluated morphometrical and oxidative stress parameters in digestive glands of mussels collected from a sewage polluted area (SMA) and from a pristine area (control). Both sites were characterized by analyzing bacteriological and physic-chemical parameters. In the laboratory D. chilensis was able to filter bacteria at high concentrations with a clearing rate of 0.510 ± 0.036 L/h per gram of dry soft tissue mass. The digestive gland mass to shell length ratio (DGM/SL), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, as concentration of thiobartituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity of mussels fed with bacteria were significantly higher than those of control mussels after the fourth week. Fecal bacteria in lake water samples were undetectable in the control, and higher than 24,000 MPN (most probable number)/100 mL in SMA. DGM/SL was higher in SMA. No differences between sites were observed in total lipid and protein content, neither in superoxide dismutase activity. GSH content was higher in SMA, with no difference in the oxidized form. GST activity and MDA were significantly higher in SMA but protein oxidation was not affected.  相似文献   

8.
The results demonstrate that Cu2+, when present in sea water at the sublethal concentration of 0.08 ppm, is able to induce, within 48 h, the synthesis of Cu-binding proteins having a molecular weight similar to that of the metallothioneins (12 000), in the gills and in the mantle of the mussels. In the digestive gland of the animals, part of the copper present in the cells is always associated to soluble low molecular weight thionein-like proteins; the level of these copper-binding proteins increases greatly in the mussels exposed to Cu2+. In addition, it has also been shown that an extremely low concentration of copper (0.015 ppm)—similar to the Cu2+ concentration found in polluted coastal areas—is able to stimulate the synthesis of thionein-like Cu-binding proteins in the three tissues examined within 2–5 days.  相似文献   

9.
The main goals of this study were to define, for the Norwegian coast, "high background" levels of micropollutants routinely monitored within the the Oslo and Paris Commission Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme, and to reassess the present Norwegian reference levels used as the basis for a classification of environmental quality. The indicator organisms analysed as bulked/individual samples were cod (Gadus morhua, n approximately 1170; n approximately 240 for organochlorines), dab (Limanda limanda, n approximately 75), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, n approximately 55) lemon sole (Microstomus kitt, n approximately 13). and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis, n approximately 200) collected between 1991-2000. Based on the 90-95 percentiles of measurements at localities far from point sources, we propose for liver of cod a reference level for SigmaPCB(7) (CBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) of 500 microg kg(-1) w.w. and further for DDE 200 microg kg(-1), SigmaHCHs 30 microg kg(-1), HCB 20 and OCS 5 microgkg(-1) w.w. In the same order the proposed reference levels for liver of dab are: 150, 60, 15, 5, and 2 microgkg(-1) w.w.; and for the soft body of mussels: 3, 1, 1, 0.1 and 0.1 microg kg(-1) wet weight. Reference levels of metals are 0.1 mgHg kg(-1) w.w. in fish fillet, and for Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu in mussels 0.2, 2, 3, 200 and 10 mg kg(-1) d.w., respectively. Hg in fillet of cod and dab were positively correlated with length and weight. PCB levels in liver of cod and dab showed a positive but weak correlation with length, whereas no co-variation was found between PCBs and liver fat. The results of introductory recordings of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans, polychlorinated naphtalenes, Toxaphene and brominated flame retardants in liver of cod from reference sites are also presented.  相似文献   

10.
Chemical speciation of vanadium is important to understand the true nature of this element in the environment as well as its biochemical pathways. Sample pretreatment, preparation, and chemical speciation methods were applied for vanadium in coal bottom ash here. Two‐stage microwave acid digestion was used to preparation of samples. Determination of vanadium was performed using inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Speciation of vanadium was carried out using a seven‐step sequential extraction procedure of the coal bottom ash each releasing species of vanadium: Water soluble, exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, oxidizable, sulfide, and residual fractions. Total vanadium concentration in the coal bottom ash is 701 mg kg?1 d.w. The most abundant form of vanadium in coal bottom ash is residual fraction of vanadium (196 mg kg?1 d.w.). Relative abundances of the remaining vanadium fractions in coal bottom ash are as follows: Reducible (176 mg kg?1 d.w.) > sulfide (176 mg kg?1 d.w.) > carbonate (85 mg kg?1 d.w.) > oxidizable (50 mg kg?1 d.w.) > water soluble (10.6 mg kg?1 d.w.) > exchangeable (9.0 mg kg?1 d.w.).  相似文献   

11.
The lysosomal membrane destabilization and the metallothionein content in the digestive gland cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.), collected along the east coast of the North Adriatic (Istrian and Kvarnerine coast, Croatia), were examined over a period of four years (1996–1999). The lysosomal membrane stability, as a biomarker of general stress, showed that the membrane labilization period in mussels from polluted, urban- and industrial-related areas was significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to mussels from control, clean sea water sites. In the harbour of Rijeka, the most contaminated site, the lysosomal membrane stability was reduced by more than 70% compared to the control. This method also proved to be a useful biomarker for detection of additional stress caused by short-term hypoxia that occurred once during this study inside the polluted and periodically quite eutrophic Pula Harbour. The concentration of metallothioneins in the mussel digestive gland, as a specific biomarker of exposure to heavy metals, did not reveal significant differences (p<0.05) between sites covered by this study.  相似文献   

12.
The lysosomal membrane destabilization and the metallothionein content in the digestive gland cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.), collected along the east coast of the North Adriatic (Istrian and Kvarnerine coast, Croatia), were examined over a period of four years (1996–1999). The lysosomal membrane stability, as a biomarker of general stress, showed that the membrane labilization period in mussels from polluted, urban- and industrial-related areas was significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to mussels from control, clean sea water sites. In the harbour of Rijeka, the most contaminated site, the lysosomal membrane stability was reduced by more than 70% compared to the control. This method also proved to be a useful biomarker for detection of additional stress caused by short-term hypoxia that occurred once during this study inside the polluted and periodically quite eutrophic Pula Harbour. The concentration of metallothioneins in the mussel digestive gland, as a specific biomarker of exposure to heavy metals, did not reveal significant differences (p<0.05) between sites covered by this study.  相似文献   

13.
白洋淀沉积物氮磷赋存特征及其内源负荷   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  
杜奕衡  刘成  陈开宁  古小治  黄蔚  韦众 《湖泊科学》2018,30(6):1537-1551
白洋淀环境整治对区域生态文明建设具有重要意义,然而,目前对加剧白洋淀富营养化的内源氮、磷污染负荷依然缺乏系统的研究.本研究以野外调研和室内培养实验相结合形式,在白洋淀主要水域内采集原位柱状沉积物样品,详细地研究了白洋淀沉积物中氮、磷赋存形态、间隙水中氮、磷剖面特征以及沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换特征.结果表明,白洋淀沉积物总氮、总磷含量分别为1230.8~9559.0 mg/kg（均值2379.5 mg/kg）和344.4~915.4 mg/kg（均值608.4 mg/kg）,氮、磷累积污染量大.沉积物中铵态氮赋存量大（3.2~175.8 mg/kg）,由此导致间隙水中铵态氮浓度较高,最高达到28.8 mg/L.沉积物磷形态以Ca-P和Fe-P为主,分别占总量的38.3%~76.1%和3.98%~18.0%,间隙水中磷酸盐浓度已接近甚至高于国内外典型富营养湖区.间隙水中高浓度的铵态氮和磷酸盐导致沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换通量较高,铵态氮平均释放和扩散通量分别为106.37和12.42 mg/（m2·d）;磷酸盐平均释放和扩散通量分别为15.06和2.33 mg/（m2·d）,沉积物内源氮、磷污染负荷较高,已严重威胁到白洋淀水环境质量,迫切需要整治.其中,北部河口区域以及中部府河入湖区和人口密集活动区沉积物氮、磷内源负荷尤为突出,应成为白洋淀沉积物内源污染整治的关键区域.  相似文献   

14.
Monocrotophos (0,0-dimethyl-0-(1-methyl-2-N-methyl-carbamoyl)-cis-vinylphosphate) as an active component of some insecticides is highly soluble in water at a low hydrolysis rate: half-time at 2 mg/l, pH = 7.0 and 38 °C 23 d. Individuals of the following fish species (individual weight in g) were kept during the static bioassay for 6… 72 h at 40 mg/l monocrotophos in the medium: Cyprinus carpio (70), Carassius carassius (45) and Leucaspius delineatus (1.5), and then the concentration of monocrotophos was gas-chromatographically determined in different tissues. Initially, till the 24th hour a high accumulation in the gills took place (in mg/kg fresh weight: Cyprinus 0.49, Carassius 3.88), then the concentration remained uniform or slightly falling here, whereas in the other organs (digestive organs, muscle, gonads) a further accumulation up to 1 mg/kg occurred. Leucaspius was investigated only as whole individuals, and after 72 h their fresh weight had increased to 6.96 mg/kg. The rates of accumulation decrease in the following order: Cyprinus: digestive organs, gills, muscle; Carassius: gills, digestive organs, gonads, muscle.  相似文献   

15.
Lysosomal membrane stability, the content of neutral lipids and lipofuscin as cellular biomarkers were measured in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam., during a one year survey at selected sites along the coast of the northern Adriatic. The ability of mussels to survive in air as a general physiological response was tested at the same sites. Annual changes of sea temperature, salinity, O(2) saturation, pH and chlorophyll a concentration were measured and the effects of these environmental factors on the biomarkers selected for this study were determined. Survival of mussels after aerial exposure was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in mussels collected from the contaminated harbors of Pula and Rijeka compared to clean control sites. Lysosomal membrane stability of mussels from urban and industrial areas was also lower indicating exposure to different environmental contaminants. At the same sites, the content of neutral lipids and lipofuscin in digestive cells was significantly higher compared to the reference sites, suggesting alterations in lipid metabolism and contaminant-induced peroxidation of cell membranes. The greatest influence of natural environmental factors was observed for the aerial survival of mussels and the neutral lipids and lipofuscin content in the digestive gland, indicating that the annual cycles of biomarker responses should be well understood for a correct interpretation of biomonitoring results.  相似文献   

16.
Metal concentrations and isotopic composition were measured in different tissues of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in waters of the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) in order to assess pollution levels. The isotopic composition was correlated with lead, cadmium, selenium and nickel obtained from the digestive gland and foot of the mussels. Significant negative correlations were found between cadmium, selenium and zinc and the mussel foot, mainly for 13C. Significant correlations were also found between lead and cadmium and the digestive gland. Pearson correlations indicated that the 13C isotopic signal in foot is a good proxy for the concentration of metals such as lead, cadmium, selenium and zinc. Similarly, 15N isotopic signatures in the digestive gland reflected the lead and cadmium concentration.  相似文献   

17.
Located at southern coast of China, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is facing serious water problems in both quantity and quality after its rapid urbanization in the last decade. Most remarkably, the local groundwater, that was used to be the source of drinking water before the urbanization was polluted due to poor management of the septic tanks. In order to study the effects of suburban development on local groundwater flow and water quality in the PRD region, Fengcun of Guangzhou has been chosen as the study area. In Fengcun, drinking water was groundwater before the 1990s, but now piped reservoir water is used by each family because the groundwater has been polluted. This study clarifies the source and process of the groundwater pollution from septic tanks using isotopic and geochemical characteristics, especially nitrate (NO3?) concentrations. Water samples were collected from the wells and ponds in Fengcun in March and July 2005 and in July 2006. Based on the pe–pH diagram, NO3? and ammonium of groundwater are from the effect of human activities, rather than from nitrification and ammonification of N2. NO3? pollution of groundwater is from point sources, and NO3? concentrations decrease from northeast to southwest. Groundwater is polluted rapidly by the leakage of septic tanks. NO3? concentrations of pollution sources were lower than 20 mg l?1 in March 2005, but had increased to about 120 mg l?1 in July 2006. This implies that groundwater protection should be strengthened in rural areas of the PRD. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)‐impacted lower permeability layers in heterogeneous media are difficult to fully remediate and can act as persistent sources of groundwater contamination through diffusive emissions to transmissive aquifer zones. This work investigated the benefits of partial remediation involving treatment focused near the high‐low permeability interface, with the performance metric being emissions reduction. A sequential base‐activated persulfate (S2O8 2?) delivery treatment strategy was studied in this work, involving 13–14 d deliveries of 10% w/w sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) and 14–28 d deliveries of 19 g/L sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Treatment and control experiments were conducted in 1.2‐m wide × 1.2‐m tall × 5‐cm thick physical model tanks containing two soil layers differing in hydraulic conductivity by three orders of magnitude. The top 10 cm of the lower permeability layers contained 7400–7800 mg‐NAPL/kg‐soil; the NAPL was comprised of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p‐xylene, o‐xylene, n‐propylbenzene, and 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene (TMB) mixed in octane. Approximately 0.1 g‐Na2S2O8 was delivered per cm2‐interface area over 13–14 d. The S2O8 2? and SO4 2? concentration profiles suggest higher oxidant reaction rates when NaOH is delivered prior to, rather than after Na2S2O8. After 264 d and two treatments, hydrocarbon emissions from the NAPL source were reduced by 60% to 73% compared to a no‐treatment control tank. The incremental benefit of the second treatment was only about 10% of the effect of the first treatment.  相似文献   

19.
Sublethal and lethal effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on the developmental stages of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and juvenile and adult mysid Leptomysis mediterranea were studied.Biocide at a concentration as low as 0.02 mg l?1 caused an incipient effect in the embryonic development of mussels where a decreased number of normally developed larvae from eggs was evident. Slimicide C-30 effective concentration (EC 50/96) was 0.07 mg l?1.In the mysids, the median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) was 0.11 mg l?1.Previous incubation of Slimicide C-30 at 38°C affected a small delay in mortality time (LT50) but did not cause marked change in the acute toxicity to mysids.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of the present work was to determine the activities of selected antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Se-GPX, CAT) in two species of bivalves, Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, from two sites of the lagoon of Venice that are characterized by different pO(2) (Marghera and Chioggia). The specimens were collected at four times during a 1-year period. In the two species studied, enzyme activities were found to be present in both digestive glands and gills, but with some species-specific differences that may also represent a different adaptation to seasonal variations. The presence of high SOD activities in the gills of both species may be related to their physiological role in respiration. Scapharca inaequivalvis is less sensitive than T. philippinarum to environmental changes, perhaps due to the presence of hemoglobins in this species. Moreover, in the digestive gland of T. philippinarum we found a significant negative correlation between the activities of SOD and GPX that may indicate the presence of oxidative stress. Some correlations between temperature/dissolved oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activity were present in specimens sampled in Marghera. Only GPX adequately responded to changes in dissolved oxygen and temperature, while the decrease in the activity of SOD and CAT in winter may be directly responsible for an enhanced susceptibility of mussels to oxidative stress during this period. We can conclude that the observed differences between Chioggia and Marghera are due to different concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Marghera is an appropriate location to study seasonal variations in water temperature. In fact, in this site, the differences between hot and cold months are quite evident.  相似文献   

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