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1.
V. RACHOLD A. ALABYAN H.-W. HUBBERTEN V. N. KOROTAEV A. A. ZAITSEV 《Polar research》1996,15(2):183-196
This study focuses on the fluvial sediment input to the Laptev Sea and concentrates on the hydrology of the Lena basin and the geochemistry of the suspended particulate material. The paper presents data on annual water discharge, sediment transport and seasonal variations of sediment transport. The data are based on daily measurements of hydrometeorological stations and additional analyses of the SPM concentrations carried out during expeditions from 1975 to 1981. Samples of the SPM collected during an expedition in 1994 were analysed for major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Approximately 700 km3 freshwater and 27 times 106 tons of sediment per year are supplied to the Laptev Sea by Siberian rivers, mainly by the Lena River. Due to the climatic situation of the drainage area, almost the entire material is transported between June and September. However, only a minor part of the sediments transported by the Lena River enters the Laptev Sea shelf through the main channels of the delta, while the rest is dispersed within the network of the Lena Delta. Because the Lena River drains a large basin of 2.5 times 106 km2 , the chemical composition of the SPM shows a very uniform composition. In contrast, smaller rivers with more restricted catchment areas exhibit significant differences. 相似文献
2.
3.
Fingerprinting the Origin of Fluvial Suspended Sediment in Larger River Basins: Combining Assessment of Spatial Provenance and Source Type 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Adrian L. Collins Desmond E. Walling & Graham J.L. Leeks 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(4):239-254
Investigation of the potential for using sediment fingerprinting to integrate both spatial provenance and source type information for larger drainage basins appears to be desirable. This contribution presents the results of adopting a composite fingerprinting procedure incorporating statistically verified multicomponent signatures and a multivariate mixing model to provide a preliminary integration of spatial provenance and source type information for the upper and middle reaches of the drainage basins of the Rivers Exe (601 km2 ) and Severn (4325 km2 ), UK. A nested approach is employed, whereby spatial provenance is addressed in terms of the distinct sub-basin zones constituting each study area as an entirety, and source type is then characterised within each of these distinct spatial zones in terms of surface (woodland, pasture, cultivated) and subsurface (channel bank) materials. The results demonstrate that the fingerprinting approach possesses considerable potential for integrating spatial provenance and source type information, and hence for improving the resolution of existing sediment source information for larger drainage basins. 相似文献
4.
海河流域产沙模数尺度效应的空间分异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于流域完整性、地形的相似性,将整个海河流域分为9 个分区,分析了各分区产沙模数的尺度效应。结果表明,在双对数坐标系上,产沙模数与流域面积的关系呈现出3 种类型：① 线性负相关,即产沙模数随流域面积的增大而减小;② 无显著相关,即产沙模数随流域面积的增大基本保持不变;③ 线性正相关,即产沙模数随流域面积的增大而增大。从地形、分区的位置以及土地利用状况方面对所有分区产沙模数的尺度效应进行分析,并对1000 km2标准面积下产沙模数进行校正。基于校正后的数据,利用ArcGIS 的Kriging 空间插值法,绘制了校正后的产沙模数图。校正结果显示,流域侵蚀模数的空间分布总体表现为自西向东逐渐减小的趋势,这与流域地形的总体变化趋势是一致的。流域西部以山地为主,因而侵蚀强度大,产沙模数高;东部以平原为主,是泥沙的淤积区域,因而产沙模数低。最后,对图中产沙模数的高值区域,从气候、植被和侵蚀作用力3 个方面进行了成因分析。 相似文献
5.
产沙模数与流域面积关系研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
流域面积是综合地表一切要素的黑箱变量,而产沙模数是流域产沙强度的重要体现。自20 世纪50 年代以 来,有关产沙模数随流域面积变化的研究受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。本文对多年来有关该方面的研究成果进 行总结、提炼,在此基础上,把产沙模数与流域面积的变化关系划分为5 种类型,即负相关关系,正相关关系,先增 加后减小的非线性关系,先减小后增加的非线性关系以及无显著关系等,继而对每种类型出现的原因给出了合理 的解释;在此基础上,指出产沙模数随流域面积变化的本质原因,即产沙模数随流域面积的变化是对流域内各种因 素及因素间相互作用的响应,产沙模数与流域面积之间没有内在的联系,产沙模数随流域面积的增加可以出现任 何变化。 相似文献
6.
Reconstructing orogenic exhumation histories using synorogenic detrital zircons and apatites: an example from the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fission track thermogeochronology using detrital apatite and zircon from a synorogenic foreland basin on the northern margin of the Betic Cordillera Internal Zone is used to reconstruct the cooling and unroofing history of the sediment source areas in the Oligo-Miocene mountain belt. Previously, a heavy mineral study on the same sedimentary rocks showed that progressively deeper tectonometamorphic units were being unroofed during the latest Oligocene to middle Miocene at a minimum rate of 3 km Myr−1 . The fission track data have further constrained the exhumation history showing that the structurally highest (i.e. shallowest) parts of the mountain belt (Malaguide Complex) cooled relatively slowly during the latest Oligocene–Aquitanian, while the deeper metamorphic units (Alpujarride Complex) cooled at much higher rates (up to 300 °C Myr−1 ) during the Burdigalian–Langhian. These fast cooling rates from synorogenic detritus are consistent with cooling rates calculated previously for the deeper parts of the early Miocene orogenic belt, using 39 Ar–40 Ar dating of muscovite, biotite and amphibole from basement metamorphic rocks. Rapid cooling in the early Miocene, which commenced at ≈21 Ma, is attributed to the change in process from erosional to tectonic denudation by orogen-scale extension within the eastern Betic Cordillera. 相似文献
7.
Erosion and sediment transport in High Arctic rivers, Svalbard 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper discusses sediment yield, sediment delivery and processes of erosion in rivers subject to High Arctic conditions in Svalbard. Long-term measurements reveal large variations between rivers and from year to year in each individual river. In the unglacierized catchment of Londonelva, annual sediment transport varied between 28 and 93 t/yr, with a mean sediment yield of 82.5 t/km2 /yr. In the glacier-fed rivers Bayelva and Endalselva, the suspended sediment transport varied in the range of 5126 t/yr to 22797 t/yr during a 12-year period. A mean of 11 104 t/yr gave rise to a mean sediment yield of 359 t/km2 /yr for the whole Bayelva catchment area. The sediment yield of the glacier and the moraine area was estimated at 586 t/km2 /yr. A conceptual model used to interpret the long- and short-term patterns of sediment concentration in the meltwater from the glacier and erosion of the neoglacial moraines is proposed. Evidence is found that a proportion of the sediments are delivered by a network of englacial and subglacial channels that exist even in cold ice. Regression analyses of water discharge versus suspended sediment concentration gave significant correlations found to be associated with the stability of ice tunnels in cold ice. Large floods have been found to flush the waterways and exhaust the sediment sources. A long-term change in the exponent of regression lines is attributed to changes in sediment availability caused by flushing and expansion of tunnels and waterways by large floods and a subsequent slow deformation of them caused by the ice overburden and the glacier movement. A comparison of sediment yields from a number of polythermal and temperate glaciers in various areas showed large differences that were attributed primarily to bedrock susceptibility to erosion and, secondarily, to glaciological parameters. 相似文献
8.
对中国东北地区侵蚀产沙尺度效应的空间变化进行了探讨。基于气候、下垫面的一致性和流域的完整性,对整个研究区域进行了分区研究。结果表明,尺度效应同时受到地形、坡度、土地利用和地表覆盖物质等因素的影响,不同分区因素因素组合不同,其产沙模数随流域面积的变化趋势亦不相同,可以分为三类:(1) 产沙模数随流域面积增大而增大;(2) 产沙模数随流域面积的增大基本保持不变;(3) 产沙模数随流域面积的增大而减小。基于各分区尺度效应,进行了不同标准面积下产沙模数图的校正,并使用空间插值方法,编制不同标准面积下产沙模数图。 相似文献
9.
Estimation of Areal Soil Moisture by use of Terrain Data 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J.R. Sulebak L.M. Tallaksen & B. Erichsen 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(1):89-105
In this study measured soil moisture is related to primary and secondary topographical attributes within two small-scale drainage basins. The study sites are the Buddby and the Dansarhllarna drainage basins within the NOPEX area. The primary topographic attributes slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature, and the secondary topographic attribute, the wetness index, are derived from a 5 m resolution digital elevation model. The relationship with measured soil moisture in the Buddby basin is investigated by linear regression analysis. Based on mean plot measurements for the whole measurement period two different models were established, resulting in a high R 2 value. The best model was achieved with slope, profile curvature and aspect as regression variables. The models obtained were further used to regionalise the results into basin scale at both Buddby and Dansarhällarna. This demonstrated a soil moisture pattern different from the pattern resulting from the wetness index. Finally, models were established, based on two different dates of field campaigns. The results showed a good agreement with the observed soil moisture values, and a higher R 2 value was obtained when using the wetness index for the medium wet period compared to the wettest period. Further analysis is needed to verify the physical significance of the results and their suitability for hydrological modelling. 相似文献
10.
Millard F. Coffin Philip D. Rabinowitz Robert E. Houtz 《Geophysical Journal International》1986,86(2):331-369
Summary. As part of integrated marine geophysical studies in the Western Somali Basin, we performed 118 sonobuoy experiments to define better the crustal structure of the margins and basin created by the separation of Madagascar and Africa. After using T 2 / X 2 , conventional slope-intercept methods, and slant-stacked t-p techniques to analyse the data, we combined our solutions with all previous velocity information for the area. Velocity functions were derived for the sediment coiumn, and we detected a high-velocity (4.58 ± 0.29 km s–1 ) sediment layer overlying acoustic basement. We confirmed that the crust is indeed seismically oceanic, and that it may be considered either in terms of a layered model – layers 2B (5.42 ± 0.19 km s–1 ), 2C (6.23 ± 0.22 km s–1 ), 3 (7.03 ± 0.25 km s–1 ), and mantle (7.85 ± 0.32 km s–1 ) were identified – or a more complex gradient model in which layer 2 is marked by a steeper velocity gradient than underlying layer 3. Integrated igneous crustal thicknesses (1.62 ± 0.22 s, 5.22 ± 0.64 km) are significantly less than what is considered normal. We present a revised seismic transect across the East African margin, as well as total sediment thickness, depth to basement and crustal thickness maps. 相似文献
11.
Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2 million years: implications on floodplain processes 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
We compare the present-day sediment discharge (solid phase) of some of the largest rivers in Asia to the average discharge deduced from the mass accumulated in several sedimentary basins during the Quaternary. There is a very good correlation, especially for the largest rivers: the Ganges–Brahmaputra, the Changjiang, the Huanghe and, to a lesser extent, the Indus and the Zhujiang. This suggests that present-day average discharge at the outlet has remained constant throughout the Quaternary at least for very large rivers (drainage area of the order of 105 –106 km2 ). This, in turn, suggests either that continental denudation of large Asian catchments has remained on average constant, implying a strong tectonic control on erosion during the Quaternary, or that the river network has the ability to buffer changes in hillslope erosion or in sea-level in order to conserve the total discharge at the outlet. We show how this buffering capacity relies on the characteristic reaction time-scale of Asian alluvial plains (of the order of 105–6 years), that is, much higher than the time-scales of the Quaternary climate oscillations (of the order of 104 years). A short-term perturbation originating in hillslopes will be diluted by the floodplain. At the outlet the signal should have a longer time span and a smaller amplitude. In the same manner, an alluvial plain should not instantaneously react to a 104 -year sea-level drop because of its inertia. Along with long-term tectonic control we infer this buffering to be the main cause for the average constancy of sediment yield of large Asian rivers during the Quaternary. 相似文献
12.
Sediment transport and overpressure generation are coupled primary through the impact of effective stress on subsidence and compaction. Here, we use mathematical modeling to explore the interactions between groundwater flow and diffusion-controlled sediment transport within alluvial basins. Because of lateral variation in permeability, proximal basin facies will have pore pressure close to hydrostatic levels while distal fine-grained facies can reach near lithostatic levels. Lateral variation in pore pressure leads to differential compaction, which deforms basins in several ways. Differential compaction reduces basin size, bends isochron surfaces across the sand–clay interface, restricts basinward progradation of sand facies, and reduces the amplitude of oscillation in the lateral position of the sand–clay interface especially in the deepest part of the section even when temporal sediment supply are held constant. Overpressure generation was found to be sensitive to change in sediment supply in permeable basins (at least 10−17 m2 in our model). We found that during basin evolution, temporal variations in overpressure and sediment supply fluctuations are not necessarily in phase with each other, especially in tight (low permeability) basins (<10−17 m2 in our model). 相似文献
13.
The Nova Basin contains an upper Miocene to Pliocene supradetachment sedimentary succession that records the unroofing of the Panamint metamorphic core complex, west of Death Valley, California. Basin stratigraphy reflects the evolution of sedimentation processes from landslide emplacement during basin initiation to the development of alluvial fans composed of reworked, uplifted sections of the basin fill. 40 Ar/39 Ar geochronology of volcanic units in middle and lower parts of the sequence provide age control on the tectonic and depositional evolution of the basin and, more generally, insights regarding the rate of change of depositional environments in supradetachment basins. Our work, along with earlier research, indicate basin deposition from 11.38 Ma to 3.35 Ma. The data imply sedimentation rates, uncorrected for compaction, of ~100 m Myr−1 in the lower, high-energy part to ~1000 m Myr−1 in the middle part characterized by debris-flow fan deposition. The observed variation in sediment flux rate during basin evolution suggests that supradetachment basins have complex depositional histories involving rapid transitions in both the style and rate of sedimentation. 相似文献
14.
基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型的沂河流域土壤侵蚀产沙模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于WaTEM/SEDEM模型,结合临沂水文站和角沂水文站的输沙数据对模型进行校正和验证,分析模拟1975—2015年沂河流域侵蚀产沙的时空变化特征,并进一步研究降水、地形位和土地利用变化对流域侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明：① 沂河流域输沙能力系数Ktc-low和Ktc-high在40 m和150 m组合下效果最优,模型在沂河流域具有较好的适用性。② 1975—2015年,沂河流域主要以侵蚀为主,微度侵蚀所占面积最大,其次是剧烈侵蚀,沉积主要分布在河谷处;流域侵蚀强度呈现先增加后减少的趋势,侵蚀模数由1975年的30.92 t·hm-2·a-1增加至1995年的49.32 t·hm-2·a-1再下降至2015年的29.60 t·hm-2·a-1;各县（区）平均侵蚀模数为沂水县>费县>沂南县>沂源县>蒙阴县>平邑县>兰山区。③ 沂河流域土壤侵蚀产沙强度的变化是降水、地形、土地利用等综合作用的结果。1975—2015年,流域降雨侵蚀力呈现先降低后升高又降低的变化趋势,各县（区）平均降雨侵蚀力为费县>兰山区>沂南县>蒙阴县>平邑县>沂水县>沂源县,降雨侵蚀力时空变化与流域侵蚀产沙强度时空变化并不完全一致;地形位等级空间分布与流域侵蚀产沙强度空间分布基本一致,侵蚀产沙的优势地形位区间是4~6级,即高程75~428 m,坡度5°~39°;耕地和林地的转化是土壤侵蚀强度转化最主要的原因,林地转化为耕地使侵蚀强度面积升高3389.97 hm2·a-1,耕地转林地则使侵蚀强度面积降低2216.65 hm2·a-1,草地与其他土地利用类型的转化对流域侵蚀强度影响较小。该研究可为区域土地利用方式调整和水土流失调控提供参考。 相似文献
15.
黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：13
在黄河中游地区 ,选择了 5 0多个面积约 5 0 0～ 2 5 0 0平方公里的水文测站流域 ,分别代表 6种不同自然地理类型 ,在流域沟壑密度、沟间地坡度小于 15°面积百分比等地貌形态指标量计的基础上 ,进行了流域产沙量与地貌形态指标相关分析。结果表明 ,对于不同类型流域 ,流域产沙量随流域地貌的变化遵循不同的响应规律 ,而且视流域其它下垫面环境条件的均一程度 ,其相关程度和响应速率各不相同。受地面物质、植被、地貌发育阶段等流域其它下垫面环境条件的制约 ,除沟壑密度外 ,流域产沙量与流域地貌形态的关系都没有人们以前所预期的好。 相似文献
16.
为更好理解现代沉积物颜色指标（亮度L*、红度a*和黄度b*）与气候参数（年平均温度和年平均降水量）关系,采集新疆和青海地区大空间尺度上104 个地表沉积物样品,运用空间分析与传统统计方法相结合探讨了颜色指标与气候参数的空间趋势特征及局部空间关系,并分析二者之间的相关性。研究发现无论是年平均温度和L*、a*和b*的趋势分析还是空间关联分析,年平均温度和L*、a*和b*在研究区域的不同地区具有不同的关系特征. 年平均降水量和L*、a*和b*的趋势分析在研究区域的不同地区呈现负相关,空间关联分析中在东南部和中部年平均降水量与L*、a*和b*呈现负相关的关系特征.该地区现代表土沉积物颜色指标（L*、a*和b*）与年平均降水量呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.26、-0.35 和-0.29（P=0.01）,与年平均温度相关性不显著,可能与年平均温度和颜色指标在研究区域的不同地区具有不同的相关性有关。现代地表沉积物颜色指标与气候参数的相关性高低,与采样点的数量、分布密度、跨度、地带性土壤类型、相关性分析方法等有关. 本研究对新疆和青海地区地表沉积物颜色指标与气候参数之间关系的探讨,为深入探讨该地区地层颜色指标与古气候环境关系提供参考依据。 相似文献
17.
基于TETIS模型的黑土区乌裕尔河流域径流与侵蚀产沙模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为科学地认识中国东北黑土区流域土壤侵蚀特征,探讨TETIS模型在该区的适用性,本文以乌裕尔河流域为例,利用1971-1987年日径流与泥沙实测数据对TETIS模型进行了校正与验证,进而分析了流域土壤侵蚀强度特征及其与坡度、土地利用方式的关系。研究结果表明：TETIS模型在乌裕尔河流域适用性好,日径流与日输沙量的纳什效率系数在0.52~0.70之间,决定系数在0.60~0.71之间,体积误差均不超过15%。流域平均侵蚀模数为397.2 t/(km2·a),流域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,约90%的产沙来自于坡面。平均土壤侵蚀模数随坡度的增大而增大,流域侵蚀量主要来自于0°~5°坡面。不同土地利用方式具不同的土壤侵蚀模数,耕地土壤侵蚀模数最大,达556.3 t/(km2·a)。坡度较大的耕地和植被覆盖度较低的区域是水土流失治理的重点。研究表明,TETIS模型在黑土区模拟土壤侵蚀产沙应用前景好,可为研究区制定水土保持措施提供科学依据。 相似文献
18.
Jan Anderssohn Hans-Ulrich Wetzel Thomas R. Walter Mahdi Motagh Yahya Djamour Hermann Kaufmann 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(1):287-294
Fluid storage systems, such as oil, gas, magma or water reservoirs, are often controlled by the host rock structure and faulted terrain. In sedimentary basins, where no direct information about underlying structure is available, the pattern of ground deformation may allow us to assess the buried fault arrangement. We provide an example in the semi-arid area of Iran, in the Kashmar Valley, a region subject to land subsidence due to water overexploitation. Geodetically determined subsidence rates in the Kashmar Valley exceed 15–30 cm yr−1 . The pattern of surface deformation is strongly non-uniform and displays NE–SW elongated bowls of subsidence. The trend resembles old Cretaceous-to-Tertiary faults that evolved during early alpine tectonic deformation. Although these early alpine structures are considered tectonically inactive in the present day, the observed land subsidence pattern indicates significant structural control on the geometry of the aquifer basin and its deformation during reservoir drainage. 相似文献
19.
Glaciers in Svalbard: mass balance, runoff and freshwater flux 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Gain or loss of the freshwater stored in Svalbard glaciers has both global implications for sea level and, on a more local scale, impacts upon the hydrology of rivers and the freshwater flux to fjords. This paper gives an overview of the potential runoff from the Svalbard glaciers. The freshwater flux from basins of different scales is quantified. In small basins (A < 10 km2 ), the extra runoff due to the negative mass balance of the glaciers is related to the proportion of glacier cover and can at present yield more than 20% higher runoff than if the glaciers were in equilibrium with the present climate. This does not apply generally to the ice masses of Svalbard, which are mostly much closer to being in balance. The total surface runoff from Svalbard glaciers due to melting of snow and ice is roughly 25 ± 5 km3 a−1 , which corresponds to a specific runoff of 680 ± 140 mm a−1 , only slightly more than the annual snow accumulation. Calving of icebergs from Svalbard glaciers currently contributes significantly to the freshwater flux and is estimated to be 4 ± 1 km3 a−1 or about 110 mm a−1 . 相似文献
20.
输沙量 、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度关系——以赣江流域为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
输沙量、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度转换研究是当前流域侵蚀产沙研究领域的前沿课题,旨在通过尺度转换理论将坡面小区试验研究成果转换到流域的更大范围。以赣江流域实测输沙量和计算侵蚀量与泥沙输移比数据为基础,探讨了该流域3个变量的流域尺度关系,进而研究分析了3个变量尺度转换的可能性。3个变量与流域面积的关系散点图和相关方程都反映了这3者与流域面积不存在明显的相关关系,相悖于前人反比关系的结论。文章还阐述了流域面积的内涵及输沙量、侵蚀量和输移比的影响因素与流域面积的关系,发现3个变量的影响因素与流域面积不存在尺度效应。由此推断在赣江流域输沙量、侵蚀量和泥沙输移比实现尺度转换存在的可能性不大。这一研究结论是否成立或是否具有普遍性意义还有待于更多流域的研究成果来进一步证实。 相似文献