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1.
A variety of climate perturbations have the potential to alter the thermodynamic and dynamical characteristics of the middle atmosphere, which may then affect tropospheric climate. Increased thermal emission from rising stratospheric CO2 levels and scattering of solar radiation from stratospheric volcanic aerosols have a direct impact on surface temperatures, while variations in stratospheric water vapor and ozone can affect tropospheric temperatures. Observations and modeling experiments suggest that these perturbations, as well as solar irradiance variations operating through the stratosphere, may affect tropospheric dynamics, such as planetary wave amplitudes and Hadley cell intensity. In addition, climate changes will probably alter tropospheric/stratospheric exchange, with the potential for modifying trace gas distributions and climate forcing. These issues are reviewed in the light of the incorporation of middle atmosphere studies into IGBP. 相似文献
2.
对流性重力波对中层大气环境有显著影响.重力波活动及重力波源的地理和季节性变化等信息是理解和模拟重力波效应的基础.卫星高光谱红外大气垂直探测器AIRS的4μm和15μm波段可用于识别30~40km高度范围和41km高度附近的重力波,其11μm通道可同步观测对流层深对流.观测个例表明,海面和陆面上空的平流层扰动影响范围均可达1000km,不同高度的扰动强度分布也存在差异.基于2007年6月至8月的AIRS观测资料,分析了东亚区域的对流层深对流活动和平流层的重力波,得到了深对流和重力波发生频率的水平分布.统计结果表明,东亚区域夏季夜间的深对流活动明显少于白天,但AIRS观测到的平流层重力波发生频率和扰动强度均显著大于白天,揭示了夜间对流层深对流诱发的平流层重力波在强度、范围等方面可能与白天存在显著差异.进一步对比分析表明,AIRS观测的平流层扰动高值区与深对流高值区明显不同.平流层重力波与对流层深对流之间的相关分析表明,在36°N以南的区域,41km高度上AIRS观测的重力波中,深对流云诱发的重力波的比例约为30%~100%.在10°N至36°N区间,90%的深对流均可诱发平流层重力波.分析得到的30~40km高度区间和41km高度附近的重力波水平分布对比表明,后一高度上的扰动强度明显大于前一高度,且前一高度在东南亚区域存在强扰动中心而在后一高度则没有.最后,给出了AIRS观测的几种典型形态的东亚区域平流层波动,表明了该区域平流层环境波动形态的复杂性和多样性. 相似文献
3.
The Mw=8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 at the Longmen Shan fault, the western Sichuan Basin, China, killing more than ten thousand people in several cities and causing large economic losses. Global Positioning System (GPS) observations have provided unique insights on this event, including co-seismic ionospheric disturbances, co-/post-seismic crustal deformations and fault slip distributions. However, the processes and the driving mechanisms are still not clear, particularly possible seismo-lower atmospheric–ionospheric coupling behaviors. In this paper, the lower atmospheric (tropospheric) variations are investigated using the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from GPS measurements around this event. It has the first found co-seismic tropospheric anomalies during the mainshock with an increase and then a decrease, mainly in the zenith hydrostatic delay component (ZHD), while it is also supported by the same pattern of surface-observed atmospheric pressure changes at co-located GPS site that are driven by the ground-coupled air waves from ground vertical motion of seismic waves propagation. Therefore, the co-seismic tropospheric disturbances (CTD) indicate again the acoustic coupling effect of the atmosphere and the solid-Earth with air wave propagation from the ground to the top atmosphere. 相似文献
4.
Atmospheric waves influence the dynamics and energetic budget of the upper atmosphere. Using the continuous HF Doppler sounder,
we study the wave activity in the ionosphere during tropospheric convective storms in western and central part of the Czech
Republic. The study is focused on acoustic-gravity waves in the period range 2–30 minutes. We discuss possible methods of
distinguishing the waves emitted by meteorological sources from waves of different origin, particularly waves of geomagnetic
origin. In two cases out of twenty-five analysed, we found waves in the infrasonic period range which might be generated by
exceptionally intense meteorological activity in the troposphere. The results differ considerably from those previously obtained
in North America. In the central part of the United States, infrasonic waves were frequently observed during convective storms.
As a possible reason, we discuss different intensity and dynamics of weather systems in both regions. 相似文献
5.
C.-F. Enell Å. Steen T. Wagner U. Frieß K. Pfeilsticker U. Platt K.-H. Fricke 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(11):1457-1462
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are often observed in the Kiruna region in northern Sweden, east of the Scandinavian mountain range, during wintertime. PSC occurrence can be detected by ground-based optical instruments. Most of these require clear tropospheric weather. By applying the zenith-sky colour index technique, which works under most weather conditions, the data availability can be extended. The observations suggest that PSC events, especially of type II (water PSCs) may indeed more common than predicted by synoptic models, which is expected because of the frequent presence of mountain-induced leewaves. However, it will be of importance to increase the density of independent observations. 相似文献
6.
A.I. Pogoreltsev A.Yu. Kanukhina E.V. Suvorova E.N. Savenkova 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(14-15):1529-1539
The long-term variability of stationary and traveling planetary waves in the lower stratosphere has been investigated using the data of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The results obtained show that during the last decades winter-mean amplitude of the stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number 1 (SPW1) increases at the higher middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. It has been suggested that the observed increase in the SPW1 amplitude should be accompanied by the growth in the magnitude of the stratospheric vacillations. The analysis of the SPW1 behavior in the NCEP/NCAR data set supports this suggestion and shows a noticeable increase with time in the SPW1 intra-seasonal variability. The amplitudes of the long-period normal atmospheric modes, the so-called 5-, 10- and 16-day waves, diminish. It is supposed that one of the possible reasons for this decrease can be a growth of radiative damping rate caused, for instance, by the increase of CO2. To investigate a possible climatic change of the middle atmosphere dynamics caused by observed changes in the tropospheric temperature, two sets of runs (using zonally averaged temperature distributions in the troposphere typical for January 1960 and 2000) with the middle and upper atmosphere model (MUAM) have been performed. The results obtained show that on average the calculated amplitude of the SPW1 in the stratosphere increased in 2000 and there is also an increase of its intra-seasonal variability conditioned by nonlinear interaction with the mean flow. This increase in the amplitudes of stratospheric vacillations during the last four decades allows us to suggest that stratospheric dynamics becomes more stochastic. 相似文献
7.
风云三号C星(FY-3C)同时装载有设置了50～60GHz和118.75GHz附近氧气吸收带内通道的微波大气垂直探测器,可以用于监测临近空间下部的大气温度.本文的首要目的是展示FY-3C微波大气垂直探测器在监测临近空间(尤其是平流层)强重力波扰动中的优势特点.在给出平流层强扰动监测结果的基础上,分析了不同波段不同通道监测平流层大气温度扰动的能力.随后,对比分析了FY-3C大气温度探测通道与国外同类仪器在观测平流层扰动中的异同点,并进一步讨论了不同平台相同大气微波探测通道联合分析平流层扰动过程的能力.本文在统计2013年冬季(2012年12月和2013年1、2月)和2014年夏季(2014年6、7、8月)的微波大气垂直探测器观测的全球平流层扰动出现频率分布的基础上,利用FY-3C微波大气温度探测器分析了格陵兰岛附近2014年1月7—11日一次平流层扰动过程.结果表明,FY-3C微波探测器50～60GHz和118.75GHz波段可用于获取平流层不同高度上的大气温度扰动特征,且前一波段的探测能力显著地优于后一波段.随后,针对2014年1月11日拉布拉多半岛附近的平流层强扰动过程,基于FY-3C的MWTS-Ⅱ与METOP-B的AMSU-A的对比观测表明,MWTS-Ⅱ能够揭示平流层波动更细致的水平结构特征.最后,针对2014年8月10日安第斯山脉附近不同平台仪器的相同通道探测结果的分析表明,多平台联合观测可以进一步提高平流层强扰动监测的时间分辨率. 相似文献
8.
Meng Zhiyong Zhang Fuqing Luo Dehai Tan Zhemin Fang Juan Sun Jianhua Shen Xueshun Zhang Yunji Wang Shuguang Han Wei Zhao Kun Zhu Lei Hu Yongyun Xue Huiwen Ma Yaping Zhang Lijuan Nie Ji Zhou Ruilin Li Sa Liu Hongjun Zhu Yuning 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2019,62(12):1946-1991
Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people's life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment. 相似文献
9.
Recent investigations of atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) and travelling ionospheric disturbances (TID) in the Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere are reviewed. In the past decade, the generation of gravity waves at high latitudes and their subsequent propagation to low latitudes have been studied by several global model simulations and coordinated observation campaigns such as the Worldwide Atmospheric Gravity-wave Study (WAGS), the results are presented in the first part of the review. The second part describes the progress towards understanding the AGW/TID characteristics. It points to the AGW/TID relationship which has been recently revealed with the aid of model-data comparisons and by the application of new inversion techniques. We describe the morphology and climatology of gravity waves and their ionospheric manifestations, TIDs, from numerous new observations. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2003,65(4):469-482
Solar radiation (both total and in various wavelengths) varies at different time scales—from seconds to decades or centuries—as a consequence of solar activity. The energy received from the Sun is one of the natural driving forces of the Earth's atmosphere and since this energy is not constant, it has been argued that there must be some non-zero climate response to it. This response must be fully specified in order to improve our understanding of the climate system and the impact of anthropogenic activities on it. However, despite all the efforts, if and how subtle variations of solar radiation affect climate and weather still remains an unsolved puzzle. One key element that is very often taken as evidence of a response, is the similarity of periodicities between several solar activity indices and different meteorological parameters. The literature contains a long history of positive or negative correlations between weather and climate parameters like temperature, rainfall, droughts, etc. and solar activity cycles like the 27-day cycle, the prominent 11-year sunspot cycle, the 22-year Hale cycle and the Gleissberg cycle of 80–90 years. A review of these different cycles is provided as well as some of the correlative analyses between them and several stratospheric parameters (like stratospheric geopotential heights, temperature and ozone concentration) and tropospheric parameters (like temperature, rainfall, water level in lakes and river flooding, clouds) that point to a relationship of some kind. However, the suspicion on these relationships will remain as long as an indisputable physical mechanism, which might act to produce these correlations, is not available. 相似文献
11.
The role of normal atmospheric modes in the beginning and development of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events is studied on the basis of calculations with the use of the general circulation model of the middle and upper atmosphere. The analysis of the effect of a phase of quasi-biennial oscillations on the dynamics of the extratropical stratosphere has shown that the conditions for SSW commencement are more favorable and the SSW events are more intense during the easterly phase of these oscillations as compared to the westerly phase. The conclusion has been drawn that fundamental normal atmospheric modes can be recorded in the temperature field at mesopause altitudes during ground-based optical measurements. 相似文献
12.
Inversion of GPS meteorology data 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
K. Hocke 《Annales Geophysicae》1997,15(4):443-450
The GPS meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment, led by the Universities Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), consists of a GPS receiver aboard a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite which was launched on 3 April 1995. During a radio occultation the LEO satellite rises or sets relative to one of the 24 GPS satellites at the Earths horizon. Thereby the atmospheric layers are successively sounded by radio waves which propagate from the GPS satellite to the LEO satellite. From the observed phase path increases, which are due to refraction of the radio waves by the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere, the atmospheric parameter refractivity, density, pressure and temperature are calculated with high accuracy and resolution (0.5–1.5 km). In the present study, practical aspects of the GPS/MET data analysis are discussed. The retrieval is based on the Abelian integral inversion of the atmospheric bending angle profile into the refractivity index profile. The problem of the upper boundary condition of the Abelian integral is described by examples. The statistical optimization approach which is applied to the data above 40 km and the use of topside bending angle profiles from model atmospheres stabilize the inversion. The retrieved temperature profiles are compared with corresponding profiles which have already been calculated by scientists of UCAR and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), using Abelian integral inversion too. The comparison shows that in some cases large differences occur (5 K and more). This is probably due to different treatment of the upper boundary condition, data runaways and noise. Several temperature profiles with wavelike structures at tropospheric and stratospheric heights are shown. While the periodic structures at upper stratospheric heights could be caused by residual errors of the ionospheric correction method, the periodic temperature fluctuations at heights below 30 km are most likely caused by atmospheric waves (vertically propagating large-scale gravity waves and equatorial waves).Present address: Communications Research Laboratory, Upper Atmosphere Section, 4-2-1 Nukui- Kita, Koganei- shi, Tokyo 184, Japan 相似文献
13.
大气变量可以在时空域内物理分解成四个部分.前两个是纬圈-时间平均的对称部分和时间平均的非对称部分,分别由太阳辐射和海陆分布热力调节的季节变化引起,并形成规则的逐日气候.第三部分是由年际和季节内的热带海洋或极地热力强迫引起的纬圈平均瞬变对称扰动,可形成大气变量的行星尺度指数循环.第四部分是一些复杂的天气尺度瞬变非对称扰动.大气变量中的逐日天气尺度瞬变扰动,可以用于指示区域持续性的干旱、暴雨、低温和热浪等极端天气事件.天气尺度瞬变扰动天气图能在极端天气事件的预报中发挥应有的作用. 相似文献
14.
Disturbances produced by geomagnetic storms in the higher regions of the Earth’s atmosphere, such as in the ionospheric F2
region and in the lower ionosphere, are relatively better known than those produced at lower altitudes, where the effects
of geomagnetic storms have been little studied. During magnetically perturbed conditions, some changes in pressure and temperature
at high latitudes have been observed, from the surface level to heights of around 30 km, but there are no morphological studies
and/or patterns of behavior. Moreover, the physical mechanisms are still unknown and what exists is a matter of controversy.
Thus, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the vertical profile of the effects of geomagnetic storms as observed in the
lower sectors of the atmosphere. For that, we study the variations of two atmospheric parameters (temperature and wind speed)
during an intense geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst = −300 nT), at heights between about 6 km and 20 km. The data used were obtained
from weather balloon flights carried out at low, mid and mid-high latitudes in different longitudinal sectors of the northern
hemisphere, which took place twice per day: 00:00 and 12:00 UT. Small, but statistically significant changes in temperature
and in zonal component of the neutral winds are observed at mid-high latitudes, which can be linked to short-term geomagnetic
forcing. However, the results show different atmospheric response to the geomagnetic storm in the different longitudinal sectors
at tropospheric and stratospheric levels, which suggests a regional character of the geomagnetic storms effects at tropospheric
levels. 相似文献
15.
本文利用热层-电离层-中间层能量和动力学卫星TIMED中宽带发射辐射计SABER观测的临边大气长波红外背景辐射数据来研究平流层增温效应,基于2012/2013年1—3月在20~100 km高度内的临边大气长波红外背景辐射数据,采用微扰方法,得到辐射扰动的时空分布.结果显示：大气长波红外背景辐射扰动数据能够更精细的展示平流层增温事件的发生,2013年平流层爆发性增温效应下最大辐射扰动幅度出现在40 km处可达160%,而利用温度扰动数据表征此事件的发生时最大温度扰动幅度出现在40 km处只有21%.针对2012年弱平流层增温效应,温度扰动幅度最大值出现在40 km处为16.4%,而辐射扰动幅度的最大值在40 km处可达91%.大气长波红外背景辐射的纬度分布体现出此事件发生于高纬度地区;其经度分布在20~50 km范围内呈现"w"形状;而50 km和80 km处大气长波红外背景辐射的极值区域范围随着事件的发生在高纬度地区都是先扩大随后缩小的过程.这表明高层大气临边红外辐射信号可用于研究平流层增温效应,尤其是对于温度弱起伏的小扰动事件.这对于掌握临近空间环境辐射形成机理及其变化特性亦具有重要意义. 相似文献
16.
Atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and length of day (LOD) series are investigated for their characteristics on interannual time scales during the half-century period 1949 to 1998. During this epoch, the interannual variability in LOD can be separated naturally into three bands: a quasi-biennial, a triennial-quadrennial and one at six-seven years. The atmosphere appears to excite the first two bands, while it does not contribute to the last. Considering the quasi-biennial (QB) band alone, the atmosphere appears to excite most of its signal in LOD, but it arises from separate fluctuations with stratospheric and tropospheric origin. Thus, although close in frequency, stratospheric and tropospheric processes differ in their amplitude and phase variability. The time shift can be noted especially during the strong El Niño events of 1982/83 and 1997/98 when both processes have positive phase and thus combine to help produce particularly strong peak in AAM and LOD. In addition, we have reconfirmed the downward propagation in the stratosphere and upward propagation in the troposphere of AAM observed in earlier studies for other variables. In the triennial-quadrennial (TQ) band, time-variable spectral analyses reveal that LOD and AAM contain strong variability, with periods shorter than four years before 1975 and longer thereafter. This signal originates mainly within the troposphere and propagates upwards from the lower to the higher layers of the troposphere. According to a zonal analysis, an equatorial poleward mode, strongly linked to the SOI, explains more than 60% of the total variability at these ranges. In addition, this study also indicates that an equatorward mode, originating within polar latitudes, explains, on average, more than 15% of the triennial-quadrennial oscillation (TQO) variability in AAM, and up to 30% at certain epochs. Finally, a six year period in LOD noted in earlier studies, as well as in lengthier series covering much of the century, is found to be absent in atmospheric excitations, and it is thus likely to arise from mantle/core interactions. 相似文献
17.
Isamu Hirota 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):217-238
Observational studies on the semiannual oscillation in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere are reviewed. Results of many statistics based on rocket and satellite observations reveal that the long-term behavior of the mean zonal wind exhibits two semiannual cycles which have their maximum amplitudes centered at the stratopause level and the mesopause level, each one being associated with the semiannual temperature variations predominating at levels about 10 km lower.Observational evidence obtained from recent studies of the dynamical properties of upper stratospheric waves strongly supports the theoretical consideration that the stratospheric semiannual oscillation is the manifestation of the wave-zonal flow interaction with alternating accelerations of the westerly flow by Kelvin waves and the easterly flow by planetary Rossby waves.Regarding the semiannual variation in the upper mesosphere, however, very little is known about the possible momentum source. Therefore, emphasis is placed on the need for further observations of the structure and behavior of the tropical middle atmosphere. 相似文献
18.
平流层过程如何影响气候变化是一个大家关注的科学问题,在WCRP中专门设置了一个研究子计划SPARC.本文的分析研究表明,中国的梅雨异常可能受到平流层大气环流异常的影响,而这种影响是通过北极涛动（AO）的变化来实现的.从分析和计算结果可以看到,二月份北半球30 hPa位势高度的EOF第一主分量对应着副热带和高纬度地区的显著下传异常波作用量,其第三主分量对应着极地地区的显著下传异常波作用量,这些下传的异常波作用量都对三月份AO形势的形成有明显的贡献.三月份的AO则会通过影响东亚地区夏季对流层大气的冷暖状况和环流,在长江中下游地区导致异常垂直运动和辐散辐合形势,从而影响夏季的梅雨降水. 相似文献
19.
K. A. Nicoll 《Surveys in Geophysics》2012,33(5):991-1057
Measurements of the electrical characteristics of the atmosphere above the surface have been made for over 200?years, from a variety of different platforms, including kites, balloons, rockets and aircraft. From these measurements, a great deal of information about the electrical characteristics of the atmosphere has been gained, assisting our understanding of the global atmospheric electric circuit, thunderstorm electrification and lightning generation mechanisms, discovery of transient luminous events above thunderstorms and many other electrical phenomena. This paper surveys the history of atmospheric electrical measurements aloft, from the earliest manned balloon ascents to current day observations with free balloons and aircraft. Measurements of atmospheric electrical parameters in a range of meteorological conditions are described, including clear air conditions, polluted conditions, non-thunderstorm clouds, and thunderstorm clouds, spanning a range of atmospheric conditions, from fair weather to the most electrically active. 相似文献
20.
本文通过分析1957~2002年平流层爆发性增温(SSW)的环流特征,研究平流层爆发性增温可能对我国天气气候的影响.平流层爆发性增温发生后平流层高纬地区有异常的环流变化,但是这种变化并不仅局限于平流层内部,其产生的环流异常能够向下传播,并对对流层的天气和气候产生影响.研究发现,平流层出现强爆发性增温后,平流层异常温度场和位势高度场在中、高纬度形成AO型振荡并向下传播,使得对流层低层西伯利亚高压增强、阿留申低压加深,500 hPa东亚大槽加深且偏西,导致东亚冬季风增强,我国北部大部分地区气温偏低.而在爆发性增温前,强行星波扰动使得东亚大槽加深,西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压同时增强,也可能导致东亚冬季风偏强.El Nio可能激发出强行星波,有利于强SSW事件的发生.通过上述的两个过程可能造成东亚冬季风的加强,这将会对"El Nio事件通过对流层过程而引起东亚冬季风减弱"的结论有一定影响. 因此,ENSO事件影响东亚冬季风及中国的天气气候存在不止一种途径,具体影响情况应该是几种途径的综合结果. 相似文献